Usage, Attitudes, Facilitators, and Barriers Toward Digital Health Technologies in Musculoskeletal Care: Survey Among Primary Care Physiotherapists in Norway.

BACKGROUND: Work burden increases for physiotherapists in the primary health care sector as the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) increases. Digital health technologies (DHTs) are proposed as a viable solution to secure the sustainability of the health care system and have shown promising results in a range of conditions. However, little is known about use of DHTs among physiotherapists in the primary health care sector in Norway. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the use of and attitudes toward DHTs among physiotherapists treating patients with MSDs in primary care, and potential facilitators or barriers for adopting DHTs in clinical practice. METHODS: An author-developed web-based questionnaire was distributed to physiotherapists in all Norwegian municipalities in March 2023. The questionnaire included items regarding use of technologies, attitudes, suitability, and factors influencing adoption of DHT. Suitability and agreement on statements were scored on an 11-point numeric rating scale (0=very unsuitable or strongly disagree, 10=very suitable or strongly agree). Differences across employment sites and users versus nonusers of DHT were analyzed using the χ2 test, Fisher exact test, Student t test, and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Approximately 5000 physiotherapists were invited to participate, of which 6.8% (338) completed the questionnaire. A total of 46.2% (156/338) offered DHTs in their practice, of which 53.2% (83/156) used it on a weekly basis, mostly telephone consultations (105/156, 67.3%). A higher proportion of physiotherapists in private practice offered DHT compared with those employed by municipalities (95/170, 55.9% vs 61/168, 36.3%; P<.001). A majority (272/335, 81.2%) were positive about recommending DHTs to their patients. Suitability of DHTs in physiotherapy was rated an average of 6 (SD 2.1). Apps for smartphones or tablets were rated most suitable (mean rating 6.8, SD 2.4). The most frequently reported advantages were flexibility in how physiotherapy is offered (278/338, 82.3%) and reduced travel time for the patient (235/338, 70%). The highest rated disadvantages were limited scope for physical examination (252/338, 74.6%) and difficulty in building rapport with the patient (227/338, 67.2%). The main facilitators and barriers included a functioning (median rating 10, IQR 8-10) or lack of functioning (median rating 9, IQR 8-10) internet connection, respectively. Lack of training in DHTs was prominent regarding evaluation, diagnosing, and treatment (median rating 0, IQR 0-2), with minor, but significant, differences between nonusers and users (median rating 0, IQR 0-1 vs median rating 1, IQR 0-4); P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Physiotherapists in Norwegian primary care treating patients with MSDs are positive about using DHTs, and almost 50% (156/338) have adopted them in clinical practice. Concerns are related to lack of a physical examination and technical aspects. Training in the use of DHTs should be addressed in implementation processes.

Current Use and Discrepancies in the Adoption of Health-Related Internet of Things and Apps Among Working Women in Japan: Large-Scale, Internet-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey.

BACKGROUND: Demographic changes and a low birth rate have led to a workforce shortage in Japan. To address this issue, the government has promoted engagement of female employment. However, increased female employment can impact women's health. Using Internet of Things (IoT) and apps to manage women's health has gained attention, but few studies have focused on working women. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the current situation of working women and their use of IoT or apps to manage their health. METHODS: A large-scale, nationwide internet survey was conducted among 10,000 female participants aged from 20 years to 64 years in Japan. Participants were recruited from a marketing research company's active survey panel of 5.24 million members. The survey included questions about health status, sociodemographic factors, psychological characteristics, and the use of IoT or apps for health management. We compared perceived health status and reasons for current IoT use using t tests and assessed participant characteristics that predicted IoT use using the C5.0 decision tree algorithm. Ethical approval was granted by St. Luke's International University. RESULTS: Among participants, 14.6% (1455/10,000) currently used IoT or apps, 7% (695/10,000) used them previously, and 78.5% (7850/10,000) had never used them. Current users (42.7 years old) were older than past users (39.7 years old). Discrepancies were observed between participants' perceived health problems and the purpose for using IoT or apps, with 21.3% (2130/10,000) of all women reporting they experienced menstrual symptoms or disorders but only 3.5% (347/10,000) used IoT or apps to manage the same symptom. On the other hand, current users were more likely to use IoT or apps to manage nutrition-related problems such as underweight or obesity (405/1455, 27.8%). Device use was highest among current users, with 87.3% (1270/1455) using smartphones, 19.7% (287/1455) using smartwatches, and 13.3% (194/1455) using PCs. Decision tree analysis identified 6 clusters, the largest consisting of 81.6% (5323/6523) of non-IoT users who did not exercise regularly, while pregnant women were more likely to use IoT or apps. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the idea that woman with particular health problems (ie, menstrual symptoms or disorders and premenstrual syndrome) have lower use of IoT or apps, suggesting an unmet need for IoT and apps in specific areas.

Factors Associated with Defecation Satisfaction among Japanese Adults with Chronic Constipation.

Background: Constipation causes substantial morbidity worldwide. Methods: This survey assessed constipation-related factors in Japan using the Japanese version of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life (IBS-QOL-J) instrument. We also examined the relationship among laxative type, Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) scores, and treatment cost. Finally, we examined differences in satisfaction scores according to laxative type, treatment type, treatment cost, and BSFS score. Results: IBS-QOL-J was higher among those taking salt and/or irritation laxatives. Those paying >JPY 5000 (USD 50.00) had the lowest IBS-QOL-J. IBS-QOL-J was significantly lower among those with a BSFS score of 1 or 2 (severe constipation). Conclusions: This study's findings suggest that a variety of factors, including treatment type and cost, are associated with defecation satisfaction. Those who had hard stools, used multiple laxatives, or spent more on treatment were less satisfied. Future strategies should target therapies that do not require multiple laxatives with lower treatment costs. Adequate defecation with a small number of appropriate laxatives at minimal cost appears to improve defecation satisfaction. It is desirable to identify appropriate laxatives and improve dietary habits and exercise routines. It is also necessary to stop blindly increasing laxative usage and properly diagnose constipation disorders such as anatomical abnormalities other than functional constipation.

Impact of Incentives on Physician Participation in Research Surveys: Randomized Experiment.

BACKGROUND: Web-based surveys can be effective data collection instruments; however, participation is notoriously low, particularly among professionals such as physicians. Few studies have explored the impact of varying amounts of monetary incentives on survey completion. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to conduct a randomized study to assess how different incentive amounts influenced survey participation among neurologists in the United States. METHODS: We distributed a web-based survey using standardized email text to 21,753 individuals randomly divided into 5 equal groups (≈4351 per group). In phase 1, each group was assigned to receive either nothing or a gift card for US $10, $20, $50, or $75, which was noted in the email subject and text. After 4 reminders, phase 2 began and each remaining individual was offered a US $75 gift card to complete the survey. We calculated and compared the proportions who completed the survey by phase 1 arm, both before and after the incentive change, using a chi-square test. As a secondary outcome, we also looked at survey participation as opposed to completion. RESULTS: For the 20,820 emails delivered, 879 (4.2%) recipients completed the survey; of the 879 recipients, 622 (70.8%) were neurologists. Among the neurologists, most were male (412/622, 66.2%), White (430/622, 69.1%), non-Hispanic (592/622, 95.2%), graduates of American medical schools (465/622, 74.8%), and board certified (598/622, 96.1%). A total of 39.7% (247/622) completed their neurology residency more than 20 years ago, and 62.4% (388/622) practiced in an urban setting. For phase 1, the proportions of respondents completing the survey increased as the incentive amount increased (46/4185, 1.1%; 76/4165, 1.8%; 86/4160, 2.1%; 104/4162, 2.5%; and 119/4148, 2.9%, for US $0, $10, $20, $50, and $75, respectively; P<.001). In phase 2, the survey completion rate for the former US $0 arm increased to 3% (116/3928). Those originally offered US $10, $20, $50, and $75 who had not yet participated were less likely to participate compared with the former US $0 arm (116/3928, 3%; 90/3936, 2.3%; 80/3902, 2.1%; 88/3845, 2.3%; and 74/3878, 1.9%, for US $0, $10, $20, $50, and $75, respectively; P=.03). For our secondary outcome of survey participation, a trend similar to that of survey completion was observed in phase 1 (55/4185, 1.3%; 85/4165, 2%; 96/4160, 2.3%; 118/4162, 2.8%; and 135/4148, 3.3%, for US $0, $10, $20, $50, and $75, respectively; P<.001) and phase 2 (116/3928, 3%; 90/3936, 2.3%; 80/3902, 2.1%; 88/3845, 2.3%; and 86/3845, 2.2%, for US $0, $10, $20, $50, and $75, respectively; P=.10). CONCLUSIONS: As expected, monetary incentives can boost physician survey participation and completion, with a positive correlation between the amount offered and participation.

Tobacco usage in the home: a cross-sectional analysis of heated tobacco product (HTP) use and combustible tobacco smoking in Japan, 2023.

BACKGROUND: Heated tobacco product (HTP) use continues in Japan as the second most common product after cigarettes. While the health effects of HTPs and their secondhand emissions are not well-studied, the tobacco industry has actively marketed HTPs as a smokeless, health-conscious alternative to cigarettes to encourage home consumption. We investigated the prevalence of current tobacco product use and usage at home. METHODS: The present study conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2023 wave of a nationwide, Internet-based, self-reported survey. 29,354 individuals aged 16-74 were included in the analysis. We assessed the prevalence of current (past-30-day) use for HTPs, cigarettes, non-cigarette combustible tobacco, and dual (combustible plus HTP) use. The frequency of use (daily or more than monthly) in the home was calculated for both HTPs and combustible tobacco. Multivariable Poisson regression models were employed to identify factors associated with home usage. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. All analyses were weighted to address the Internet-based sample's selectivity and yield nationally representative estimates. RESULTS: In 2023, the prevalence of current use was 12.4% (HTPs), 18.9% (cigarettes), 3.6% (non-cigarette combustible tobacco), and 7.4% (dual use). Among current users of any tobacco (N = 5,818), 49.8% reported daily tobacco usage within their homes, and 67.1% reported monthly or more frequent home usage. Compared to exclusive combustible tobacco smokers, exclusive HTP users exhibited higher prevalence of daily home usage (APR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.43-1.67), as did dual users (APR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.01-1.20). Daily home usage prevalence was notably higher for those without complete tobacco-free rules at home or workplaces, older individuals, and those with lower education levels. Those living with adult or child household member and current drinkers showed significantly lower daily home usage prevalence. CONCLUSION: Home usage was more common among HTP users than among combustible tobacco smokers. Ongoing efforts to assess and address the impact of indoor tobacco product use, including HTPs, on health are warranted. Regulatory and educational strategies should be considered to discourage tobacco consumption in both public and private spaces.

Scale development and validation of perimenopausal women disability index in the workplace.

BACKGROUND: Menopausal disorders include obscure symptomatology that greatly reduce work productivity among female workers. Quantifying the impact of menopause-related symptoms on work productivity is very difficult because no such guidelines exist to date. We aimed to develop a scale of overall health status for working women in the perimenopausal period. METHODS: In September, 2021, we conducted an Internet web survey which included 3,645 female workers aged 45-56 years in perimenopausal period. We asked the participants to answer 76 items relevant to menopausal symptomatology, that were created for this study and performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses for the scale development. Cronbach's alpha, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and logistic regression analysis were used to verify the developed scale. RESULTS: Approximately 85% participants did not have menstruation or disrupted cycles. Explanatory factor analysis using the maximum likelihood method and Promax rotation identified 21 items with a four-factor structure: psychological symptoms (8 items, α = 0.96); physiological symptoms (6 items, alpha = 0.87); sleep difficulty (4 items, alpha = 0.92); human relationship (3 items, alpha = 0.92). Confirmatory factor analyses found excellent model fit for the four-factor model (RMSR = 0.079; TLI = 0.929; CFI = 0.938). Criterion and concurrent validity were confirmed with high correlation coefficients between each of the four factors, previously validated menopausal symptom questionnaire, and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory scales, respectively (all ps < 0.0001). The developed scale was able to predict absenteeism with 78% sensitivity, 58% specificity, and an AUC of 0.727 (95%CI: 0.696-0.757). Higher scores of each factor as well as total score of the scale were more likely to be associated with work absence experience due to menopause-related symptoms even after adjusting for Copenhagen Burnout Inventory subscales (all ps < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We found that the developed scale has high validity and reliability and could be a significant indicator of absenteeism for working women in perimenopausal period.

Association of Regular Cervical Cancer Screening with Socioeconomic, COVID-19 Infection and Vaccine Status Among Japanese Population: Cohort Observational Study.

Purpose: Among the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, Japan has one of the lowest cervical cancer screening coverages. Cancer screening coverage has worsened due to the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study investigated the relationship between socioeconomic background, COVID-19 infection history and vaccine status, and regular cervical cancer screening (CCS) during the two years of the COVID-19 era in Japan. Patients and Methods: We used data from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey, a nationwide, Internet-based, self-report cohort observational study conducted in 2022. The outcome variable was identified by asking whether the participants had undergone CCS within the last two years. Cervical cytology was performed in Japan by brushing the external cervical os. This study used multivariate log-binomial regression models to evaluate inequalities during regular checkups for CCS. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to incorporate the socioeconomic background variables. Results: Of the 12,066 participants, 5597 (46.4%) had undergone regular CCS for over two years. The prevalence ratio (PR) of patients who underwent CCS was 0.70 for those in their 20s and 0.78 for those in their 60s, compared to those in their 40s. Socioeconomic inequities were found in the following groups: unemployed/student, unmarried, high school graduate or lower, and household income below 4 million Yen. Our final multivariate analysis revealed that participants who were in their 20s or 60s, had a household income below 4 million Yen, were unmarried, had no annual health check-ups, and were unvaccinated with COVID-19 were at a higher risk of not undergoing CCS. Conclusion: The relationship between socioeconomic inequality and CCS hesitancy is prevalent among younger participants. The CCS coverage in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic year (2020-2022) was not low compared with the pre-pandemic era.

Scale development and validation of perimenopausal women disability index in the workplace

BACKGROUND@#Menopausal disorders include obscure symptomatology that greatly reduce work productivity among female workers. Quantifying the impact of menopause-related symptoms on work productivity is very difficult because no such guidelines exist to date. We aimed to develop a scale of overall health status for working women in the perimenopausal period.@*METHODS@#In September, 2021, we conducted an Internet web survey which included 3,645 female workers aged 45-56 years in perimenopausal period. We asked the participants to answer 76 items relevant to menopausal symptomatology, that were created for this study and performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses for the scale development. Cronbach's alpha, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and logistic regression analysis were used to verify the developed scale.@*RESULTS@#Approximately 85% participants did not have menstruation or disrupted cycles. Explanatory factor analysis using the maximum likelihood method and Promax rotation identified 21 items with a four-factor structure: psychological symptoms (8 items, α = 0.96); physiological symptoms (6 items, alpha = 0.87); sleep difficulty (4 items, alpha = 0.92); human relationship (3 items, alpha = 0.92). Confirmatory factor analyses found excellent model fit for the four-factor model (RMSR = 0.079; TLI = 0.929; CFI = 0.938). Criterion and concurrent validity were confirmed with high correlation coefficients between each of the four factors, previously validated menopausal symptom questionnaire, and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory scales, respectively (all ps < 0.0001). The developed scale was able to predict absenteeism with 78% sensitivity, 58% specificity, and an AUC of 0.727 (95%CI: 0.696-0.757). Higher scores of each factor as well as total score of the scale were more likely to be associated with work absence experience due to menopause-related symptoms even after adjusting for Copenhagen Burnout Inventory subscales (all ps < 0.0001).@*CONCLUSION@#We found that the developed scale has high validity and reliability and could be a significant indicator of absenteeism for working women in perimenopausal period.

Health Care Trainees' and Professionals' Perceptions of ChatGPT in Improving Medical Knowledge Training: Rapid Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: ChatGPT is a powerful pretrained large language model. It has both demonstrated potential and raised concerns related to knowledge translation and knowledge transfer. To apply and improve knowledge transfer in the real world, it is essential to assess the perceptions and acceptance of the users of ChatGPT-assisted training. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the perceptions of health care trainees and professionals on ChatGPT-assisted training, using biomedical informatics as an example. METHODS: We used purposeful sampling to include all health care undergraduate trainees and graduate professionals (n=195) from January to May 2023 in the School of Public Health at the National Defense Medical Center in Taiwan. Subjects were asked to watch a 2-minute video introducing 5 scenarios about ChatGPT-assisted training in biomedical informatics and then answer a self-designed online (web- and mobile-based) questionnaire according to the Kirkpatrick model. The survey responses were used to develop 4 constructs: "perceived knowledge acquisition," "perceived training motivation," "perceived training satisfaction," and "perceived training effectiveness." The study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate and test the structural model and hypotheses. RESULTS: The online questionnaire response rate was 152 of 195 (78%); 88 of 152 participants (58%) were undergraduate trainees and 90 of 152 participants (59%) were women. The ages ranged from 18 to 53 years (mean 23.3, SD 6.0 years). There was no statistical difference in perceptions of training evaluation between men and women. Most participants were enthusiastic about the ChatGPT-assisted training, while the graduate professionals were more enthusiastic than undergraduate trainees. Nevertheless, some concerns were raised about potential cheating on training assessment. The average scores for knowledge acquisition, training motivation, training satisfaction, and training effectiveness were 3.84 (SD 0.80), 3.76 (SD 0.93), 3.75 (SD 0.87), and 3.72 (SD 0.91), respectively (Likert scale 1-5: strongly disagree to strongly agree). Knowledge acquisition had the highest score and training effectiveness the lowest. In the SEM results, training effectiveness was influenced predominantly by knowledge acquisition and partially met the hypotheses in the research framework. Knowledge acquisition had a direct effect on training effectiveness, training satisfaction, and training motivation, with ß coefficients of .80, .87, and .97, respectively (all P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Most health care trainees and professionals perceived ChatGPT-assisted training as an aid in knowledge transfer. However, to improve training effectiveness, it should be combined with empirical experts for proper guidance and dual interaction. In a future study, we recommend using a larger sample size for evaluation of internet-connected large language models in medical knowledge transfer.

Development of sensory integration therapy in Mainland China: A comprehensive study with bibliometrics and visualization techniques.

Sensory integration therapy (SIT) is an intervention to improve the developmental and learning problems in children. It was introduced in China from late 1980 s to early 1990 s and has received considerable attention from scholars. However, due to its late development in China and its specialised nature, it is worth exploring in depth whether it is recognized by the general public and how it is researched by academics. Therefore, we used Internet survey approach to explore the actual feedback of users towards SIT through the Internet. At the same time, bibliometric method and visualization techniques were used to study 892 journal articles on SIT in CNKI, Wanfang Database and VIP Database to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution, subject distribution, keyword co-occurrence, and keyword clustering of SIT research in mainland China since it came to China mainland. We found that the research on SIT in mainland China has been fruitful. However, the public is less aware of its basic function, therapeutic effects, and necessity. Our findings point to the need to raise awareness of sensory integration disorder and sensory integration therapy among the general public, and to strengthen academic research on sensory integration therapy.

Unavoidable exposure to secondhand smoke in indoor places: a cross-sectional comparison to the Health Japan 21 (second term) objectives, 2022.

BACKGROUND: The second term Health Japan 21 aims at eliminating unwanted exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in society; however, the ambiguity of the term "unwanted exposure" complicates the evaluation of the program. In this study, we examined SHS exposure that occurred despite the efforts to avoid it (i.e. unavoidable SHS exposure) as a proxy for "unwanted SHS exposure". METHODS: Individuals aged 16-74 responded to a nationwide, Internet-based, self-reported survey. Frequency (daily/≥monthly) of SHS exposure in the past month was assessed for specific places (home/car/restaurant/cafe/bar/workplace/school/pachinko parlor) and any place. Unavoidable SHS was identified when respondents always tried to avoid but were exposed to SHS. The observed prevalence was compared to the target of Health Japan 21 ("Eliminate unwanted SHS exposure", =0%). Analyses were weighted to account for the selectivity of the Internet-based sample. RESULTS: Among overall (N = 25,672), those who always tried to avoid SHS (N = 14,971), and never smokers of combustible tobacco who always tried to avoid SHS (N = 10,416), the prevalence of daily SHS exposure was 12.4%, 5.7%, and 4.2%; ≥monthly SHS exposure was 34.0%, 21.4%, and 17.5%, respectively. Among never smokers, the adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) of daily unavoidable SHS exposure was significantly high in adolescents (age 16-19) (APR = 4.97, vs. age 60-74), less-educated individuals (APR = 2.37, vs. ≥some college education), and heated tobacco product (HTP) users (APR = 8.27, vs. nonusers). Among never smokers, daily unavoidable SHS exposure was highest in the home (3.4%), workplaces (2.3%), and pachinko parlors (1.3%); ≥monthly unavoidable SHS exposure was highest in workplaces (11.4%), restaurants/cafes/bars (10.0%), and the home (7.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Daily unavoidable SHS exposure was disproportionately high among adolescents, less-educated individuals, and HTP users. The prevalence of unavoidable SHS exposure did not reach the national target in any of the assessed indoor places; home and workplace were the dominant sources of unavoidable SHS exposure. The lack of comprehensive smoke-free laws provides inadequate protection against SHS that cannot be complemented by individual efforts. The authorities must ensure smoke-free environments for all.

Real-World Effects of Second-Generation Versus Earlier Intermediate/Basal Insulin Analogues on Rates of Hypoglycemia in Adults with Type 1 and 2 Diabetes (iNPHORM, US).

INTRODUCTION: Second-generation basal insulin analogues have been shown to reduce hypoglycemia in several trials and observational studies of select populations; however, it remains unclear whether these results persist in real-world settings. Using self-reported hypoglycemia events, we assessed whether second-generation basal insulin analogues reduce rates of hypoglycemia events (non-severe/severe; overall/daytime/nocturnal) compared to earlier intermediate/basal insulin analogues among people with insulin-treated type 1 or 2 diabetes. METHODS: We used prospectively collected data from the Investigating Novel Predictions of Hypoglycemia Occurrence Using Real-World Models (iNPHORM) panel survey. This US-wide, 1-year internet-based survey assessed hypoglycemia experiences and related sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of people with diabetes (February 2020-March 2021). We estimated population-average rate ratios for hypoglycemia comparing second-generation to earlier intermediate/basal insulin analogues using negative binomial regression, adjusting for confounders. Within-person variability of repeated observations was addressed with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Among iNPHORM participants with complete data, N = 413 used an intermediate/basal insulin analogue for ≥ 1 month during follow-up. After adjusting for baseline and time-updated confounders, average second-generation basal insulin analogue users experienced a 19% (95% CI 3-32%, p = 0.02) lower rate of overall non-severe hypoglycemia and 43% (95% CI 26-56%, p < 0.001) a lower rate of nocturnal non-severe hypoglycemia compared to earlier intermediate/basal insulin users. Overall severe hypoglycemia rates were similar among second-generation and earlier intermediate/basal insulin users (p = 0.35); however, the rate of severe nocturnal hypoglycemia was reduced by 44% (95% CI 10-65%, p = 0.02) among second-generation insulin users compared to earlier intermediate/basal insulin users. CONCLUSION: Our real-world results suggest second-generation basal insulin analogues reduce rates of hypoglycemia, especially nocturnal non-severe and severe events. Whenever possible and feasible, clinicians should prioritize prescribing these agents over first-generation basal or intermediate insulin in people with type 1 and 2 diabetes.

[A comparison of perceived maternal love and parentification in children of single-mothers and two-parent families]. / Wahrgenommene mütterliche Liebe und Rollenumkehr im Vergleich zwischen Kindern Alleinerziehender und Kindern aus Zweielternfamilien.

Objectives: About 20 % of children in Germany grow up with a single mother - this is often associated with multiple strain for the mothers and may have adverse effects on the child-parent relationship. Methods: In two retrospective internet surveys (wave 1 born in 1960s, wave 2 born in 1990s) perceived maternal love and role reversal were assessed in children of single mothers and children grown up in two parent families. Results: In both waves high values of maternal love were reported. For children raised by single mothers, strong effects for age and occupational status were observed. Contrary to literature, no gender specific effects on role reversal were observed in this sample. Discussion: High occupational strain in a single mother was associated with less perceived love in the child.Multiple strain in singlemothers should findmore social and political attention. Regarding role reversal support should address daughters and sons similarly.

Determinants of Awareness of Clinical Practice Guidelines among Healthcare Users in Japan.

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are used by both healthcare users and providers, so their recognition is important. The present study's purpose was to clarify the features of healthcare users who are aware of the CPGs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted targeting Internet survey panels (n = 6000). The study participants (age range, 20s to 60s) had no medical qualifications and had received medical care in the last 3 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to clarify the factors related to the awareness of CPGs. When "I have seen the CPGs" was used as the objective variable, the odds ratios (ORs) were high for "e-health literacy/score 31-40" (OR = 8.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.51-11.68), "Sources of health information/healthcare workers and professionals" (OR = 2.61, 95% CI: 2.17-3.14), "Age/20s" (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.74-3.23), and "I have been diagnosed and treated for a major illness" (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.52-2.65). These results could be applied to aid the dissemination and utilization of CPGs among healthcare users.

Survey on electronic visual field data transfer practices among Japan Glaucoma Society board members.

BACKGROUND: Visual field (VF) testing in combination with a specialized VF analysis software is critical for characterizing and monitoring visual loss in glaucoma. Although performing glaucoma progression analysis requires original VF data rather than printouts or image files, extent of VF data transfer between referring and referred ophthalmologists is unclear. Here, we surveyed glaucoma specialists who belong to the Japan Glaucoma Society (JGS). METHODS: An internet survey of daily practice patterns regarding electronic VF data transfer at the time of glaucoma referrals (referring/referred) was sent to all 50 JGS board members. The survey consisted with 11 questionnaires, and the response rate was 100%. RESULTS: The respondents included 33 university hospital ophthalmologists (66%) (Q1), and those scattered throughout Japan (Q2). All respondents used Humphrey Visual Filed Analyzer (HFA) (Q3) and at least one of a VF progression analysis software (Q4). Ten respondents (20%) actively transferred electronic VF data, while 40 (80%) did not (Q5). The major reasons for not actively transferring data electronically were that there was no support for data transfer by neighboring (n = 26, 65%) and/or own (25, 63%) institutes (Q6). All 40 inactive respondents responded that electronic data transfer is ideal (Q7). All 10 active respondents transferred data using USB flash memory (Q8). Of the 10 active respondents, seven (70%) reported that the percentage of referral letters accompanying electronic VF data in a format that allows for progression analysis from the beginning was less than 25% (Q9). When the referral letters did not accompany the electronic VF data, four (40%) reported that they further requested the data transfer in < 25% of cases (Q10). When the 10 active respondents were requested to transfer data, six (60%) had experienced rejection due to various reasons (Q11). CONCLUSION: An internet survey showed that 80% of the JGS board members were not actively transferring VF data mainly because of the absence of a system in place at institutions for sending and receiving data, although they feel that the electronic VF data transfer is ideal. The results provide basic data for future discussions on the promotion of the VF data transfer.

A Survey on the Actual Use of and Reasons for Heated Tobacco Products in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

The actual use of heated tobacco products (HTPs) among smokers with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is little known. The objective of this study was to clarify the prevalence and reasons for HTP use among smokers with RA. We administered a web survey to a research company panel in Japan between December 2020 and January 2021. After 170,000 panelists completed a primary questionnaire regarding smoking and disease status, 198 smokers with RA completed a secondary questionnaire regarding the reasons for HTP use and perceptions about the harmfulness of HTPs. The primary questionnaire revealed that smokers with RA were more likely to use HTPs than smokers without RA, and the adjusted odds ratio of RA for HTP use was one of the highest factors among other diseases (adjusted OR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.92-2.85, p < 0.001). The secondary questionnaire revealed that 43.7% of HTP smokers with RA had considered using HTPs due to their RA, and 42.0% of them felt that starting HTPs relieved the symptoms of RA. These results indicated that smokers with RA tend to start using HTPs due to their RA, despite the lack of evidences that HTPs are safer alternatives.

The 'best friend effect': a promising tool to encourage HPV vaccination in Japan.

BACKGROUND: In Japan, HPV vaccination rates has dramaticaly declined since 2013. Since mothers are the ones making the decision to vaccinate their daughters against HPV, we probed the mothers' intention to receive vaccinations for themselves and to vaccinate their daughters against HPV, and their reasoning. METHODS: An internet survey was conducted in March of 2021. Through the screening, 1576 participants were extracted from a survey panel and divided into 3 groups based on their daughter's birth fiscal year (Group 1: 1994 to 1999, Group 2: 2000 to 2003, Group3: 2004 to 2008). The chi-square test and residual analysis were used for the statistical analysis of comparison among the groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent variables with mothers intention to get their daughters vaccinated under specific situations. RESULTS: The percentage of respondents without anxiety regarding their daughter's general vaccination was significantly higher in Group 1 (p < 0.05). In the mothers of daughters born in or after 2000 when vaccination rates declined (Groups 2 and 3), a situation in which 'The daughter's best friends were vaccinated before her' made the mothers think positively about HPV vaccination, and to the same degree as a situation in which 'You received a notice from your local government recommending vaccination' (Group 2: 41.6% (214/514) and 40.5% (208/514), Group 3: 48.5% (257/530) and 47.0% (249/530)). CONCLUSION: If mothers who have had their daughters vaccinated were to recommend HPV vaccination to their close friends, 'the best friend effect' should promote others to be vaccinated.

Achieving proportional representation in a reproductive health survey through social media: process and recommendations.

BACKGROUND: The narrative surrounding women's reproductive health has shifted from a medical model to an emphasis on reproductive well-being over different life-stages. We developed and piloted a tracker survey for monitoring women's reproductive health and well-being in England, recruiting respondents online. This paper reports on the success of the online recruitment strategies in achieving a sample proportionally representative of the England general population. METHODS: Recruitment was through Facebook and Instagram advertisements and dissemination through Twitter and a blog. At the end week one, the sample was reviewed and compared to the 2011 Census England population. From week two, recruitment targeted under-represented groups. Key data were compared with prevalence estimates from the Third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). RESULTS: Between 1 July-17 August 2021, 13,962 people initiated the online survey, with 11,578 completing it. Numbers were low initially, but peaked at 1700 survey initiations per day after increasing the daily advertisement budget on day seven. At the end of week one, minority ethnic groups and people without a degree or equivalent were under-represented. From week two, we altered the advertisement settings to show to people whose profile indicated they were a 'high school leaver' had 'up to some high school', worked in industries that do not typically require a degree or lived in local authorities with a high proportion of ethnic minority residents. This had a modest effect, with the final sample short of proportional representation in terms of ethnicity and education but close in terms of region and age. Compared to Natsal-3, we found consistency in the proportion of respondents reporting an abortion and a live birth in the last year, however, the proportion of our sample reporting ever having experienced infertility was significantly higher than in Natsal-3, as was the proportion of 'planned' pregnancies in the last year. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to recruit large numbers of respondents online, relatively quickly, to complete a reproductive health survey. This will be valuable to track reproductive health and well-being at a national level over time. More work is needed to understand reasons for non-response among under-represented groups.

Gout management and outcomes during established COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021: a cross-sectional Internet survey.

Objective: To assess the management of gout in established COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We assessed medication use, health care utilization, gout-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL), psychological distress using Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), resilience, illness perception, and health literacy in people with physician-diagnosed self-reported gout in established COVID-19 pandemic in a cross-sectional Internet survey. Results: Among the 130 survey respondents with gout, the mean age was 62.8 years, 65% were male, 83% were White, 59% were prescribed urate-lowering therapy (ULT), and health literacy was adequate in 80%. A third of survey respondents reported more difficulty with their gout management since September 2020. Gout-specific HRQOL deficits were evident. Moderate-severe psychological distress was seen in 22%, and resilience score was 6.5 [standard deviation (SD), 1.9; range, 0-8]. Adjusted for age and sex, compared with no/mild psychological distress, moderate-severe psychological distress was associated with significantly higher odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval) of more difficulty with (1) getting health care for gout in clinic, 3.7 (1.0, 13.2); emergency room/urgent care, 8.1 (1.4, 45.0); and in the hospital, 9.8 (1.6, 59.6); (2) getting gout flares treated, 6.6 (1.6, 26.8); (3) avoiding gout complications, 4.5 (1.2, 16.7); and (4) daily activities at home, 4.2 (1.3, 14.1), and performing work, 4.1 (1.2, 13.6). Conclusion: Respondents with gout reported health care gaps, low rates of ULT prescription, high psychological distress, and HRQOL deficits during established COVID-19 pandemic. Moderate-severe psychological distress was associated with difficulties in health care access and gout management. Interventions to address these challenges in gout management are needed.

The Impact and Vaccination Coverage of Seasonal Influenza among Children Aged 6-59 Months in China in 2017-2018: An Internet Panel Survey.

Seasonal influenza vaccination is highly recommended for 6-59-month-old children. To determine the impact of seasonal influenza and the factors affecting influenza vaccine uptake among children, we conducted an opt-in Internet panel survey of parents from 21 March 2018 to 1 April 2018. Overall, 40.5% (1913/4719) of children experienced influenza-like illness (ILI), 92.4% of parents sought medical care for children with ILI (outpatients: 61.2%, inpatients: 12.8%), 39.6% of parents preferred to take their sick child to a tertiary hospital, and 57.3% of family members requested leave to care for children with ILI. There was a median of three days of absenteeism (2, 5) per sick child, and 39.4% of children received the influenza vaccine during the 2017-2018 influenza season. Vaccine coverage among children aged 6-11 months and 48-59 months was lower than that among 12-47-month-old children. The top three reasons for not vaccinating were: the influenza vaccine was not recommended by healthcare workers (21.1%), no knowledge about the influenza vaccine (19.2%), and lack of confidence in the vaccine's effectiveness (14.3%). Our findings highlight the need for awareness about the severity of influenza, hygiene behavior, and effectiveness of the influenza vaccine among children and their family members in China.