RESUMEN
Thrace is a part of the Marmara Region northwest of Türkiye. This region hosts several lentic ecosystems used for irrigation and drinking water supply. The present study was conducted to analyze the temporal distributions of water quality parameters (WQPs) of lentic ecosystems (lacustrine habitats), including lakes (L1-L2), reservoirs (R1-R12), and ponds (P1-P19) of the Thrace Region. Thirty-three lacustrine habitats were identified in the region. Freshwaters were collected in the wet (end of winter) and dry (end of summer) seasons of 2021-2022 and tested for 12 WQPs. Data was evaluated for the water quality index (WQI) and nutrient pollution index (NPI) and their overall quality level. For the evaluation of non-carcinogenic health risk indices of WQPs, the chronic daily index (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) were applied. Cluster analysis (CA), Pearson correlation index (PCI), and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to classify the lacustrine habitats and identify the source of WQPs. The average values were as follows: 9.28 mg/L for dissolved oxygen (DO), 94.6% for oxygen (O2) saturation, 9.29 for pH, 613 µS/cm for electrical conductivity (EC), 3.96 NTU for turbidity, 358 mg/L for total dissolved solids (TDS), 3.17 mg/L for nitrate (NO3), 0.05 mg/L for nitrite (NO2), 1.01 mg/L for phosphate (PO4), 78.5 mg/L for sulfate (SO4), and 102 mg/L for chloride (Cl). Results showed a significant increase in WQPs, including NO3, NO2, and PO4, in the wet season, while the salinity decreased from the dry to wet season. Results revealed that HI values of water contaminants in lacustrine habitats were noted to be less than one. Based on determined WQPs, the present study recommends using lacustrine water habitats for irrigation, drinking, and other domestic and industrial purposes.
Asunto(s)
Agua Subterránea , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Calidad del Agua , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Ecosistema , Dióxido de Nitrógeno/análisis , Turquía , Lagos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Agua Subterránea/análisisRESUMEN
Microplastics (MPs) have become prevalent in various environmental compartments, including air, water, and soil, attracting attention as significant pollutant parameters. This study investigated the prevalence of MP pollution in surface sediments along Istanbul's Marmara Sea, encompassing the megacity and the Bosphorus. A comprehensive sampling approach was employed, covering 43 stations across four seasons and depths ranging from 5 to 70 m. The objective was to assess the impact of terrestrial, social, and industrial activities on MPs. The average concentrations varied per season, with fall, winter, spring, and summer values recorded as 2000 ± 4100, 1600 ± 3900, 4300 ± 12,000, and 9500 ± 20,300 particles/kg-DW. The study identified river stations in the Golden Horn and sea discharge locations as hotspots for high concentrations. Notably, the dominant shape shifted from fibers in fall, winter, and spring to fragments during summer, coinciding with mucilage occurrences. The study identified 11 different polymers, with polyethylene (44 %) and polypropylene (31 %) being the most common.
RESUMEN
The study established the water quality modelling of the Bosphorus system, based on hydrodynamic data as well as the results of the water quality survey carried out in the last five years. The model revealed significant decrease in the magnitude of pollutant loads in the upper layer at the exit into The Marmara Sea providing numerical proof that no pollutant transport would take place from sewage discharges to the upper layer. A similar modelling approach was implemented at the Bosphorus/Marmara interface, a significant hotspot as it included two major deep marine outfalls. The results asserted that the entire sewage flow would enter the lower flow in The Bosphorus through the interface without an appreciable mixing with the upper flow. This way, the study provided a significant scientific support for the sustainable management of marine discharges in this area, since they have no physical interference with The Marmara Sea.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes del Agua , Calidad del Agua , Aguas Residuales , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Contaminantes del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Phosphorus (P) is a key element to all life that is used for structural and functional component of all organisms. The cycling of sedimentary P may differ depending on the redox-conditions of the overlying waters affecting the dynamics, and distribution of P-fractions and the elements that are highly coupled to P cycle. Though biogeochemistry of water column in the three interconnected marine basins of Black, Marmara and Mediterranean Seas have been studied extensively, few studies were carried out to understand sedimentary P dynamics in these regions. In this study, therefore, the biogeochemical cycling of sedimentary P and related variables such as porewater nutrients, sedimentary organic carbon, nitrogen and reactive iron were studied in selected sites at the three interconnected marine basins: Black Sea, Marmara and Northeastern (NE) Mediterranean Sea. The pool of "potentially mobile P" was also determined for the studied sites. The study results showed that porewater and sediment biogeochemistry displayed great variability in the studied sites with the maximum concentrations of porewater phosphate, ammonium, reactive silicate, surface sediment organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and total phosphorus (TP) measured in the hypoxic Marmara Sea and suboxic/anoxic Black Sea. The decline in the TP concentrations of all sediment core samples indicated P-mobilization to the overlying water. The pool of "potentially mobile P" varied between 0.023 and 0.148 mol/m2 in the studied sites with the maximum values recorded in suboxic and anoxic/sulfidic parts of the Black Sea. This study predicts that the deoxygenation and eutrophication would further lead to the preferential release of P in these three interconnected marine basins, hence changing the remineralization, N/P molar ratios and eventually transform the deep-water nutrient stocks with implications for internal N/P control on marine ecosystems.
RESUMEN
The study evaluated pollutant dynamics between The Black Sea and The Marmara Sea using data collected during a marine survey of the region around The Bosphorus strait, in the last five years. A hydraulic model was utilized to define two-layered water exchange in The Bosphorus. Analysis of pollutant exchange indicated The Black Sea as major polluter for the marine environment in The Marmara Sea. Four wastewater outfalls are located along The Bosphorus; Mass balances between the two ends of The Bosphorus indicated losses of 44 t/d total N and 138 t/d COD in the lower layer before reaching The Black Sea. This was explained with a simultaneous nitrification-denitrification process sustained in the low oxygen or anoxic zones around the outfalls, implying that a sustainable wastewater strategy should preclude additional treatment for The Bosphorus discharges, since they do not have an appreciable impact on the water quality of the lower flow.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales , Aguas Residuales , Mar Negro , NitrificaciónRESUMEN
In this study, heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, V) and 210Pb analyses have been performed in the marine biota (scaldfish, sea lettuce, crab). Samples were collected from 5 different parts of the Marmara Sea and Western Black Sea in January 2020. The results indicated that the highest Cu and Zn content was found in algae samples, but it was observed that heavy metal concentrations such as Co, Cu, Cd and V were generally low and under permissible limit. Also, 210Pb (radioactive isotope of Pb) activity levels were determined to vary from 23.20 Bq kg-1 to 52.67 Bq kg-1 dry weight. It was clearly seen that there was a linear correlation between the toxic and radioactive Pb when the obtained data were compared.
Asunto(s)
Metales Pesados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Biota , Mar Negro , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Plomo , Metales Pesados/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
In this study, the concentrations of lead, cadmium and manganese were determined in horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) that were caught in the Sea of Marmara. These are commonly consumed fish species in this region. Fish were provided by a fishermen quarterly between March 2013 and December 2013 and, separated according to size (small, medium and large). Pb(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II) levels were determined using the wet digestion method by Graphite furnace atomic atomic absorption spectrophotometer. According to this study, for horse mackerel, the highest concentration of lead, cadmium, and manganese was 6.69 µg kg-1 (September), 5.24 µg kg-1 (March) and 9.24 µg kg-1 (June), respectively. For whiting, the highest concentration of lead, cadmium, and manganese was 2.25 µg kg-1 (June), 0.263 µg kg-1 (September) and 10.4 µg kg-1 (June), respectively. These heavy metal levels in fish were found to be acceptable for human consumption according to World Health Organization border values.
Asunto(s)
Gadiformes/metabolismo , Metales Pesados/análisis , Perciformes/metabolismo , Alimentos Marinos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Humanos , Océanos y Mares , Espectrofotometría Atómica/métodos , TurquíaRESUMEN
One-year monitoring study was performed on alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), phosphate, and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the Prince Islands between January and December of 2017. Surface water samples were collected monthly at one station at each island. The ranges of values of LAS, phosphate, and chlorophyll-a were found as 18.05-72.98⯵g/L, 18.32-31.18â¯mg/L, and 0.31-6.35⯵g/L, respectively, during all sampling periods throughout the islands. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of anionic detergent, phosphate, and chlorophyll-a within a year (pâ¯>â¯0.05), but a significant difference was observed between the stations (pâ¯<â¯0.05).
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Alcanesulfónicos/análisis , Clorofila A/análisis , Fosfatos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Detergentes/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Islas , Océanos y Mares , Estaciones del Año , TurquíaRESUMEN
Phytoplankton assemblages related to environmental factors and ecological status of the Gemlik Gulf were investigated between June 2010 and May 2011. A total 155 phytoplankton species were detected and 6 taxa (Amphisolenia laticincta, Archaeperidinium minutum, Cochlodinium sp., Gynogonadinium aequatoriale, Heterocapsa rotundata and Metaphalacroma sp.) were new records for the Turkish Seas. The lowest and highest total phytoplankton abundance among the sampling units (depths) was recorded in April 2011 (7.4×103cellsL-1) and July 2010 (251.8×103cellsL-1). Local small patches of visible red tide events were detected especially in the gulf, although a phytoplankton bloom was not observed. The water column was well stratified in the early autumn and well mixed in the early spring according to stratification index values. Surface nutrient concentrations increased especially at stations located inside of the gulf. The limiting effect of silicate was observed in early, mid-summer and early winter periods while the nitrogen was the limiting nutrient in the gulf during the whole sampling period. In the Gulf, low water quality-high mesotrophic and bad water quality-eutrophic status, high quality and low trophic level were generally detected according to Chl a, dissolved oxygen and trophic index. However, indices developed to determine the trophic level and water quality of the Mediterranean Sea can give unexpected results about the current environmental quality status when it is applied to the Marmara Sea which has limited photic zone by the halocline-pycnocline and thermocline.
Asunto(s)
Fitoplancton , Calidad del Agua , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Nitrógeno , Océanos y Mares , TurquíaRESUMEN
Mussel samples were collected monthly between October-2010 and October-2011 from four stations (Bosphorus, Bandirma, Gelibolu, Tekirdag) in the Marmara Sea. Two consecutive months' samples were homogenized and combined as a single group for analysis. Mussel samples were analyzed for Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs); (total-DDT, total-HCH, Endrin, α-Endosulfan, ß-Endosulfan, Heptachlor) and Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); (PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 138, PCB 153, and PCB 180). All analyses were done according to Eurofins house method in ERGO Laboratory in Germany. Concentrations of α-endosulfan and heptachlor in mussel tissues were below method detection limits. The annual average OCPs concentrations among the stations ranged between 0.02 and 1.45 ng/g (wet weight), 1.9-99.75 ng/g (lipid weight) whereas the annual average PCBs concentrations among the stations ranged between 0.03 and 0.40 ng/g (wet weight), 1.71-26.48 ng/g (lipid weight), respectively. There was no relation between fat content of mussels and residues of the contaminants. PCB 138 and PCB 153 were the most predominant PCBs, while total-DDT and total-HCH were the most predominant OCPs in the mussels. Total-DDT concentrations were higher compared to total-HCH and PCBs isomers. Measured levels were below the national and international committees' and institutions' limits for human consumption and protection of aquatic biota.
Asunto(s)
Monitoreo del Ambiente , Hidrocarburos Clorados/metabolismo , Mytilus/metabolismo , Plaguicidas/metabolismo , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Animales , Endosulfano/análisis , Endosulfano/metabolismo , Alemania , Heptacloro/análisis , Heptacloro/metabolismo , Hidrocarburos Clorados/análisis , Plaguicidas/análisis , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
In this study, PAH analyses have been conducted on indigenous mussels. Mussel samples (Mytilus galloprovincialis) have been collected from seven stations of Prince Islands during September 2015. Concentrations of total determined PAHs (sum of 16 compounds) ranged between 664 and 9083ngg(-1). The origin of PAHs has been found to be pyrolytic according to the PHE/ANT and FA/PYR ratios in Büyükada. For other islands, PAH origins have been observed as pyrolytic and petrogenic together according to the PHE/ANT, FA/PYR and BaA/CHR ratios.
Asunto(s)
Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Mytilus/química , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , Agua de Mar/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Islas , Océanos y Mares , TurquíaRESUMEN
In this study, the natural and anthropogenic radioactivity levels in the sediment samples collected from the Marmara Sea in Turkey were determined. The average activity concentrations (range) of (226)Ra, (238)U, (232)Th, (40)K and (137)Cs were found to be 23.8 (13.8-34.2) Bq kg(-1), 18.8 (6.4-25.9) Bq kg(-1), 23.02 (6.3-31.1) Bq kg(-1), 558.6 (378.8-693.6) Bq kg(-1) and 9.14 (4.8-16.3) Bq kg(-1), respectively. Our results showed that the average activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (238)U and (232)Th in the sediment samples were within the acceptable limits; whereas the average activity concentration of (40)K in the sediment samples was higher than the worldwide average concentration. The average radium equivalent activity, the average absorbed dose rate and the average external hazard index were calculated as 100.01 Bq kg(-1), 48.32 nGy h(-1) and 0.27, respectively. The average gross alpha and beta activity in the seawater samples were found to be 0.042 Bq L(-1) and 13.402 Bq L(-1), respectively. The gross alpha and beta activity concentrations increased with water depth in the same stations. The average heavy metal concentrations (range) in the sediment samples were 114.6 (21.6-201.7) µg g(-1) for Cr, 568.2 (190.8-1625.1) µg g(-1) for Mn, 39.3 (4.9-83.4) µg g(-1) for Cu, 85.5 (11.0-171.8) µg g(-1) for Zn, 32.9 (9.1-73.1) µg g(-1) for Pb and 49.1 (6.8-103.0) µg g(-1) for Ni. S5 station was heavily polluted by Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb. The results showed that heavy metal enrichment in sediments of the Marmara Sea was widespread.
Asunto(s)
Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Metales Pesados/análisis , Agua de Mar/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Agua/análisis , Contaminación Química del Agua/análisis , Contaminación Radiactiva del Agua/análisis , Ambiente , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Radiactividad , Radio (Elemento)/análisis , Radio (Elemento)/toxicidad , Agua de Mar/química , Turquía , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
This study was performed to determine the concentrations of some trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Fe) in Holothuria tubuosa (Gmelin, 1788) belonging to Echinoderm species and in sediments that they live at three different stations (Gelibolu, Umur Bey/Lapseki, and Dardanos) on Dardanelles Strait between April 2013 and March 2014. The mean trace metal concentrations determined in H. tubulosa and sediment were as follows: Cd 0.18 mg/kg, Cu 2.43 mg/kg, Pb 2.09 mg/kg, Ni 14.58 mg/kg, Zn 16.86 mg/kg, and Fe 73.46 mg/kg and Cd 0.70 mg/kg, Cu 5.03 mg/kg, Pb 14.57 mg/kg, Ni 27.15 mg/kg, Zn 54.52 mg/kg, and Fe 3779.9 mg/kg, respectively. It was detected that the statistical difference between trace metals determined seasonally in muscle tissue of H. tubulosa was significant (p > 0.05). As a result of the study, it was detected that H. tubulosa is a bioindicator species in determining Ni trace metal in sediment. The results were compared to the limit values of National and International Food Safety, and it was detected that Cd and Ni concentrations measured in sediment were above LEL of Ni and Cd concentrations according to Sediment Quality Guidelines.
Asunto(s)
Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Holothuria/química , Metales Pesados/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , TurquíaRESUMEN
Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Turkish Straits Systems were analyzed for sixteen parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This marine organism was selected because of its multitude, wide distribution, being bio indicator for the pollution and consumption by humans. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 1.2 to 589 µg g(-1) in Istanbul Strait, 0.94-36.4 µg g(-1) in Marmara Sea and 0.4-47.9 µg g(-1) in Çanakkale Strait during the samplings. According to the results Istanbul and Çanakkale Straits are more polluted than the Marmara Sea.
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Mytilus/química , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Monitoreo del Ambiente , TurquíaRESUMEN
Surface sediments from the north-eastern coast of the Marmara Sea, Turkey's most industrialized coastal region, were enriched with radioisotopes from the Chernobyl explosion in 1986. Caesium-137 in these sediments is also thought to originate from one former paper mill located nearby that used wood contaminated by Chernobyl explosion-originated (137)Cs for paper production. The average activity concentration of the (137)Cs was 21 Bq kg(-1), while naturally occurring radioisotopes, i.e. (40)K, (226)Ra, and (228)Ra, were 568, 18 and 24 Bq kg(-1), respectively, in surface sediments. The natural radionuclide activities reached their highest levels near petrochemical, phosphate and fertilizer processing facilities. Average (137)Cs activities were generally up to ten times higher than in Middle Eastern marine sediments and lower than those in Northern European sediments.
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Bahías/química , Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Monitoreo de Radiación , Radioisótopos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , TurquíaRESUMEN
The concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc were determined by ICP-AES in muscles and livers of 12 fish species sampled from the Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean seas of Turkey. Iron showed the highest levels in examined tissues of all fish species. Following Fe, Zn generally showed the second highest levels. Metal concentrations in edible parts of fish species were 0.02-0.37mgkg(-1) for cadmium, 0.04-0.41mgkg(-1) for cobalt, 0.04-1.75mgkg(-1) for chromium, 0.32-6.48 mgkg(-1) for copper, 7.46-40.1mgkg(-1) for iron, 0.10-0.99 mgkg(-1) for manganese, 0.02-3.97mgkg(-1) for nickel, 0.33-0.86mgkg(-1) for lead, 4.49-11.2mgkg(-1) for zinc, respectively. All metal concentrations in livers were higher than those in muscles. In some stations, cadmium and chromium concentrations in both muscles and livers, and lead levels in livers of the examined species were higher than permissible safety levels for human uses.