O efeito conjunto de gemelaridade e prematuridade no aleitamento materno exclusivo na alta hospitalar / The joint effect of twinning and prematurity on exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge / El efecto conjunto de la gemelaridad y la prematuridad en la lactancia materna exclusiva al momento del alta hospitalaria

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo (AME) entre gemelares pré-termos e investigar o efeito de nascer gemelar e pré-termo no AME na alta hospitalar. Método: coorte prospectiva de recém-nascidos em uma instituição localizada no Rio de Janeiro, no período de 13 de março de 2017 a 12 de outubro de 2018. Dados coletados em questionário e prontuário médico. Foi utilizado DAG para construção do modelo conceitual, análise exploratória dos dados e regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: a prevalência de AME na alta hospitalar de gemelares pré-termos foi de 47,8%. Pré-termos apresentaram maior chance de não estarem em AME na alta hospitalar. Não gemelares apresentaram maior chance de não estarem em AME na alta hospitalar. Conclusão: pouco mais da metade dos gemelares pré-termo não estavam em AME na alta hospitalar. Prematuros tiveram maior chance de não estarem em AME. Não gemelares pré-termo apresentaram maior chance de não estarem em AME.

Objective: to estimate the prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) in preterm twins and to investigate the effect of twin and preterm birth on EBF at hospital discharge. Method: prospective cohort of newborns in an institution located in Rio de Janeiro, from March 13, 2017, to October 12, 2018. Data collected through a questionnaire and medical records. A DAG was used to build the conceptual model, exploratory data analysis and multiple logistic regression. Results: prevalence of EBF at hospital discharge of preterm twins of 47.8%. Preterm infants were more likely to not be on EBF at hospital discharge. Non-twins were more likely to not be on EBF at hospital discharge. Conclusion: just over half of preterm twins were not on EBF at hospital discharge. Preterm infants had a greater chance of not being on EBF. Preterm non-twins were more likely to not be on EBF.

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de Lactancia Materna Exclusiva (LME) entre gemelos prematuros y investigar el efecto de nacer gemelo y prematuro en la LME al momento del alta hospitalaria. Método: cohorte prospectiva de recién nacidos en una institución ubicada en Rio de Janeiro, entre 13//marzo/2017 y 12/octubre/2018. Los datos se recolectaron mediante cuestionario y expediente médico. Se utilizó DAG para la construcción del modelo conceptual, análisis exploratorio de los datos y regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: la prevalencia de LME en el alta hospitalaria de gemelos prematuros fue del 47,8%. Los prematuros tuvieron mayor probabilidad de no estar en LME en el alta hospitalaria. Los no gemelares tuvieron mayor probabilidad de no estar en LME en el alta hospitalaria. Conclusión: poco más de la mitad de los gemelos prematuros no estaban en LME en el alta hospitalaria. Los prematuros tuvieron mayor probabilidad de no estar en LME. Los no gemelos prematuros presentaron mayor probabilidad de no estar en LME.

Pink colored breast milk! Serratia marcescens infection, series of 4 cases.

BACKGROUND: Pink coloration of breast milk is uncommon and it´s associated with colonization by Serratia marcescens, which is most frequently isolated in intensive care settings. Misinterpretation of the pink coloration may lead to premature cessation of breastfeeding. The objective is to present four cases of pink discoloration. METHODS: Two retrospective and two prospective cases of pink discoloration in breast milk are described, which were reported to the lead author. RESULTS: Four healthy mother-infant pairs with documented pink discoloration are presented. S. marcescens was isolated from breast milk samples. All four infants were asymptomatic and underwent enterobacteria cultures. The mothers received outpatient antibiotic treatment, and two infants received treatment as well. Subsequent cultures yielded negative results, and the pink discoloration ceased. All mothers successfully resumed breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: There are very few reported cases of pink breast milk in the global literature. Colonization by S. marcescens is not an indication for discontinuation of breastfeeding.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La coloración rosa de la leche materna es poco frecuente y está asociada a colonización por Serratia marcescens. Se aísla con mayor frecuencia en entornos de cuidados intensivos. La desinformación por la coloración rosa puede conducir a una terminación prematura de la lactancia. El objetivo es presentar cuatro casos de coloración rosa de la leche materna. MÉTODOS: Se describen dos casos retrospectivos y dos prospectivos de presentación de leche materna de color rosa. Los casos fueron reportados a la autora principal. RESULTADOS: Se presentan cuatro binomios sanos con reporte de coloración rosa. Se aisló S. marcescens en una muestra de leche materna. Los cuatro lactantes eran asintomáticos y tuvieron cultivos para la enterobacteria. Las madres fueron tratadas con antibiótico ambulatorio. Dos lactantes recibieron tratamiento. Todos los cultivos posteriores fueron negativos y la coloración rosa cesó. Todos reanudaron la lactancia materna de forma exitosa. CONCLUSIONES: Existen muy pocos casos de leche de color rosa reportados en la literatura mundial. La colonización por S. marcescens no es una indicación de suspensión de la lactancia.

Support Networks for Exclusive Breastfeeding (SNEB). A conceptual approach and characterization in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: This study focuses on the conceptualization and graphical characterization of Exclusive Breastfeeding Support Networks (EBSN) in Mexico. METHODS: Through a sample design stratified by federal entity with state significance at 95%, a questionnaire was administered online via Microsoft Forms to a representative sample of 2989 women whose primiparity occurred in Mexico. The questionnaire primarily focused on sociodemographic data of the mothers and the structure of their EBSNs during primiparity. RESULTS: In this work, EBSNs are defined as networks mainly composed of women, whose function is to share knowledge and experiences about breastfeeding, as well as to provide emotional and physical support to breastfeeding mothers, contributing to strengthening the emotional and caregiving bonds between mothers and their newborns. CONCLUSIONS: Sankey diagrams were employed for the characterization of EBSNs, revealing that the mother of the primipara is generally the main node, resulting in a network with greater flow and reach. Conversely, when the first node is not related to the primipara, the networks tend to be smaller and with less flow.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Este estudio se centra en la conceptualización y la caracterización gráfica de las Redes de Apoyo a la Lactancia Materna Exclusiva (RALME) en México. MÉTODOS: Mediante un diseño muestral estratificado por entidad federativa con significancia estatal al 95%, se aplicó un cuestionario en línea, a través de Microsoft Forms, a una muestra representativa de 2989 mujeres cuya primiparidad fue en México. El cuestionario se enfocó principalmente en datos sociodemográficos de las madres y en la estructura de sus RALME durante la primiparidad. RESULTADOS: En este trabajo se definen las RALME como redes compuestas mayormente por mujeres, cuya función es compartir conocimientos y experiencias sobre la lactancia, así como ofrecer apoyo emocional y físico a madres lactantes, contribuyendo a fortalecer los lazos afectivos y de cuidado entre las madres y sus recién nacidos. CONCLUSIONES: Para la caracterización de las RALME se utilizó el diagrama de Sankey, revelando que la madre de la primípara es generalmente el nodo principal, lo que resulta en una red con mayor flujo y alcance. Por el contrario, cuando el primer nodo no tiene parentesco con la primípara, las redes tienden a ser más reducidas y con menor flujo.

Evaluación de las conductas de lactancia materna y las prácticas de alimentación complementaria de las madres turcas y las madres refugiadas sirias / Evaluation of breastfeeding behaviors and complementary feeding practices of Turkish and Syrian refugee mothers

Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la lactancia y los factores relacionados (edad, nivel educativo, edad al momento del primer embarazo, etc.) y las prácticas de alimentación complementaria de las madres refugiadas sirias y las madres turcas. Materiales y métodos: este estudio descriptivo y comparativo analizó las características nutricionales de los bebés de 9 a 60 meses de edad cuyas madres fueran turcas o refugiadas sirias que asistieron al Hospital Público de Kiziltepe entre enero y julio de 2022. Resultados: se incluyó a 204 madres (126 turcas y 78 sirias). La edad promedio de las madres turcas era 27,60 ± 5,17 años y la de las refugiadas sirias, 28,91 ± 5,62 años, sin una diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos (p: 0,091). La lactancia materna posparto fue del 91,3 % y la duración de la lactancia fue de 12 meses (0-24) en las ciudadanas turcas, mientras que, en las refugiadas sirias, fue del 84,6 % y 9 meses (0-24), respectivamente (consumo de leche materna, p: 0,144; tiempo de consumo, p: 0,161; sin diferencias estadísticas). El 23,8 % de las ciudadanas turcas y el 5,1 % de las refugiadas sirias recibieron capacitación sobre la lactancia, con una diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos (p: 0,001). Conclusión: en los grupos de refugiadas, las prácticas de nutrición infantil y materna se ven alteradas. En colaboración con las organizaciones locales e internacionales y los organismos estatales que ayudan a los grupos de refugiados se podrían mejorar las prácticas de nutrición maternoinfantil y reducir las brechas.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare breastfeeding and related factors (age, level of education, age at first pregnancy, etc.), and complementary feeding practices between Syrian refugee and native Turkish mothers. Material and methods: This descriptive-comparative study examined the nutritional characteristics of infants aged 9 to 60 months whose mothers were Turkish or Syrian refugees who attended Kiziltepe State Hospital between January 2022 and July 2022. Results: 204 mothers (126 Turkish and 78 Syrian) who had a child aged 9-60 months were included. The average age of the mothers was 27.60 ± 5.17 years for Turkish citizens and 28.91 ± 5.62 for Syrian refugees, without significant difference between the two groups (p: 0.091). Postpartum breastfeeding was 91.3% and breastfeeding duration was 12 (0-24) months in Turkish citizens; in Syrian refugees, breastfeeding was 84.6% and average breastfeeding time was 9 (0- 24) months (respectively, breast milk intake p: 0.144, uptake time p: 0.161; no statistical difference). Breastfeeding training was received by 23.8% of Turkish citizens and 5.1% of Syrian refugees; there was a significant difference between the two groups (p: 0.001). Conclusion: In refugee groups, infant and maternal nutrition practices are disrupted. Working in conjunction with local and international organizations and state agencies that give help to refugee groups, the appropriate interventions, initiatives, supports, and awareness-raising activities would strive to improve practices in mother and baby nutrition and narrow gaps.

Dietary patterns of Sonoran breastfeeding women are associated to exclusive or partial breastfeeding regimes.

BACKGROUND: During breastfeeding, the maternal diet ensures mothers and infants health. Therefore, it is necessary to update information about the diet of exclusively or partially breastfeeding women in each population. We evaluated the diet of Sonoran breastfeeding women, identified their dietary patterns, and examined their association with the breastfeeding regime. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 62 women breastfeeding exclusively (n = 43) or partially (n = 19) participated. The diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and patterns were identified through principal component analysis. RESULTS: Overall, fats and sodium intake were higher, while potassium intake was lower than recommended. Two dietary patterns were identified: "regional" (n = 36) and "prudent" (n = 26). Women following the "prudent" pattern consumed more protein, calcium, and potassium than those following the "regional" pattern (p < 0.05). The probability of exclusively breastfeeding women having a "prudent" dietary pattern was higher than that of partially breastfeeding women (adjusted odds ratios = 7.29, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Exclusive breastfeeding possibly motivated mothers to follow a more prudent diet than those who partially breastfed. Therefore, it is crucial to promote a healthy diet among breastfeeding mothers.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Durante el amamantamiento, la dieta garantiza la salud materno-infantil. Por esto, es necesario contar con información actualizada sobre la dieta de quienes amamantan exclusiva o parcialmente en cada población. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la dieta de mujeres sonorenses amamantando, identificar sus patrones dietarios y buscar su asociación con el régimen de lactancia. MÉTODOS: En este estudio transversal participaron 62 mujeres amamantando de forma exclusiva (n = 43) o parcialmente (n = 19). Se evaluó la dieta con un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y los patrones se identificaron a través del análisis de componentes principales. RESULTADOS: En general, la ingestión de grasas y sodio fue superior y la de potasio inferior a las cantidades recomendadas. Se identificaron dos patrones dietarios: "regional" (n = 36) y "prudente" (n = 26). Las mujeres con patrón "prudente" ingirieron más proteína, calcio y potasio que las del patrón "regional" (p < 0.05). La probabilidad de que las mujeres que amamantaban en exclusiva siguieran un patrón dietario "prudente" fue mayor que la de aquellas que amamantaban parcialmente (razón de momios ajustada (AOR) = 7.29, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONES: La lactancia exclusiva posiblemente motivó a las madres a seguir una dieta más prudente que la de aquellas que amamantaban parcialmente. Es necesario promover una dieta saludable entre las madres amamantando.

Relationship between skin-to-skin contact during the first hour of life and duration of exclusive breastfeeding.

BACKGROUND: Exclusive breastfeeding (BF) has the greatest potential impact on child mortality of any preventive intervention. Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) during the first hour of life is beneficial for initiating BF; however, routine separation of mother and infant is still common. This work aimed to demonstrate that SSC during the first hour of life is associated with a greater frequency and duration of exclusive BF. METHODS: This is an observational case-control study. We reviewed the medical records of patients born between 2016 and 2022 classified as cases or controls based on the history of SSC in the first hour of life. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 28. RESULTS: We included 362 medical records, of which 200 (55.2%) had SSC and were considered cases; the 162 (44.8%) who did not have SSC were considered controls. Those who received SSC were more likely to receive exclusive BF at 3 (163 [81.5%] vs. 94 [58%], p < 0.001) and 6 months of age (147 [73.5%] vs. 83 [51.2%], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who received SSC in the first hour of life were more likely to receive exclusive BF at 3 and 6 months of age. Promoting and respecting this practice is essential to increase the possibility of a newborn to be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) es la intervención preventiva con mayor impacto en mortalidad infantil. El contacto piel con piel (CPP) durante la primera hora de vida es un periodo crítico para establecer la lactancia; sin embargo, la separación rutinaria del recién nacido de su madre es frecuente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue demostrar que el CPP durante la primera hora se asocia con mayor frecuencia y duración de LME. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional de casos y controles. Se revisaron expedientes de pacientes de nuestra consulta pediátrica que nacieron entre 2016 y 2022. Se clasificaron como casos y controles de acuerdo con el antecedente de haber recibido CPP durante la primera hora de vida. Se realizó el análisis estadístico en SPSS version 28. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 362 expedientes, de los cuales 200 (55.2%) recibieron CPP en la primera hora de vida y fueron considerados casos; los 162 (44.8%) que no lo hicieron fueron considerados controles. Aquellos que recibieron CPP tuvieron con mayor frecuencia LME a los 3 (163 [81.5%] vs. 94 [58%], p < 0.001) y 6 meses de edad (147 [73.5%] vs. 83 [51.2%], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: La frecuencia con la cual los pacientes lograron tener lactancia materna exclusiva a los 3 y 6 meses es mayor en aquellos en los que se respeta el CPP en la primera hora de vida. Promover y respetar esta práctica es fundamental para incrementar las probabilidades de que los lactantes reciban LME durante sus primeros 6 meses de vida.

Sentido de coherencia en mujeres lactantes: una revisión de alcance / Sense of coherence in breastfeeding women: A scoping review

Fundamento. El establecimiento de la lactancia materna puede resultar una situación potencialmente estresante. El objetivo del estudio es analizar el sentido de coherencia en mujeres lactantes, establecer los recursos generales de resistencia que lo modulan, y determinar las intervenciones profesionales que lo promueven. Metodología. Se incluyeron estudios en inglés, español o portugués, que evaluaran el sentido de coherencia de las mujeres lactantes, localizados en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect y CINAHL entre marzo y mayo de 2023. La calidad de los estudios y el riesgo de sesgo se evaluaron siguiendo los criterios ICROMS y STROBE. Resultados. Se identificaron 316 registros, de los que se incluyeron un total de ocho estudios, tres cualitativos y cinco cuantitativos, todos con calidad suficiente. Un alto nivel de sentido de coherencia materno se relacionó con mayor duración, autoeficacia y disfrute de la experiencia de lactancia, y mayor apego. Los principales recursos generales de resistencia fueron percibir apoyo social, especialmente de parejas, madres y personal sanitario, además de experiencia previa positiva y una actitud positiva. Las intervenciones que favorecieron el sentido de coherencia fueron las relacionadas con un apoyo profesional estrecho, empático, personalizado, integral y centrado en la familia. Conclusiones. La determinación del nivel de sentido de coherencia en madres lactantes puede ayudar a identificar a mujeres con mayor riesgo de destete temprano, y a establecer estrategias de intervención profesional que mejoren la experiencia de lactancia materna. (AU)

Background. The establishment of breastfeeding may sometimes be stressful. We aimed to analyze the sense of coherence in lactating women to determine the general resistance resources during lactation and the professional interventions that promote a high sense of coherence. Methods. A search of studies in English, Spanish, or Portuguese on lactating women's sense of coherence was carried out in PubMed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, and CINAH databases published between May and November 2022. Study quality and risk of bias were examined according to ICROMS and STROBE criteria. Results. We identified 316 studies, of which eight -all of adequate quality- were included, three qualitative and five quantitative. A high level of maternal sense of coherence was related to longer duration, self-efficacy, attachment, and enjoyment of the breastfeeding experience. The main general resistance resources were to receive social support, particularly from partners, mothers, and health professionals. The interventions that favored the sense of coherence were mainly those related to a close, empathic, personalized, comprehensive, and family-centered professional support. Conclusions. The detection of the level of sense of coherence in lactating mothers may help identify women with a higher risk of weaning and establish professional intervention strategies that improve the breastfeeding experience. (AU)

La web 2.0 como un nuevo apoyo a la lactancia materna: percepción de madres y profesionales mediante un enfoque cualitativo / Web 2.0 as a new support for breastfeeding: Perception of mothers and professionals through a qualitative approach

Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo es explorar la influencia de la web 2.0 como una red de apoyo complementaria a las redes tradicionales para el fomento de la lactancia materna (LM). Método: Estudio cualitativo explorativo, desarrollado del 8 de septiembre al 31 diciembre de 2022, en el Centro Sanitario «Las Vegas» (Corvera), Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA). Las participantes fueron 5 profesionales expertas en LM y 7 madres lactantes, que constituyeron 2 grupos focales, seleccionadas por muestreo por conveniencia. El análisis consistió en transcripción de datos, lectura en profundidad, análisis mediante agrupación de conceptos y clasificación de la información en categorías. Resultados: Tras el análisis final se identificaron 7 categorías, organizadas según la proximidad del tema y el objetivo propuesto, a partir de los discursos más significativos del estudio: dificultades durante la LM, importancia de recibir ayuda, primeras redes de apoyo, otras redes de apoyo, un sistema sanitario con deficiencias, pandemia y LM 2.0, Salud 2.0 y app en LM: nueva forma de apoyo y características de una app sobre LM «ideal». Conclusiones: La web 2.0 ha revolucionado la forma en que las madres acceden a la información y al apoyo sobre LM, creando una red de ayuda en línea conectando a madres y profesionales de todo el mundo, proporciona información actualizada y posibilita una fuente de apoyo emocional mediante la creación de grupos de iguales. Esta influencia positiva de la web 2.0 ha tenido un impacto significativo en el fomento de la LM y el empoderamiento materno para tomar decisiones informadas sobre su proceso de amamantamiento.(AU)

Objective: The objective of this paper is to explore the influence of web 2.0 as a complementary support network to traditional networks for the promotion of breastfeeding (BF). Method: Qualitative and exploratory study carried out from September 8 to December 31, 2022, at the Las Vegas Health Centre (Corvera), Health Service of the Principality of Asturias (SESPA). The participants were 5 professional experts in BF and 7 breastfeeding mothers, who made up two focus groups, selected by convenience sampling. The analysis consisted of transcription of data, in-depth reading, analysis by grouping concepts and classification of the information into categories. Results: After the final analysis, seven categories were identified, organised according to the proximity of the topic and the proposed objective, based on the most significant discourses of the study: Difficulties during BF, Importance of receiving help: First support networks, Other support networks, A health system with deficiencies, Pandemic and BF 2.0, Health 2.0 and apps in BF: new form of support and Characteristics of an “ideal” app on BF. Conclusions: Web 2.0 has revolutionised the way mothers access information and support on BF, creating an online support network connecting mothers and professionals around the world, providing up-to-date information and enabling a source of emotional support through the creation of peer groups. This positive influence of web 2.0 has had a significant impact on promoting BF and empowering mothers to make informed decisions about their breastfeeding process.(AU)

Evidencia de la estimulación de puntos de acupuntura en el tratamiento de la hipogalactia: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis / Evidence of the acupuncture points stimulation for the treatment of hypogalactia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objetivo: Realizar una revisión de la literatura para analizar si la estimulación de puntos de acupuntura aumenta la cantidad de leche producida durante la lactancia. Método: Se recopilaron estudios de cinco bases de datos electrónicas siguiendo las recomendaciones internacionales para la elaboración de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Los criterios de elegibilidad fueron artículos de texto completo en inglés o español con diseño de ensayos clínicos y estudios observacionales, sin restricción en el tiempo de publicación, en los cuales se hubiera evaluado el efecto de la estimulación de puntos de acupuntura en la mejora de la cantidad de lactancia mediante acupuntura convencional, electroacupuntura, láser, agujas de fuego, estimulación manual, Tui Na o catgut. Dos autores extrajeron de forma independiente los datos de las características y los resultados principales de los estudios seleccionados para su inclusión. Se realizaron las evaluaciones de riesgo de sesgo y de calidad (GRADE). Para la síntesis cuantitativa se calculó la diferencia de medias estandarizada para cada estudio individual seleccionado y luego se combinaron los datos mediante un metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios. Resultados: En la presente revisión se incluyeron un total de 14 estudios, la mayoría de ellos mostraron riesgo de sesgo y una calidad moderada. El metaanálisis mostró que la estimulación manual del punto de acupuntura aumenta la cantidad de leche materna (DME 95% IC=1,63 [1,13-2,13]; p<0,0001). Conclusión: La literatura sugiere que la estimulación manual de puntos de acupuntura mejora la cantidad de leche producida durante de lactancia.(AU)

Objective: To perform a literature review aimed to analyze if acupoint stimulation increases lactation quantity. Method: Studies were collected from five electronic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for systematic reviews. Eligibility criteria were full-text articles in English or Spanish with clinical trial design and observational studies, with no restriction on time of publication, in which the effect of acupoint stimulation on improving the quantity of lactation by conventional acupuncture, electroacupuncture, laser, fire needling, manual stimulation, tuina or catgut had been evaluated. Two authors independently extracted data for the characteristics and main outcomes of the studies selected for inclusion. The risk of bias (RoB 2 and Robins-I) and the quality assessments (GRADE) were performed. For the quantitative synthesis, the standardized mean difference was calculated for each individual study selected and then the data were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis. Results: A total of 14 studies were included in the present review. Most of the included studies exhibited some concerns in the risk of bias assessment. The quality of the studies was moderate. The meta-analysis showed that manual acupoint stimulation improves the lactation quantity (SMD 95% CI=1.63 [1.13-2.13]; p<0.0001). Conclusion: The literature suggests that manual stimulation of acupuncture points improves the amount of milk produced during lactation.(AU)

Lactancia materna en España y factores relacionados con su instauración y mantenimiento: estudio LAyDI (PAPenRed) / Breastfeeding in Spain and the factors related to its establishment and maintenance: LAyDI Study (PAPenRed)

Objetivo: Conocer estadísticas reales sobre lactancia materna en España, así como factores socioculturales y perinatales que afectan a su inicio y mantenimiento. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, longitudinal, de ámbito nacional (estudio LAyDI). Sitio: Consulta de pediatras de atención primaria. Participantes: Cohorte de recién nacidos entre abril de 2017 y marzo de 2018 en España que se siguieron hasta los dos años en ocho visitas. Medidas principales: Se analizaron las tasas de los diferentes tipos de lactancia en cada visita y también se analizaron variables relacionadas con la gestación, el parto, el período neonatal, sociales, económicas y biológicas. Resultados: Muestra inicial de 1.946 (50,1% varones). El 90,7% decidieron iniciar lactancia materna al nacimiento. La cifra de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) fue del 66,4% a los 15días y del 35,2% a los 6meses. Cualquier tipo de lactancia materna (lactancia materna total [LMT]) a los 6meses fue del 61,7%. La supervivencia de LMT presentó una mediana de 6,0meses (IC95%: 6,0-6,1). Variables relacionadas con LME a los 15días: hijos previos, nivel de educación de madre, ausencia de enfermedad durante el embarazo, no separación madre e hijo al nacer, no utilización de chupete, no existencia de problemas en pezones, y momento de decisión tipo lactancia. Variables relacionadas con mayor duración LMT son: la relación mayor de 5años de los padres, no usar de chupete, colecho al mes de vida, decidir lactancia materna antes del embarazo, recibir información sobre lactancia durante el embarazo y utilizar apoyo de asociaciones. Conclusiones: El abandono temprano de la lactancia materna es un problema importante en las sociedades occidentales. Existen factores sobre los que se puede actuar para mejorar resultados.(AU)

Objective: To find out actual statistics on breastfeeding in Spain, as well as sociocultural and perinatal factors that affect its initiation and maintenance. Design: Prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, nationwide study (XXX study). Site: Primary care paediatricians’ office. Participants: Cohort of newborns born between April 2017 and March 2018 in Spain who were followed up to two years of age in 8 visits. Main measures: Rates of different types of breastfeeding were analysed at each visit and variables related to gestation, delivery, neonatal period, social, economic and biological variables were also analysed. Results: Initial sample of 1946 (50.1% male). 90.7% decided to initiate breastfeeding at birth. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 66.4% at 15days and 35.2% at 6months. Any type of breastfeeding (total breastfeeding [TBF]) at 6months was 61.7%. Median survival from TBF was 6.0months (95%CI: 6.0-6.1). Variables related to EBF at 15days: previous children, mother's level of education, absence of illness during pregnancy, no separation of mother and child at birth, no dummy use, no nipple problems, and time of decision to breastfeed. Variables related to longer duration of TBF: relationship of parents older than 5years, no dummy use, co-sleeping at one month of life, deciding to breastfeed before pregnancy, receiving information on breastfeeding during pregnancy and using support from associations. Conclusions: Early abandonment of breastfeeding is a major problem in Western societies. There are factors that can be worked on to improve outcomes.(AU)

Traducción y validación de la Escala de Autoeficacia en Lactancia Materna BSES-SF en población colombiana / Translation and Validation of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale bses-sfin a Colombian Population / Tradução e validação da Escala de Autoeficácia em Amamentação bses-sfna população colombiana

La autoeficacia en la lactancia materna es la confian-za de la madre en su capacidad para amamantar a su hijo(a), la cual se evalúa mediante el cuestionario Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale (bses). Diversos estu-dios han explorado las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento con resultados adecuados en diferentes países. Este estudio presenta el proceso de traducción y validación de la escala en su versión breve, de 14 ítems, en una muestra de mujeres colombianas. En total, se evaluaron 243 mujeres lactantes con hijos alrededor de los cuatro meses de edad. Se analizó la consistencia y estructura interna de la escala, así como su relación con otras variables. La escala evidenció adecuados indicios respecto a su consistencia interna (α = .91), se identificó una estructura factorial de dos dimensiones que explican un 48 % de la varianza, la relación con otras variables como la autoestima (ρ = .28) y el estrés percibido (ρ = .30) fueron débiles o moderadas, y las diferencias en las puntuaciones respecto a la historia obstétrica y las variables sociodemográficas fueron analizadas. Las evidencias psicométricas apoyan la utilización de la escala, tanto en el ámbito clínico como en el investigativo para evaluar la autoeficacia en mu-jeres lactantes colombianas

2Adriana Trujillo, Rubby Castro-Osorio, Natalia Maldonado-AvendañoAvances en Psicología Latinoamericana / Bogotá (Colombia) / Vol. 42(1) / pp. 1-20 / 2024 / ISSNe2145-4515obstétrica y las variables sociodemográficas fueron analizadas. Las evidencias psicométricas apoyan la utilización de la escala, tanto en el ámbito clínico como en el investigativo para evaluar la autoeficacia en mu-jeres lactantes colombianas.Palabras clave: autoeficacia; lactancia materna; bses-sf; psicometría.AbstractBreastfeeding self-efficacy is the mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed her child and is assessed using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (bses). Several studies have explored the psychometric properties of the questionnaire with adequate results in different countries. The present study presents the translation and validation process of the 14-item brief version of the scale in a sample of Colombian women. In to-tal, 243 lactating women with children around four months of age were evaluated. The consistency and internal structure of the scale was analysed, as well as its relationship with other variables. The scale evidenced adequate internal consistency (α = .91), a factorial structure of two dimensions explaining 48 % of the variance was identified, the relationship with other variables such as self-esteem (ρ = .28) and perceived stress (ρ = .30) was weak or moderate, and the differences in scores regarding the obstetric history and sociodemographic variables were analyzed. The psychometric evidence supports the use of the scale in both clinical and research settings to assess self-efficacy in Colombian lactating women.

A autoeficácia na amamentação é a confiança da mãe em sua capacidade de amamentar seu filho e é avaliada por meio do questionário Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale(bses). Vários estudos exploraram as propriedades psi-cométricas do instrumento com resultados adequados em diferentes países. O presente estudo apresenta o processo de tradução e validação da escala em sua versão breve de 14 itens em uma amostra de mulheres colombianas. No total, foram avaliadas 243 lactantes com filhos em torno de quatro meses de idade. Foram analisadas a consistência e a estrutura interna da escala, bem como sua relação com outras variáveis. A escala apresentou indicações adequadas quanto à sua consistência interna (α = 0,91), foi identifi-cada uma estrutura fatorial bidimensional que explicou 48% da variância. A relação com outras variáveis como a autoestima (ρ = 0,28) e percepção ao estresse (ρ = 0,30) foi fraca ou moderada, e, foram analisadas diferenças nos escores referentes ao histórico obstétrico e às variáveis sociodemográficas. Evidências psicométricas apoiam o uso da escala tanto em ambientes clínicos como de pesquisa para avaliar a autoeficácia na amamentação em mulheres lactantes colombianas.

Evidence of the acupuncture points stimulation for the treatment of hypogalactia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a literature review aimed to analyze if acupoint stimulation increases lactation quantity. METHOD: Studies were collected from five electronic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for systematic reviews. Eligibility criteria were full-text articles in English or Spanish with clinical trial design and observational studies, with no restriction on time of publication, in which the effect of acupoint stimulation on improving the quantity of lactation by conventional acupuncture, electroacupuncture, laser, fire needling, manual stimulation, tuina or catgut had been evaluated. Two authors independently extracted data for the characteristics and main outcomes of the studies selected for inclusion. The risk of bias (RoB 2 and Robins-I) and the quality assessments (GRADE) were performed. For the quantitative synthesis, the standardized mean difference was calculated for each individual study selected and then the data were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies were included in the present review. Most of the included studies exhibited some concerns in the risk of bias assessment. The quality of the studies was moderate. The meta-analysis showed that manual acupoint stimulation improves the lactation quantity (SMD 95% CI = 1.63 [1.13-2.13]; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The literature suggests that manual stimulation of acupuncture points improves the amount of milk produced during lactation.

Web 2.0 as a new support for breastfeeding: Perception of mothers and professionals through a qualitative approach.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to explore the influence of Web 2.0 as a complementary support network to traditional networks for the promotion of breastfeeding (BF). METHOD: Qualitative and exploratory study carried out from September 8 to December 31, 2022, at the Las Vegas Health Centre (Corvera), Health Service of the Principality of Asturias (SESPA). The participants were 5 professional experts in BF and 7 breastfeeding mothers, who made up two focus groups, selected by convenience sampling. The analysis consisted of transcription of data, in-depth reading, analysis by grouping concepts and classification of the information into categories. RESULTS: After the final analysis, seven categories were identified, organised according to the proximity of the topic and the proposed objective, based on the most significant discourses of the study: difficulties during BF, importance of receiving help: first support networks, other support networks, A health system with deficiencies, pandemic and BF 2.0, Health 2.0 and apps in BF: new form of support and characteristics of an "ideal" app on BF. CONCLUSIONS: Web 2.0 has revolutionised the way mothers access information and support on BF, creating an online support network connecting mothers and professionals around the world, providing up-to-date information and enabling a source of emotional support through the creation of peer groups. This positive influence of Web 2.0 has had a significant impact on promoting BF and empowering mothers to make informed decisions about their breastfeeding process.

[Breastfeeding in Spain and the factors related to its establishment and maintenance: LAyDI Study (PAPenRed)]. / Lactancia materna en España y factores relacionados con su instauración y mantenimiento: estudio LAyDI (PAPenRed).

OBJECTIVE: To find out actual statistics on breastfeeding in Spain, as well as sociocultural and perinatal factors that affect its initiation and maintenance. DESIGN: Prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, nationwide study (XXX study). SITE: Primary care paediatricians' office. PARTICIPANTS: Cohort of newborns born between April 2017 and March 2018 in Spain who were followed up to two years of age in 8 visits. MAIN MEASURES: Rates of different types of breastfeeding were analysed at each visit and variables related to gestation, delivery, neonatal period, social, economic and biological variables were also analysed. RESULTS: Initial sample of 1946 (50.1% male). 90.7% decided to initiate breastfeeding at birth. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 66.4% at 15days and 35.2% at 6months. Any type of breastfeeding (total breastfeeding [TBF]) at 6months was 61.7%. Median survival from TBF was 6.0months (95%CI: 6.0-6.1). Variables related to EBF at 15days: previous children, mother's level of education, absence of illness during pregnancy, no separation of mother and child at birth, no dummy use, no nipple problems, and time of decision to breastfeed. Variables related to longer duration of TBF: relationship of parents older than 5years, no dummy use, co-sleeping at one month of life, deciding to breastfeed before pregnancy, receiving information on breastfeeding during pregnancy and using support from associations. CONCLUSIONS: Early abandonment of breastfeeding is a major problem in Western societies. There are factors that can be worked on to improve outcomes.

Validação de conteúdo e análise semântica de inquérito CAP sobre conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas das avós no contexto da amamentação / Content validation and semantic analysis of a KAP survey on grandmothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices in the context of breastfeeding / Validación del contenido y análisis semántico de una encuesta CAP sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de las abuelas en el contexto de la lactancia materna

Objetivo: avaliar a validade de conteúdo e a semântica de um inquérito sobre conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas das avós no contexto da amamentação. Métodos: pesquisa metodológica, de validação de conteúdo de inquérito Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Práticas (CAP) por especialistas e análise semântica por meio da compreensibilidade dos itens pelas avós de crianças em amamentação. Foram calculados os índices de validade de conteúdo, dos itens e da escala, e teste binomial. Para análise semântica foram calculadas as frequências absolutas e as relativas da compreensão dos itens. Resultados: participaram 22 especialistas, e dez avós. O índice de validade de conteúdo do inquérito CAP tanto para versão pré-teste como pós-teste foi de 0,94. Uma questão da versão pré-teste e duas questões da versão pós-teste não alcançaram compreensão > 90%. Foi excluída uma questão do inquérito e 21 foram reformuladas, resultando em 45 itens distribuídos em três domínios: conhecimentos (23 itens), atitudes (oito itens) e práticas (14 itens). Conclusão:as versões finais do pré e pós-teste do inquérito de conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas das avós sobre a amamentação, alcançaram validade de conteúdo e de semântica compatível para sua utilização.

Objective: assessing the content and semantic validity of a survey on grandmothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices in the context of breastfeeding. Methods: methodological research for content validation of a Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) survey by experts and semantic analysis through the comprehensibility of the items by grandmothers of breastfeeding children. Content validity indices were calculated for the items and the scale, as well as the binomial test. Absolute and relative frequencies of understanding of the items were calculated for the semantic analysis. Results: participants were 22 experts and ten grandmothers. The content validity index of the KAP survey for both the pre-test and post-test versions was 0.94. One question in the pre-test version and two questions in the post-test version did not reach > 90% comprehension. One question was excluded from the survey and 21 were reworded, resulting in 45 items distributed into three domains: knowledge (23 items), attitudes (8 items), and practices (14 items). Conclusion: the final pre- and post-test versions of the survey of grandmothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices on breastfeeding achieved content and semantic validity compatible with its use.

Objetivo: evaluación de la validez semántica y de contenido de una encuesta sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de las abuelas en el contexto de la lactancia materna. Métodos: investigación metodológica, validación del contenido de la encuesta Conocimiento, Actitudes y Prácticas (CAP) por expertos y análisis semántico a través de la comprensibilidad de los ítems por abuelas de niños lactantes. Se calcularon índices de validez de contenido para los ítems y la escala, así como la prueba binomial. Para el análisis semántico, se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas de comprensión de los ítems. Resultados: participaron 22 expertos y diez abuelas. El índice de validez de contenido de la encuesta CAP, tanto para la versión pre-test como para la post-test, fue de 0,94. Una pregunta de la versión pre-test y dos preguntas de la versión post-test no alcanzaron > 90% de comprensión. Se excluyó una pregunta de la encuesta y se reformularon 21, con lo que se obtuvieron 45 ítems distribuidos en tres ámbitos: conocimientos (23 ítems), actitudes (8 ítems) y prácticas (14 ítems). Conclusión: las versiones finales pre y post de la encuesta sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de las abuelas en materia de lactancia materna alcanzaron validez de contenido y semántica compatible con su uso.

Evaluation of Mothers’ Sociodemographic Characteristics and Infant Feeding Attitudes During Pregnancy According to the Iowa Feeding Attitude Scale and Examining the Scale’s Role in Determining Breastfeeding Duration / Evaluación de las características sociodemográficas de las madres y las actitudes hacia la alimentación infantile durante el embarazo según la escala de actitud hacia la alimentación de Iowa y examen del papel de la escala en la determinación de la duración de la lactancia materna

Introduction: The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the initial 6 months of life, followed by the introduction of supplementary foods together with breast milk after 6 months, and then continuing to breastfeed until the child reaches 2 years of age. Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) was developed to identify which infant feeding methods pregnant women are more inclined towards during the early stages of pregnancy. In our study, we aimed to assess the feeding practices of mothers using the IIFAS. Material and methods: The study was planned with consenting pregnant women who applied to the gynaecology clinic, pregnancy outpatient clinic and pediatric outpatient clinic of our hospital. Those who had problems such as drug use, chronic disease, psychological disorder, anatomical disorder that would prevent breastfeeding, syndromic condition, indication for hospitalisation were excluded from the study. A questionnaire regarding the demographic profile of the mothers and the IIFAS was filled out. Subsequently, face-to-face interviews were conducted with the mothers on the seventh day, third month, and sixth month to gather information. Results: The study was completed with 96 mothers. According to the IOWA infant feeding scale scores of the mothers, there were 26 (27.1%) mothers in the breastfeeding-prone group with a score of 70 and above and 70 (72.9%) mothers in the undecided group with a score between 49-69. Since none of the pregnant women scored between 17-48, the group predisposed to formula feeding was not formed. There were no significant variations observed between the groups with regard to age, family type, and mode of delivery; however, there was a notable disparity in the educational and informational statuses of the mothers. Conclusions: The fact that mothers were mostly undecided about the recommendations related to the IIFAS indicates the need for information about breast milk. (AU)

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda la lactancia materna exclusiva durante los 6 meses iniciales de vida, seguida de la introducción de alimentos suplementarios junto con la leche materna a partir de los 6 meses, y luego continuar con la lactancia materna hasta que el niño cumpla los 2 años de edad. La Escala de actitud hacia la alimentación infantil de Iowa (IIFAS) se desarrolló para identificar a qué métodos de alimentación infantil se inclinan más las mujeres embarazadas durante las primeras etapas del embarazo. En nuestro estudio, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar las prácticas de alimentación de las madres utilizando el IIFAS. Material y métodos: El estudio se planificó con el consentimiento de mujeres embarazadas que postularon a la consulta de ginecología, consulta externa de embarazo y consulta externa pediátrica de nuestro hospital. Fueron excluidos del estudio aquellos que presentaban problemas como consumo de drogas, enfermedad crónica, trastorno psicológico, trastorno anatómico que impediría la lactancia materna, condición sindrómica, indicación de hospitalización. Se llenó un cuestionario sobre el perfil demográfico de las madres y el IIFAS. Posteriormente, se realizaron entrevistas cara a cara con las madres los días séptimo día, tercer mes y sexto mes para recolectar información. Resultados: El estudio se completó con 96 madres. Según las puntuaciones de las madres en la escala de alimentación infantil de IOWA, había 26 (27,1%) madres en el grupo propenso a amamantar con una puntuación de 70 o más y 70 (72,9%) madres en el grupo indeciso con una puntuación entre 49- 69. Dado que ninguna de las mujeres embarazadas obtuvo una puntuación entre 17 y 48, no se formó el grupo predispuesto a la alimentación con fórmula. No se observaron variaciones significativas entre los grupos con respecto a la edad, tipo de familia y modo de parto; sin embargo, ... (AU)

Initial nipple damages in breastfeeding women: analysis of photographic images and clinical associations / Lesiones tempranas del pezón derivadas de la lactancia materna: análisis de imágenes fotográficas y asociaciones clínicas / Lesões mamilares precoces decorrentes da amamentação: análise de imagens fotográficas e associações clínicas

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the initial nipple damage degree by breastfeeding practice and to associate findings with clinical manifestations of breastfeeding women. Methods: a retrospective, cross-sectional study with primary data and photographic images database from two randomized clinical trials. Photographic images were analyzed by two independent evaluators using the Nipple Trauma Score. For analysis, the chi-square, Mann-Whitney tests and Kappa coefficient were applied. Results: 115 breastfeeding women and their respective 186 photographic images were analyzed. The degree of agreement of evaluators using the Nipple Trauma Score was 93.6%. The nipple pain score during breastfeeding was moderate and compromised more than 25% of the nipple surface area. Conclusions: assistance to breastfeeding women should prioritize nipple pain intensity instead of the nipple damage size.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el grado de afectación tisular en las lesiones tempranas del pezón resultantes de la lactancia materna y asociar los hallazgos con las manifestaciones clínicas de las mujeres que amamantan. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, transversal, con datos primarios y banco de imágenes fotográficas de dos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Las imágenes fotográficas fueron analizadas por dos evaluadores independientes, utilizando el Nipple Trauma Score. Para el análisis se aplicaron las pruebas de Chi-Cuadrado, Mann-Whitney y coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: se analizaron 115 mujeres lactantes y sus respectivas 186 imágenes fotográficas. El grado de acuerdo de los evaluadores utilizando el Nipple Trauma Score fue del 93,6%. El nivel de dolor en el pezón durante la lactancia es moderado y existe presencia de lesiones del pezón con más del 25% de la superficie del pezón comprometida. Conclusiones: la asistencia a la mujer lactante debe priorizar el nivel de dolor que presenta en detrimento del tamaño de la lesión del pezón.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o grau de comprometimento tecidual das lesões mamilares precoces decorrentes da amamentação e associar achados com as manifestações clínicas de mulheres em amamentação. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo, transversal, envolvendo o uso de dados primários e de banco de imagens fotográficas provenientes de dois ensaios clínicos randomizados. Imagens fotográficas foram analisadas por duas avaliadoras independentes a partir do instrumento Nipple Trauma Score. Para análise, aplicou-se os testes Qui-Quadrado, Mann-Whitney e coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: foram analisadas 115 lactantes e respectivas 186 imagens fotográficas. O grau de concordância das avaliadoras pelo instrumento Nipple Trauma Score foi de 93,6%. O nível de dor mamilar encontrado durante as mamadas é moderado e há presença de lesões mamilares com mais de 25% de área da superfície do mamilo comprometida. Conclusões: a assistência a mulheres que amamentam deve priorizar o nível de dor apresentado em detrimento do tamanho da lesão mamilar.

Relação entre desmame precoce e alergias alimentares / Relationship between early weaning and food allergies / Relación entre el destete precoz y las alergias alimentarias

Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre o desmame precoce e o desenvolvimento de alergias alimentares por meio de uma revisão integrativa. Método:Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada através das bases de dados Pubmed, Mesh e Scielo.Resultados:Através da busca pelos descritores determinados, foram selecionados 25 estudos científicos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Devido sua grande composição, o leite humano é responsável pela promoção do crescimento das bactérias com efeito bifidogênico, estando em quantidades superiores nos lactentes em AME. Conclusão: Apesar de alguns dos estudos não mostrarem resultados significativos em relação ao leite materno ser um fator protetor contra as alergias alimentares, nenhum deles deixoude incentivar o AM ou mostrar os seus benefícios já cientificamente comprovados.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between early weaning and the development of food allergies through an integrative review. Method: Integrative literature review performed through the Pubmed, Mesh and Scielo databases. Results: Through the search for the descriptors determined, 25 scientific studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Due to its large composition, human milk is responsible for promoting the growth of bacteria with bifidogenic effect, being in higher amounts in infants in EBF. Conclusion: Although some of the studies did not show significant results regarding breast milk being a protective factor against food allergies, none of them failed to encourage BF or show its scientifically proven benefits.

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el destete precoz y el desarrollo de alergias alimentarias a través de una revisión integradora. Metodo:Revisión integradora de la literatura realizada a través de las bases de datos Pubmed, Mesh y Scielo. Resultados: A través de la búsqueda de los descriptores determinados, se seleccionaron 25 estudios científicos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Debido a su gran composición, la leche humana es responsable de promover el crecimiento de bacterias con efecto bifidogénico, estando en mayores cantidades en bebés en LME. Conclusión:Aunque algunos de los estudios no mostraron resultados significativos con respecto a que la leche materna sea un factor protector contra las alergias alimentarias, ninguno de ellos falló en fomentar la BF o mostrar sus beneficios científicamente probados.

Validação de conteúdo dos elementos do diagnóstico de enfermagem "amamentação ineficaz" / Content validation of the elements of the nursing diagnosis "ineffective breastfeeding" / Validación de contenido de los elementos del diagnóstico de enfermería "lactancia materna ineficaz"

Objetivo: revisar e validar os elementos do Diagnóstico de Enfermagem "Amamentação ineficaz" (00104) a partir da literatura e consenso de especialistas e construir definições operacionais para suas características definidoras. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa metodológica desenvolvida em duas fases : revisão de escopo, baseada no proposto pelo Joanna Briggs Institute, e validação de conteúdo. Foram considerados validados os itens com Índice de Validade de Conteúdo ≥ 0,80 quanto a relevância, clareza e precisão. Resultados: elementos do Diagnósticos de Enfermagem foram mantidos como estão na atual edição da Classificação de Diagnósticos de Enfermagem da NANDA International (NANDA-I), enquanto outros sofreram modificações. Além disso, foi proposta a inclusão de fatores relacionados, populações de risco e condições associadas. Conclusão: este estudo possibilitou revisão e validação de conteúdo do Diagnóstico de Enfermagem "Amamentação ineficaz", presente na Classificação dos Diagnósticos de Enfermagem da NANDA-I

Objective: to review and validate the elements of the Nursing Diagnosis "Ineffective Breastfeeding" (00104) based on the literature and expert consensus, and to construct operational definitions for its defining characteristics. Method: this is a methodological study carried out in two phases: a scoping review, based on that proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute, and content validation. Items with a Content Validity Index ≥ 0.80 in terms of relevance, clarity and precision were considered validated. Results: elements of the Nursing Diagnoses were kept as they are in the current edition of the NANDA International Classification of Nursing Diagnoses (NANDA-I), while others were modified. In addition, the inclusion of related factors, risk populations and associated conditions was proposed. Conclusion: this study enabled a review and validation of the content of the Nursing Diagnosis "Ineffective breastfeeding", present in the NANDA-I Classification of Nursing Diagnoses

Objetivos: revisar y validar los elementos del Diagnóstico de Enfermería "Lactancia Ineficaz" (00104) a partir de la literatura y el consenso de expertos, y construir definiciones operativas para sus características definitorias. Método: se trata de un estudio metodológico realizado en dos fases: una revisión de alcance, basada en la propuesta por el Joanna Briggs Institute, y una validación de contenido. Se consideraron validados los ítems con un Índice de Validez de Contenido ≥ 0,80 en términos de relevancia, claridad y precisión. Resultados: se mantuvieron elementos de los Diagnósticos de Enfermería tal y como están en la edición actual de la Clasificación Internacional de Diagnósticos de Enfermería NANDA (NANDA-I), mientras que otros fueron modificados. Además, se propuso la inclusión de factores relacionados, poblaciones de riesgo y condiciones asociadas. Conclusión: este estudio permitió la revisión y validación del contenido del Diagnóstico de Enfermería "Lactancia materna ineficaz", presente en la Clasificación de Diagnósticos de Enfermería NANDA-I

Transição alimentar de prematuros internados na Unidade Canguru: revisão sistemática / Transición alimentaria de prematuros internados en la Unidad Canguro: revisión sistemática / Food transition of premature infants admitted to the Kangaroo Unit: systematic review

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as evidências disponíveis sobre a transição alimentar de sonda orogástrica para aleitamento materno diretamente na mama com prematuros internados em unidades hospitalares. Métodos Revisão sistemática da literatura com busca nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, com os critérios de inclusão: estudos experimentais, sem restrição temporal e nos idiomas português, espanhol e inglês. A avaliação metodológica foi realizada por meio das ferramentas Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) e Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0) e consistiu em duas etapas: qualidade metodológica e o risco de viés dos estudos. Resultados Foram identificados 10 artigos, todos ensaios clínicos randomizados. As técnicas utilizadas na transição da dieta dos prematuros encontradas foram: sonda-dedo e seringa, copo e sonda-dedo, copo e mamadeira, colher e sucção não-nutritiva, sucção não-nutritiva, sucção não-nutritiva e estimulação oral, comportamento dos prematuros, cheiro do leite materno. Conclusão As técnicas evidenciadas permitiram a transição da dieta, em um período mais curto, reduzindo o tempo de internação, aumentando o ganho de peso e se mostraram seguras, desde que o prematuro tenha maturidade para ser realizada. Contudo, a mamadeira foi desaconselhada, pela ocorrência de episódios de dessaturação, aumento da frequência cardíaca e confusão de bico.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las evidencias disponibles sobre la transición alimentaria de sonda orogástrica a lactancia materna directamente de la mama con prematuros internados en unidades hospitalarias. Métodos Revisión sistemática de la literatura con búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: estudios experimentales, sin restricción temporal y en idioma portugués, español e inglés. La evaluación metodológica se realizó por medio de las herramientas Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) y Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0) y consistió en dos etapas: calidad metodológica y riesgo de sesgo de los estudios. Resultados Se identificaron 10 artículos, todos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Las técnicas utilizadas para la transición de la dieta de prematuros fueron: dedo-jeringa y jeringa, vaso y dedo-jeringa, vaso y mamadera, cuchara y succión no nutritiva, succión no nutritiva, succión no nutritiva y estimulación oral, comportamiento de los prematuros, olor de la leche materna. Conclusión Las técnicas observadas permitieron realizar la transición de la dieta en un período más corto, con reducción del tiempo de internación y mejor aumento de peso y demostraron ser seguras, siempre que el prematuro tenga madurez para realizarlas. No obstante, se desaconseja la mamadera por la presencia de episodios de desaturación, aumento de la frecuencia cardíaca y confusión tetina-pezón. Número de registro da revisão sistemática: CRD42021240725 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=240725)

Abstract Objective To analyze the available evidence on the transition from orogastric tube feeding to breastfeeding directly from the breast with premature infants admitted to hospital units. Methods Systematic literature review with search in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, with the inclusion criteria: experimental studies, without temporal restrictions and in Portuguese, Spanish and English. The methodological assessment was carried out using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0) tools and consisted of two stages: methodological quality and the risk of bias of the studies. Results 10 papers were identified, all randomized clinical trials. The techniques used in transitioning the premature babies' diet were: finger tube and syringe, cup and finger tube, cup and bottle, spoon and non-nutritive sucking, non-nutritive sucking, non-nutritive sucking and oral stimulation, behavior of premature babies, and smell of breast milk. Conclusion The demonstrated techniques allowed the transition of the diet in a shorter period, reducing the length of hospital stay, increasing weight gain 1and proved to be safe, as long as the premature baby is mature enough to undergo the procedure. However, bottle feeding was not recommended due to the occurrence of episodes of desaturation, increased heart rate and nipple confusion. Systematic review registration number: CRD42021240725 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=240725)