Recomendaciones en el abordaje del hematoma intracerebral espontáneo durante la internación / Recommendations for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during hospitalization

Resumen El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neuro- lógico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualiza- das del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.

Abstract Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracere- bral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.

[Recommendations For The Management Of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage During Hospitalization]. / Recomendaciones en el Abordaje del Hematoma Intracerebral Espontáneo Durante la Internación.

Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.

El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neurológico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualizadas del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.

Leveraging Rapid Genome Sequencing to Alter Care Plans for Pediatric Patients in a Community Hospital Setting in the United States.

Rapid genome sequencing impacted real-time diagnostic and therapeutic management for patients in a nonacademic community hospital. A retrospective chart review of 24 patients identified that more than 60% had a change in medical management as a result of rapid genome sequencing.

Medical management after subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a phenotype perspective / Manejo medicamentoso após estimulação subtalâmica na doença de Parkinson: uma perspectiva fenotípica

Abstract Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) is an established treatment that improves motor fluctuations, dyskinesia, and tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD). After the surgery, a careful electrode programming strategy and medical management are crucial, because an imbalance between them can compromise the quality of life over time. Clinical management is not straightforward and depends on several perioperative motor and non-motor symptoms. In this study, we review the literature data on acute medical management after STN DBS in PD and propose a clinical algorithm on medical management focused on the patient's phenotypic profile at the perioperative period. Overall, across the trials, the levodopa equivalent daily dose is reduced by 30 to 50% one year after surgery. In patients taking high doses of dopaminergic drugs or with high risk of impulse control disorders, an initial reduction in dopamine agonists after STN DBS is recommended to avoid the hyperdopaminergic syndrome, particularly hypomania. On the other hand, a rapid reduction of dopaminergic agonists of more than 70% during the first months can lead to dopaminergic agonist withdrawal syndrome, characterized by apathy, pain, and autonomic features. In a subset of patients with severe dyskinesia before surgery, an initial reduction in levodopa seems to be a more reasonable approach. Finally, when the patient's phenotype before the surgery is the severe parkinsonism (wearing-off) with or without tremor, reduction of the medication after surgery can be more conservative. Individualized medical management following DBS contributes to the ultimate therapy success.

Resumo A estimulação cerebral profunda do núcleo subtalâmico (ECP NST) é um tratamento estabelecido para doença de Parkinson (DP), que leva à melhora das flutuações motoras, da discinesia e do tremor. Após a cirurgia, deve haver uma estratégia cuidadosa de programação da estimulação e do manejo medicamentoso, pois um desequilíbrio entre eles pode comprometer a qualidade de vida. O gerenciamento clínico não é simples e depende de vários sintomas motores e não motores perioperatórios. Nesta revisão, discutimos os dados da literatura sobre o tratamento clínico agudo após a ECP NST na DP e propomos um algoritmo clínico baseado no perfil fenotípico do paciente no período perioperatório. Em geral, nos estudos clínicos, a dose diária equivalente de levodopa é reduzida em 30 a 50% um ano após a cirurgia. Em pacientes que recebem altas doses de medicações dopaminérgicas ou com alto risco de impulsividade, recomenda-se redução inicial do agonista dopaminérgico após a ECP NST, para evitar síndrome hiperdopaminérgica, particularmente a hipomania. Por outro lado, uma rápida redução de agonistas dopaminérgicos em mais de 70% durante os primeiros meses pode levar à síndrome de abstinência do agonista dopaminérgico, com apatia, dor e disautonomia. Em pacientes com discinesia grave antes da cirurgia, é recomendada redução inicial na dose de levodopa. Finalmente, quando o fenótipo do paciente antes da cirurgia é o parkinsonismo grave (flutuação motora) com ou sem tremor, a redução da medicação após a cirurgia deve ser mais conservadora. O tratamento médico individualizado após a ECP contribui para o sucesso final da terapia.

Atypical presentation of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in a 25-year-old woman in the Caribbean: a challenging diagnosis.

A 25-year-old woman presented a challenging diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Initial symptoms included dry cough and three minor Jones criteria (unabating fever (38.4°C, 0d), elevated acute phase reactants (C-reactive protein, 13d) and joint pain (monoarthralgia) in her neck (0d)). ARF was diagnosed only after presentation of two major Jones criteria (polyarthritis/polyarthralgia (16d) and erythema marginatum (41d)) and positive antistreptolysin O titre (44d). Parotid swelling, peripheral oedema, elevated liver enzymes and diffuse lymphadenopathy complicated the diagnosis. Throat swab, chorea and carditis were negative or absent. Atypical ARF is challenging to recognise. There is no diagnostic test and its presentation is similar to that of other diseases. While the 2015 Jones criteria modification increased specificity of ARF diagnosis, atypical cases may still be missed, especially by physicians in developed countries. Suspicion of atypical ARF, especially after travel to high incidence regions, would allow for earlier treatment and prevention of rheumatic heart disease.

Difteria: Experiencia en el servicio de enfermedades infecciosas del Hospital Universitario de Caracas

Difteria es una enfermedad infecciosa bacteriana producida por Corynebacterium diphtheriae, es altamente contagiosa, prevenible por vacunas, con importantes complicaciones agudas y alta mortalidad. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicoepidemiológicas y el manejo médico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de Difteria ingresados en el Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Adulto del Hospital Universitario de Caracas (HUC) en los años 2017 y 2018. Metodología: Estudio de casos, analítico, retrospectivo, de revisión de historias clínicas. Resultados: Ingresaron 27 pacientes de los cuales se encontraron 22 historias clínicas y se excluyeron 2. De los 20 pacientes 13 (65 %) ingresaron en el año 2017 y 7 (35 %) hasta mayo del 2018. Predominó el género masculino 11 (55 %). La mayoría eran procedentes del Distrito Capital 9 (45 %), seguido del estado Miranda 8 (40 %). El promedio de edad fue de 26 años. La mayoría 8 (40 %) no tenían reportes de datos epidemiológicos en la historia clínica, 7 (35 %) negaron viajes recientes, 3 (15 %) estaban vacunados. La mayoría de los pacientes consultaron por fiebre, odinia y odinofagia 13 (65 %), seguido de fiebre y odinia 6 (30 %), el 100 % tuvo membrana blanco grisácea como clínica primaria, seguido de edema de cuello 10 (50 %). La ubicación de las membranas fue más frecuente en amígdalas palatinas 15 (75 %), con 9 casos (45 %) de formas extensivas a úvula, paladar blando y paredes de orofaringe. Las complicaciones al ingreso fueron respiratorias 9 (45 %) y neurológicas 1 (5 %). El tratamiento fue penicilina cristalina en 12 casos (60 %) y antitoxina diftérica (ATD) en el 100 %, la mayoría administrada en las primeras 24 hrs 9 (45 %). Un paciente presentó polineuropatía y 1 falleció por insuficiencia respiratoria. Conclusiones: El HUC es un centro de referencia y es pertinente determinar las características clínico-epidemiológicas y el manejo médico de los pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de difteria, en el contexto de la actual epidemia.

Diphtheria is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, it is highly contagious, preventable by vaccines, with important acute complications and high mortality. Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics and medical management of patients diagnosed with Diphtheria admitted to the Adult Infectious Diseases Service of the Hospital Universitario de Caracas (HUC) in the years 2017 and 2018. Methodology: Case study, analytical , retrospective, review of medical records. Results: 27 patients were admitted, of which 22 clinical records were found and 2 were excluded. Of the 20 patients, 13 (65%) entered in 2017 and 7 (35%) up to May 2018. The male gender predominated 11 (55 %). Most were from Distrito Capital 9 (45%), followed by Miranda 8 (40%). The average age was 26 years. The majority 8 (40%) had no reports of epidemiological data in the clinical history, 7 (35%) denied recent trips, 3 (15%) were vaccinated. The majority of patients consulted for fever, odinia and odynophagia 13 (65%), followed by fever and odinia 6 (30%), 100% had grayish white membrane as primary clinic, followed by neck edema 10 (50%) . The location of the membranes was more frequent in palatine tonsils 15 (75%), with 9 cases (45%) of extensive forms to the uvula, soft palate and walls of the oropharynx. Complications at admission were respiratory 9 (45%) and neurological 1 (5%). The treatment was crystalline penicillin in 12 cases (60%) and diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) in 100%, the majority administered in the first 24 h 9 (45%). One patient presented polyneuropathy and 1 died due to respiratory failure. Conclusions: The HUC is a reference center and it is pertinent to determine the clinical-epidemiological characteristics and medical management of hospitalized patients diagnosed with diphtheria, in the context of the current epidemic.

Non-surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy

In the past few decades, ectopic pregnancy has been termed by medical practitioners has a global epidemic. With the questions lingering on everbody minds how this menace can be tamed. In a bid to reduce the mortality and financial burden brought by this evolving growing health concern, the medic has developed non-surgical alteratives to deal with ectopic pregnancy, i.e., treatment using methotrexate. In a bid to explore this topic further, these study goals were to share the experience of treating mothers who have un-ruptured ectopic pregnancies traditionally. Mothers who were found to have an ectopic pregnancy and fit the medical care were encompassed in the program, a total of 37 women. For instance, those with serum beta HCG in the range of 1000 mIU per liter were treatment expectantly whereas those with a level more than a thousand were given an injection of methotrexate. To monitor the response of experiment, beta HCG levels were monitored for each mother. The results of the current study established that 88.0% of women who underwent the study, only 12.0% of them exhibited full rsolution while the remaining lot resolved only after a sole dose of methotrexate. From the results of this study, it is evidently clear that a lot of pregnant mothers would be greatly helped if they are enrolled in such therapy at early days

Severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome immediately after spinal surgery in a patient with axial gout.

We report a 55-year-old man with gouty arthritis who developed a 3-month history of low back pain, gradual lower extremities weakness and urinary incontinence. Lumbar MRI showed an exophytic lesion at L3-L4. Immediately after spinal decompression surgery, he developed fever, disorientation, polyarthritis, acute kidney injury and leucocytosis. He was treated with multiple antimicrobial agents for presumed spinal abscess but did not improve. Multiple body site cultures were negative. Aspiration of the sacroiliac joint revealed the presence of monosodium uric acid crystals. A diagnosis of acute gout was done, and he was treated with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone and colchicine. Within 48 hours, he had a remarkable clinical improvement. At discharge, neurological and laboratory abnormalities had resolved. Awareness of risk factors for axial gout and a high degree of suspicion are important to establish a prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent severe complications as seen in this case.

Lemierre's syndrome: forgotten, but not absent.

Lemierre's syndrome is rare, with no known reported cases in the Caribbean thus far. We highlight a case of a young woman who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by oral pharyngeal sepsis, whose condition rapidly deteriorated within 24 hours requiring ventilation and administration of antibiotics. Her sepsis was accompanied by internal jugular vein thrombosis in keeping with a diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome, which was treated aggressively with antibiotics, intensive care and mechanical ventilatory support in the intensive care unit. She made a full recovery. Though this is the first reported case in the Caribbean of this 'forgotten disease', it must not be forgotten because prognosis and outcome are markedly improved with prompt and aggressive treatment.

Experiencia en la Elaboración de un Inventario Funcional de Equipo de Imagenología / Experience in the Development of a Functional Inventory of Imaging Medical Equipment

RESUMEN: En nuestro México las Instituciones de salud han ganado experiencia en la administración de sus procesos; para muchos la clave del éxito está en la gestión de los recursos existentes, a medida que estos sean los adecuados, su eficacia será mayor. El presente documento pretende brindar un procedimiento que apoye las funciones de planeación y toma de decisiones de equipos de imagenología, bajo el criterio de contar con un inventario funcional de equipo de Rayos X en las unidades de atención médica de la Delegación Sur del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) de la Ciudad de México. Los resultados obtenidos permiten conocer las necesidades de modernización de la infraestructura tecnológica instalada y su distribución; así como planear su renovación y conservación para contribuir en el proceso de mejora de la calidad de los servicios de salud. Se analiza su distribución geográfica, edad media de funcionamiento y su productividad. En el inventario se detectaron 198 equipos relevantes, de los cuales los equipos de Rayos X de 500 y 300 mA son los más abundantes (43.94%) seguidos de los de Ultrasonógrafia (29.80%) y las unidades de radiología y fluoroscopia (21.21%). Los datos presentados deben ayudar a una mejor planeación en la adquisición de los equipos médicos dentro de la Delegación.

ABSTRACT: Healthcare institutions in Mexico have gained experience in the administration of their processes. The key to success lies in the management of existing resources, as long as these are adequate, their effectiveness will be greater. This document is aims to provide a procedure that supports the planning and decision-making functions of imaging equipments, under the criterion of having a functional inventory of X Ray equipment in medical care units of South Delegation of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) of Mexico City. In this report it is described the type of equipment used in radiology and other imaging services. Its geographical distribution, average functional age and its productivity are analyzed. The Inventory reported 198 pieces of radiology equipment, equipments of 300 mA or 500 mA the most common type (43.94%) followed by ultrasound (29.80%) and fluoroscopy units (21.21%). Follow-up in the inventory should help in planning the acquisition and maintenance of medical equipment within the Delegation.

Interventional therapy for brain arteriovenous malformations before and after ARUBA.

The ARUBA trial (2014) concluded that medical management alone is superior to medical management plus interventional therapy for the treatment of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs). This sparked considerable controversy among involved healthcare providers. Here, we evaluated the impact of ARUBA on the volume, type, and treatment modality of bAVMs referred to a large tertiary care center. This was achieved by conducting a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of all bAVMs treated at Stanford Health Care and Stanford Children's Health from January 2012 through July 2015. The case volume of bAVMs treated at Stanford has been relatively unchanged in the period of time leading up to and after ARUBA. Furthermore, there has been no significant change in the proportion of unruptured AVMs treated. Although differences existed in types of interventions administered, these differences are best explained by variations in the SM grades of AVMs treated during each study period, rather than by underlying changes in treatment strategy. Additional research is warranted to more thoroughly characterize the impact of ARUBA on the treatment patterns of bAVMS.

Manejo médico de la miomatosis uterina: Revisión de la literatura

Objetivo: Proporcionar un enfoque basado en la mejor evidencia disponible de las diferentes opciones de tratamiento médico para los miomas uterinos. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos, Med Line PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Ovid-Hinari, Scielo, Bireme y Lilacs. Resultados: Se revisaron 212 artículos y se seleccionaron 58, los cuales estaban relacionados directamente con el tema. Hay múltiples tratamientos que han sido usados para el tratamiento de miomatosis. Los agonistas de la GnRH, son los únicos medicamentos aprobados por la Food and Drug Administration, para la disminución del volumen de los miomas, usados pre-quirúrgicamente, sin embargo presentan muchos efectos secundarios. El dispositivo liberador de levonogestrel se plantea como una opción para pacientes con miomas menores de 6 centímetros que no afecten la cavidad uterina. Los moduladores selectivos de receptores de progestágeno y los inhibidores de aromatasa se plantean como un manejo que puede ser útil, especialmente para pacientes en la perimenopausia. Conclusión: La literatura muestra que hay evidencia de varios medicamentos que pueden ser usados para el manejo de pacientes con miomatosis, especialmente para el manejo de los síntomas asociados para mejorar su calidad de vida y las pacientes que obtienen mayor beneficio son las que están cercanas a la menopausia. Finalmente hay otros fármacos que son objeto de investigación y pueden ser futuras opciones terapéuticas para su uso en conjunto tanto en la miomectomía y como uso exclusivo de tratamiento médico.

Objective: We offer an approach of scientific literature based on the best available evidence of the different medical treatment options for uterine fibroids. Method: A search of the literature in the databases in Med Line PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Ovid-Hinari, Scielo, and Lilacs. Results: 212 articles were reviewed and 58 articles were selected, which were directly related to the topic. GnRH agonists are the only drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for reducing the volume of fibroids, used pre-surgically, but have many side effects. The levonorgestrel-releasing device is proposed as an option for patients with fibroids under 6 centimeters and without involvement the uterine cavity. Selective progestin receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors arise as a management that can be useful, especially for patients in perimeno-pause. Conclusions: The literature shows that there is evidence of several drugs that can be used for the management of patients with fibroids especially for the management of associated symptoms to improve quality of life and benefit more patients are those closest to the menopause. Finally there are other drugs that are under investigation and may be future therapeutic options for use both together as myomectomy and exclusive use of medical treatment.

Update in the management of severe traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury is the main cause of death and disability in the young population, which presumes a large number of years of potential life lost and a great economic impact. Vital and functional outcomes after suffering a traumatic brain injury depend both on the severity of the initial biomechanical impact (primary injury) and on the presence and the severity of systemic or intracranial insults that magnify and/or produce new brain injuries, the so-called secondary injuries. Currently, no treatment in effective in improving functional recovery, except for usual medical care. Therefore, the main purpose of the care provided to a patient with severe cranial trauma is based on preventing and treating secondary brain injuries by maintaining an adequate cerebral perfusion and oxygenation. Increased intracranial pressure is associated with mortality and with unfavorable functional outcomes is patients with severe traumatic brain injury. The main clinical practice guidelines recommend using a number of staggered therapeutic measures. However, although these measures seem to be efficient in reducing intracranial pressure, this effect is not often translated into clinical improvement. This review describes the essential principles of the management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury in intensive care units.

Eficacia y seguridad del misoprostol frente a metotrexato más misoprostol para el manejo médico del aborto en Bogotá (Colombia): estudio clínico aleatorizado / Efficacy and safety of misoprostol compared to methotrexate plus misoprostol for the medical management of abortion in Bogotá, Colombia: a randomized clinical trial

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del misoprostol frente al metotrexato más misoprostol para el manejo médico de pacientes con aborto retenido o embarazo anembrionado.Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio clínico aleatorizado en el que se incluyeron pacientes con embarazo anembrionado o aborto retenido de hasta 63 días y diagnosticado por ecografía. Estas fueron aleatorizadas a metotrexato 50 mg intramuscular más misoprostol 800 mcg intravaginal (grupo 1) u 800 mcg de misoprostol intravaginal (grupo 2). A continuación se evaluó la tasa de abortocompleto, incluyendo las pacientes que requirieron un segundo ciclo de rescate con sus respectivas complicaciones. Resultados: un total de 52 pacientes fueron aleatorizadas al grupo de terapia combinada y 66 al grupo de monoterapia. 92% de las pacientes en el grupo de misoprostol más metotrexato presentaron aborto completo por ecografía frente a 86% de las pacientes en el grupo de misoprostol (p=0,24). Por otro lado, dos de las pacientes del grupo de terapia combinada (6%) requirieron dosis de rescate en comparación con cinco en el grupo de misoprostol (11%), (p=0,348). De igual modo, tres pacientes requirieron legrado uterino obstétrico en el grupo de terapia combinada frente a cinco pacientes en el grupo de monoterapia con misoprostol (p=0,69). En definitiva, los dos esquemas resultaron seguros para las pacientes. Conclusiones: los resultados permitieron concluir que, en el manejo médico del aborto retenido o embarazo anembrionado menor a 63 días, la monoterapia con una dosis de 800 mcg de misoprostol intravaginal no mostró diferencias significativas en comparación con un esquema de terapia combinada con metotrexato y misoprostol.

Objective: evaluating the efficacy and safety of misoprostol compared to methotrexate plus misoprostol for the medical management of patients suffering from retained abortion/anembryonic pregnancy. Materials and methods: this was a randomized clinical experiment. Patients having a gestational age of less than 63 days who were suffering anembryonic pregnancy/retained abortion as diagnosed by ecography were included. They were randomized into 2 groups receiving 50 mg intramuscular methotrexate plus 800 mcg intravaginal misoprostol (group 1) or 800 mcg intravaginal misoprostol (group 2). The complete abortion rate was evaluated, including patients who required a rescue dose with their respective complications. Results: a total of 52 patients were randomized to the combined therapy group and 66 to the monotherapy group; 92% presented complete abortion by ecography in the misoprostol plus methotrexate group and 86% in the misoprostol group (p=0.24). Two of the patients from the combined therapy group (6%) required a rescue dose compared to five in the misoprostol group (11%) (p=0.348). Three patients required obstetric uterine dilation and curettage (D&C) (in the combined therapy group whilst five needed it in the monotherapy with misoprostol group (p=0.69). Both schemes proved safe for the patients. Conclusions: the profile for medical management of females having a gestational age of less than 63 days who were diagnosed as having retained abortion or anembryonic pregnancy receiving intravaginal 800 mcg de misoprostol monodosis did not show significant differences when compared to a combined methotrexate and misoprostol therapy scheme.

Intersexualidad, necesidad del cambio en el paradigma de atención / Intersexuality: need of change in the care paradigm

El enfoque y tratamiento clínicos de la intersexualidad es un campo complejo y profundo, es además un terreno caracterizado por debates y polémicas en el que aún hay aspectos por dilucidar relativos al paradigma actual de atención de salud. La prescripción de terapias quirúrgicas y hormonales desde etapas tempranas de la vida está pautada, por lo que adquieren especial relevancia las experiencias y vivencias con los servicios de salud. Objetivos: describir la experiencia de personas diagnosticadas con trastornos del desarrollo sexual en los servicios de salud, y desde su perspectiva, caracterizar la relación médico-paciente y el modelo de atención de salud. Metodos: estudio exploratorio que utiliza como metodología cualitativa la entrevista en profundidad. Participaron 20 personas con el diagnóstico ya mencionado. Se realizó el análisis correspondiente de la técnica utilizada, y culminó con la triangulación de la información de bibliografía actualizada y análisis multidisciplinario. Los aspectos éticos fueron bien establecidos y aplicados. Alrededor de la mitad de los sujetos abandonaron los servicios de salud por decepción y desesperanza. Fueron identificadas iatrogenias en la gestión médica y paramédica. El proceso de medicalización se expresó en el discurso y en los procedimientos e intervenciones médicas implementadas. La relación médico-paciente fue muy importante en la vida de una mayoría, sin embargo la naturaleza de la relación fue vertical y unidireccional, caracterizada por el secreto médico y parental. Las vivencias de alienación se relacionaron con el rol desempeñado en el espacio institucional y con el desequilibrio de poder en la relación con el proveedor de salud. CONCLUSIONES: existen deficiencias en el modelo de atención. Se hallaron brechas entre los servicios ofrecidos y las necesidades y expectativas personales de atención de salud. El algoritmo que pauta la conducta a seguir no ha logrado la atención integral por el equipo interdisciplinario, ni el acompañamiento psicológico a la familia desde los primeros momentos del diagnóstico. Un nuevo paradigma de atención de salud debe ser privilegiado(AU)

The approach and clinical treatments of intersexuality is a complex and deep subject, it is also a field characterized by debates and controversies where still there are features to be elucidate in relation to current paradigm of health care. The prescription of surgical and hormonal therapies from early stages of life is regulated acquiring special relevance the experiences and situations related to the health services. Objetives: to describe the experiences of persons diagnosed with sexual development disorders in health services and from their perspective, to characterize the relation physician-patient and the health care form. Methods: present study uses as qualitative methodology the interview intimately and included 20 persons with the abovementioned diagnosis. The corresponding analysis of the technique used was carried out finishing with the triangulation of updated bibliography information and a multidisciplinary analysis. Ethical features were well established and applied. Results: Around the half of subjects gave up the health services due to disappointment and hopelessness. In medical and paramedical actions a iatrogenesis was identified. The medicine process was expressed in the speech and in the applied medical procedures and interventions. The relation physician-patient was very significant in the life of many persons, however, the relation nature was vertical and unidirectional, characterized by the medical and family secret. The alienation experiences were related to the role played in the institutional environment and to the power lack of balance in the relation with the health provider. Conclusions: there are deficiencies in care form and breaches among the services offered and the personal needs and expectations of health care. The algorithm giving guidelines for the behavior to follow neither has achieve the integral attention for the interdisciplinary team nor the psychological support to family from the firsts moments of diagnosis. A new health care paradigm must to be exceptional(AU)

Detección y manejo médico del donante fallecido en muerte encefálica / Potencial organ donor detection and their medical management before donation procedure

El trasplante de órganos sólidos se ha incorporado al tratamiento de pacientes portadores de una gran variedad de condiciones clínicas. La falta de una adecuada pesquisa de donantes así como su inadecuado manejo médico son factores relevantes para la ocurrencia de la actual gran carencia de órganos sólidos disponibles para ser trasplantados en nuestro País. En este artículo se presenta una revisión acotada de los términos usualmente empleados y luego se refiere primordialmente a los donantes fallecidos en muerte encefálica (DFME). Se hace énfasis en las ultimas cifras nacionales, las formas con las que contamos para poder predecir la capacidad generadora de potenciales donantes, cómo y dónde detectarlos, las principales estrategias para aumentar su detección, los aspectos fisiopatológicos subyacentes a esta particular condición. Finalmente se presentan algunas recomendaciones para el adecuado manejo del donante potencial, desde su detección hasta que se convierte en donante efectivo.

Solid organ transplantation has been incorporated as a valid treatment option for patients that suffer several conditions. The failure to identify potential cadaveric donors early and their subsequent inadequate treatment are undoubtedly relevant factors that go some way to explain the actual shortage of organs available to be transplanted in Chile. In this article we present a review and explanation of the terminology associated with organ donation before focusing on the legal criteria required for the clinical diagnosis of brain-stem death. We use data from other countries in order to predict how many donors should be available in our country as well as trying to anticipate their diagnoses and where they are usually located. The discussion then moves on to present the current reality in Chile before reviewing some measures that have been found useful in other countries to increase donation rates. Finally we present some suggestions on how the patient should be managed from the moment they are considered as a potential donor until they complete the donation process.

Medical treatment of neurologic diseases of dogs and cats / Fármacos utilizados no tratamento das afecções neurológicas de cães e gatos

A revision of the current literature regarding medical management of neurological diseases of dogs and cats is presented. The indications, doses, and duration of the recommended treatment of several medications are reviewed. The authors have reviewed analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, barbiturates, anticolinesterasics, antifungals, antifibrinolytics, steroidal and non-steroidal antiinflammatory, antineoplastics, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, free radical scavengers, diuretics, drugs used in the treatment of micturition disorders, phytotherapeutics, nutraceuticals, muscle relaxants and vitamins.

Este trabalho compreende uma revisão da literatura, dos diferentes fármacos utilizados na terapêutica das afecções neurológicas de cães e gatos, assim como sua indicação, dosagens, e duração do tratamento. Nesse contexto incluíram-se analgésicos, antibióticos, anticonvulsivantes, barbitúricos, anticolinesterásicos, antifúngicos, antifibrinolíticos, antiinflamatórios esteróides e não esteróides, antineoplásicos, antipsicóticos, ansiolíticos, antidepressivos, antioxidantes e varredores de radicais livres, diuréticos, fármacos utilizados nos distúrbios da micção, fitoterápicos, modificadores do metabolismo articular (nutracêuticos), relaxantes musculares e vitaminas.