NADES blend for bioactive coating design as a sustainable strategy for postharvest control.

Bioactive functional coatings constitute a trendy topic due to they reduce postharvest fruit losses worldwide. Also, they could be carriers of biocompounds providing health benefits to the consumer. In this work, an innovative natural bioactive coating based on Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and Larrea divaricata extract was optimized by mixture-mixture design for the management of postharvest diseases caused by Monilinia fructicola. A NADES composed of lactic acid-glucose-water (LGH) for phenolic extraction from L. divaricata was optimized by a Simplex Lattice design and response surface methodology (RSM).Then, a d-optimal mixture-mixture design was carried out in order to optimize the bioactive coating composition, being the optimal proportion of 0.7 L. divaricata-LGH extract and 0.3 NADES plasticizer (composed by glycerol, citric acid and water). The optimal biocoating achieved an in vitro antimicrobial activity of 72 % against M. fructicola. Interestingly, NADES plasticizer improves the biocoating functionality, creating a smooth and uniform surface.

In Vitro Antifungal Activity and Toxicity of Dihydrocarvone-Hybrid Derivatives against Monilinia fructicola.

The aim of this study was to synthesize a series of novel and known dihydrocarvone-hybrid derivatives (2-9) and to evaluate mycelial growth activity of hybrid molecules against two strains of Monilinia fructicola, as well as their toxicity. Dihydrocarvone-hybrid derivatives have been synthesized under sonication conditions and characterized by FTIR, NMR, and HRMS. Antifungal efficacy against both strains of M. fructicola was determined by half maximal effective concentration (EC50) and toxicity using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). Among the synthesized compounds, 7 and 8 showed the best activity against both strains of M. fructicola with EC50 values of 148.1 and 145.9 µg/mL for strain 1 and 18.1 and 15.7 µg/mL for strain 2, respectively, compared to BC 1000® (commercial organic fungicide) but lower than Mystic® 520 SC. However, these compounds showed low toxicity values, 910 and 890 µg/mL, respectively, compared to Mystic® 520 SC, which was highly toxic. Based on the results, these hybrid compounds could be considered for the development of more active, less toxic, and environmentally friendly antifungal agents against phytopathogenic fungi.

Using essential oils to control diseases in strawberries and peaches.

Strawberry and peach crops are of great economic and social importance, mainly due to the added value and income generation for small and medium producers in different regions of Brazil. Some fungal diseases can compromise the final profitability of production, such as those caused by Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola fungi. The control of these pathogens mainly occurs through fungicides, which has been generating concern for consumers, as well as biological imbalance and environmental contamination. The need for new alternatives for disease control has been leading to more research being conducted on essential oils. Our scientific questions were based on a compilation of experiments which revealed the efficiency of essential oils in disease control. With the purpose of evaluating the fungicidal activity of Aloysia citriodora, Cymbopogon winterianus, Lippia alba and Ocimum americanum essential oils on the control of fungi, such as Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola in vitro and in the post-harvest of fruits, this work was developed at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen county (Rio Grande do Sul state), Brazil, from 2016 to 2018. The following evaluations were done: (i) characterization of essential oil doses in vitro for controlling Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola fungi, and (ii) determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (Ω, mL/L) of essential oils in post-harvest of strawberries and peaches. All essential oils have high fungicidal activity in vitro experiments. The A. citriodora, L. alba and O. americanum essential oils had a satisfactory effect for post-harvest controlling of Colletotrichum sp. C. winterianus and O. americanum. The essential oils promoted satisfactory post-harvest control of Botrytis cinerea in strawberries. All essential oils have high fungitoxicity against Monilinia fructicola in vitro and post-harvest, highlighting the greater efficiency of A. citriodora essential oil in peaches. The essential oils present high fungitoxicity for controlling diseases in strawberries and peaches, presenting high potential performance for formulating commercial fungicide.

Postharvest quality and brown rot incidence in plums treated with Ascophyllum nodosum extract / Qualidade pós-colheita e incidência de podridão parda em ameixas tratadas com extrato de Ascophyllum nodosum

The use of extracts of algae in agriculture has been growing because of their benefits to plant development and production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ascophyllum nodosum extract on the postharvest quality of ‘Irati’ and ‘Reubennel’ plums and on the incidence of brown rot. The treatments consisted of concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mL L-1 of a commercial product containing algae extract (Algamare®) that were applied to the fruits by immersion. The fruits were then stored for 15 (cv. Irati) or 30 days (cv. Reubennel) at 2.5 °C and 90% RH and for two additional days at ambient conditions for further physicochemical analysis. A batch of ‘Reubennel’ plums was inoculated with Monilinia fructicola and kept for seven days in a cold room and an additional nine days at room temperature to evaluate the occurrence of brown rot. The postharvest application of the extract at a concentration of 0.4 mL L-1 altered some of the physicochemical characteristics of the fruit after storage; an increase in the total phenolic compound content and PG activity were observed in ‘Irati’ plums. Reubennel fruits had higher titratable acidity, a lower TSS/TA ratio, lower pulp firmness and higher PME activity. The most significant effect was observed with the application of A. nodosum extract at 0.4 mL L-1, which significantly reduced the incidence and severity of brown rot in the inoculated fruits and had a similar control effect as the application of the fungicide iprodione.

O uso de extratos de algas na agricultura vem crescendo devido aos benefícios no desenvolvimento e produção das plantas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato de Ascophyllum nodosum na qualidade pós-colheita de ameixas ‘Irati’ e ‘Reubennel’ e na incidência de podridão parda. Os tratamentos consistiram de concentrações de 0, 0,1, 0,2, 0,3 e 0,4 mL L-1 de produto comercial contendo extrato de algas (Algamare®) que foram aplicados por imersão nos frutos e posterior armazenamento por 15 (cv. Irati) ou 30 dias (cv. Reubennel) a 2,5 °C e 90% de UR e dois dias adicionais em condições ambiente, para posterior análises físico-químicas. Um lote de ameixas ‘Reubennel’ foi inoculado com Monilinia fructicola, mantido por sete dias em câmara fria e mais nove dias à temperatura ambiente para avaliar a ocorrência de podridão parda. A aplicação pós-colheita do extrato com a dose de 0,4 mL L-1 alterou algumas características físico-químicas após o armazenamento, como o aumento no teor total de compostos fenólicos e a atividade da enzima PG para as ameixas ‘Irati’. Para a cv. Reubennel, os frutos apresentaram maior acidez titulável, menor relação SST/AT, menor firmeza de polpa e maior atividade da enzima PME. O efeito mais significativo foi verificado pela aplicação do extrato de A. nodosum a 0,4 mL L-1, que reduziu significativamente a incidência e a severidade da podridão parda em frutos inoculados, com controle semelhante à aplicação do fungicida iprodione.

Postharvest quality and brown rot incidence in plums treated with Ascophyllum nodosum extract / Qualidade pós-colheita e incidência de podridão parda em ameixas tratadas com extrato de Ascophyllum nodosum

The use of extracts of algae in agriculture has been growing because of their benefits to plant development and production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ascophyllum nodosum extract on the postharvest quality of ‘Irati and ‘Reubennel plums and on the incidence of brown rot. The treatments consisted of concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mL L-1 of a commercial product containing algae extract (Algamare®) that were applied to the fruits by immersion. The fruits were then stored for 15 (cv. Irati) or 30 days (cv. Reubennel) at 2.5 °C and 90% RH and for two additional days at ambient conditions for further physicochemical analysis. A batch of ‘Reubennel plums was inoculated with Monilinia fructicola and kept for seven days in a cold room and an additional nine days at room temperature to evaluate the occurrence of brown rot. The postharvest application of the extract at a concentration of 0.4 mL L-1 altered some of the physicochemical characteristics of the fruit after storage; an increase in the total phenolic compound content and PG activity were observed in ‘Irati plums. Reubennel fruits had higher titratable acidity, a lower TSS/TA ratio, lower pulp firmness and higher PME activity. The most significant effect was observed with the application of A. nodosum extract at 0.4 mL L-1, which significantly reduced the incidence and severity of brown rot in the inoculated fruits and had a similar control effect as the application of the fungicide iprodione.(AU)

O uso de extratos de algas na agricultura vem crescendo devido aos benefícios no desenvolvimento e produção das plantas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato de Ascophyllum nodosum na qualidade pós-colheita de ameixas ‘Irati e ‘Reubennel e na incidência de podridão parda. Os tratamentos consistiram de concentrações de 0, 0,1, 0,2, 0,3 e 0,4 mL L-1 de produto comercial contendo extrato de algas (Algamare®) que foram aplicados por imersão nos frutos e posterior armazenamento por 15 (cv. Irati) ou 30 dias (cv. Reubennel) a 2,5 °C e 90% de UR e dois dias adicionais em condições ambiente, para posterior análises físico-químicas. Um lote de ameixas ‘Reubennel foi inoculado com Monilinia fructicola, mantido por sete dias em câmara fria e mais nove dias à temperatura ambiente para avaliar a ocorrência de podridão parda. A aplicação pós-colheita do extrato com a dose de 0,4 mL L-1 alterou algumas características físico-químicas após o armazenamento, como o aumento no teor total de compostos fenólicos e a atividade da enzima PG para as ameixas ‘Irati. Para a cv. Reubennel, os frutos apresentaram maior acidez titulável, menor relação SST/AT, menor firmeza de polpa e maior atividade da enzima PME. O efeito mais significativo foi verificado pela aplicação do extrato de A. nodosum a 0,4 mL L-1, que reduziu significativamente a incidência e a severidade da podridão parda em frutos inoculados, com controle semelhante à aplicação do fungicida iprodione.(AU)

Design, synthesis, antifungal activity, and structure-activity relationship studies of chalcones and hybrid dihydrochromane-chalcones.

A series of ten chalcones (7a-j) and five new dihydrochromane-chalcone hybrids (7k-o) were synthesized and identified using spectroscopic techniques (IR, NMR, and MS). All compounds were evaluated in vitro against the B. cinerea and M. fructicola phytopathogens that affect a wide range of crops of commercial interest. All compounds were tested against both phytopathogens using the mycelial growth inhibition test, and it was found that two and five compounds had similar activity to that of the positive control for B. cinerea (7a = 43.9, 7c = 45.5, and Captan®= 24.8 µg/mL) and M. fructicola (7a = 48.5, 7d = 78.2, 7e = 56.1, 7f = 51.8, 7n = 63.2, and Mystic®= 21.6 µg/mL), respectively. To understand the key chalcone structural features for the antifungal activity on B. cinerea and M. fructicola, we developed structure-activity models with good statistical values (r2 and q2 higher than 0.8). For B. cinerea, the hydrogen bonding donor and acceptor and the atomic charge on C5 modulate the mycelial growth inhibition activity. In contrast, dipole moment and atomic charge on C1' and the carbonyl carbon modify the inhibition activity for M. fructicola. These results allow the design of other compounds with activities superior to those of the compounds obtained in this study.

Alternative Control of Plant Pathogen Fungi Through Ethanolic Extracts of Avocado Seeds (Persea Americana Mill.)

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal action of ethanolic extracts of avocado seeds, by conducting two experiments in the laboratory of plant pathology of EPAMIG SUL/Lavras, MG, Brazil, in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The first consisted of the following treatments ('Breda' 3%, 'Breda' 2%, 'Margarida' 3%, 'Margarida' 2%, Control, and Ethanol) testing its inhibitory effect on two fungal species (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Monilinia fructicola) and the second consisted of different concentrations of extracts (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) on the fungus F fructicola. The evaluations were performed at three times (7, 14, and 21 days of incubation) by measurements of the mycelial diameter using a digital caliper. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The results demonstrated the positive potential of the ethanolic extracts of avocado seed on the mycelial development of fungi M. fructicola and C. gloeosporioides during the evaluated days.

Efficiency of fungicides in the control of brown rot in peaches and its relationship with physiological parameters of the fruits / Eficiência de fungicidas no controle da podridão parda do pessegueiro e sua relação com parâmetros fisiológicos dos frutos

The brown rot, caused by the fungus Monilinia fructicola, is the main cause for losses in pre and postharvest of peaches. The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of preharvest application of fungicides on the control of brown rot in the field and during cold storage, and its relation to parameters of maturation and fruit quality. Therefore, we evaluated the following active ingredients: [1] control (water application), [2] captan; [3] iprodione; [4] iminoctadine; [5] tebuconazole; [6] procymidone; [7 ] azoxystrobin; [8] difenoconazole; [9] azoxystrobin / difenoconazole; [10] trifloxystrobin / tebuconazole; [11] sequence iminoctadine + captan; [12] sequence iminoctadine + iprodione; [13] sequence of tebuconazole + captan; [14] sequence of tebuconazole + iprodione. All treatments were applied according recommended doses and grace period for culture. The fruits were evaluated at harvest and after 40 days storage at 0.5 C, plus six days at 20 º C. At harvest time, the best control of brown rot was obtained with difenoconazole, while the fungicide iminoctadine and its association with iprodione showed good results in controlling brown rot after 40 days of cold storage, plus six days shelf life at 20 º C. The preharvest application of captan cause skin browning. The fungicide azoxystrobin influences the fruit maturation by decreasing acidity and firmness at harvest. Good levels control of brown rot of peach can be achieved with the use of iminoctadine and iprodione.(AU)

A podridão parda, causada pelo fungo Monilinia fructicola, é a principal causa de perdas em pré e pós-colheita em pêssegos. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da aplicação pré-colheita de fungicidas sobre o controle da podridão parda a campo, após o armazenamento refrigerado e sua relação com parâmetros de maturação e qualidade dos frutos. Para tanto, foram avaliados os seguintes ingredientes ativos: [1] testemunha (aplicação de água); [2] captana; [3] iprodiona; [4] iminoctadina; [5] tebuconazol; [6] procimidona; [7] azoxistrobina; [8] difenoconazol; [9] azoxistrobina/difenoconazol; [10] trifloxistrobina/ tebuconazol; [11] sequência de iminoctadina + captana; [12] sequência de iminoctadina + iprodiona; [13] sequência de tebuconazol + captana; [14] sequência de tebuconazol + iprodiona. Todos os tratamentos foram aplicados nas doses recomendadas e obedecendo ao período de carência para a cultura. Os frutos foram avaliados na colheita, após o armazenamento a 0,5 ºC por 40 dias, e durante seis dias a 20 ºC. Até o momento da colheita, o fungicida que melhor controlou a podridão parda foi o difenoconazol. Após 40 dias de refrigeração (-0,5ºC) e mais seis dias exposição a 20 ºC o fungicida iminoctadina e a sua associação ao iprodiona apresentou bons resultados no controle da doença. A aplicação pré-colheita de captana causou escurecimento da epiderme dos frutos. O fungicida azoxistrobina influenciou namaturação dos frutos, diminuindo a acidez e a firmeza da polpa no momento da colheita. Bons níveis de controle da podridão parda do pessegueiro podem ser alcançados com a utilização dos produtos iminoctadina e iprodiona.(AU)

Efficiency of fungicides in the control of brown rot in peaches and its relationship with physiological parameters of the fruits / Eficiência de fungicidas no controle da podridão parda do pessegueiro e sua relação com parâmetros fisiológicos dos frutos

The brown rot, caused by the fungus Monilinia fructicola, is the main cause for losses in pre and postharvest of peaches. The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of preharvest application of fungicides on the control of brown rot in the field and during cold storage, and its relation to parameters of maturation and fruit quality. Therefore, we evaluated the following active ingredients: [1] control (water application), [2] captan; [3] iprodione; [4] iminoctadine; [5] tebuconazole; [6] procymidone; [7 ] azoxystrobin; [8] difenoconazole; [9] azoxystrobin / difenoconazole; [10] trifloxystrobin / tebuconazole; [11] sequence iminoctadine + captan; [12] sequence iminoctadine + iprodione; [13] sequence of tebuconazole + captan; [14] sequence of tebuconazole + iprodione. All treatments were applied according recommended doses and grace period for culture. The fruits were evaluated at harvest and after 40 days storage at 0.5 C, plus six days at 20 º C. At harvest time, the best control of brown rot was obtained with difenoconazole, while the fungicide iminoctadine and its association with iprodione showed good results in controlling brown rot after 40 days of cold storage, plus six days shelf life at 20 º C. The preharvest application of captan cause skin browning. The fungicide azoxystrobin influences the fruit maturation by decreasing acidity and firmness at harvest. Good levels control of brown rot of peach can be achieved with the use of iminoctadine and iprodione.

A podridão parda, causada pelo fungo Monilinia fructicola, é a principal causa de perdas em pré e pós-colheita em pêssegos. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da aplicação pré-colheita de fungicidas sobre o controle da podridão parda a campo, após o armazenamento refrigerado e sua relação com parâmetros de maturação e qualidade dos frutos. Para tanto, foram avaliados os seguintes ingredientes ativos: [1] testemunha (aplicação de água); [2] captana; [3] iprodiona; [4] iminoctadina; [5] tebuconazol; [6] procimidona; [7] azoxistrobina; [8] difenoconazol; [9] azoxistrobina/difenoconazol; [10] trifloxistrobina/ tebuconazol; [11] sequência de iminoctadina + captana; [12] sequência de iminoctadina + iprodiona; [13] sequência de tebuconazol + captana; [14] sequência de tebuconazol + iprodiona. Todos os tratamentos foram aplicados nas doses recomendadas e obedecendo ao período de carência para a cultura. Os frutos foram avaliados na colheita, após o armazenamento a 0,5 ºC por 40 dias, e durante seis dias a 20 ºC. Até o momento da colheita, o fungicida que melhor controlou a podridão parda foi o difenoconazol. Após 40 dias de refrigeração (-0,5ºC) e mais seis dias exposição a 20 ºC o fungicida iminoctadina e a sua associação ao iprodiona apresentou bons resultados no controle da doença. A aplicação pré-colheita de captana causou escurecimento da epiderme dos frutos. O fungicida azoxistrobina influenciou namaturação dos frutos, diminuindo a acidez e a firmeza da polpa no momento da colheita. Bons níveis de controle da podridão parda do pessegueiro podem ser alcançados com a utilização dos produtos iminoctadina e iprodiona.

Queima das flores e podridão parda em pessegueiro sob sistema de cultivo orgânico / Blossom blight and brown rot on organic peach production system

A queima das flores e a podridão parda, causadas por Monilinia fructicola, são as doenças mais importantes na cultura do pessegueiro. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a incidência de queima das flores e podridão parda latente em frutos verdes e na colheita sob condições naturais de infecção, em relação à posição dos ramos em pomar com cultivares de pessegueiro sob sistema de cultivo orgânico. As avaliações foram realizadas com as cultivares 'Aurora', 'Flordaking', 'Marli' e 'Della Nona' em 2006, e 'Aurora' e 'Marli' em 2007 e 2008 e conduzidas em sistema orgânico em Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina (SC). Foram monitorados semanalmente os conídios do patógeno em armadilhas tipo "cata-vento". A incidência média da doença na floração foi de 0,8 ('Della Nona') a 19,1 por cento ('Marli'). A incidência na colheita foi de 15,4('Della Nona') a 65,7 por cento ('Flordaking'). Correlações positivas e significativas foram verificadas entre número de conídios e fases fenológicas variando de 0,67 ('Flordaking) a 0,99 ('Aurora'). A posição do ramo no pomar, na linha ou na entrelinha não influenciou a incidência da doença nas flores e nos frutos. A maior concentração de conídios foi observada na fase de maturação dos frutos.

The blossom blight and brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola are the most important diseases of peach tree. This study aimed to verify the incidence of the blossom blight on flowers and latent brown rot in green fruits, and at harvest under natural infection, in relation to the position of branches in the orchard with peach cultivars under organic system. The evaluations were carried out with the cultivars 'Aurora', 'Flordaking', 'Marli' and 'Della Nona' in 2006, 'Aurora' and 'Marli' in 2007 and 2008 and conducted in an organic syste m in Rio do Sul, SC. Conidia were monitored weekly by "winddriven" traps. At flowering the average incidence was 0.8 ('Della Nona') to 19.1 percent ('Marli'). The incidence at harvest was 15.4 ('Della Nona') to 65.7 percent ('Flordaking'). It was observed positive and significant correlations between conidia numbers and phenological phases varying from 0.67 ('Flordaking') to 0.99 ('Aurora'). The position of the branch in the orchard, within-row, across-row, did not influence the incidence of disease in the flowers and fruits. The highest conidia concentration was observed during the ripening.

Queima das flores e podridão parda em pessegueiro sob sistema de cultivo orgânico

The blossom blight and brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola are the most important diseases of peach tree. This study aimed to verify the incidence of the blossom blight on flowers and latent brown rot in green fruits, and at harvest under natural infection, in relation to the position of branches in the orchard with peach cultivars under organic system. The evaluations were carried out with the cultivars 'Aurora', 'Flordaking', 'Marli' and 'Della Nona' in 2006, 'Aurora' and 'Marli' in 2007 and 2008 and conducted in an organic syste m in Rio do Sul, SC. Conidia were monitored weekly by "winddriven" traps. At flowering the average incidence was 0.8 ('Della Nona') to 19.1% ('Marli'). The incidence at harvest was 15.4 ('Della Nona') to 65.7% ('Flordaking'). It was observed positive and significant correlations between conidia numbers and phenological phases varying from 0.67 ('Flordaking') to 0.99 ('Aurora'). The position of the branch in the orchard, within-row, across-row, did not influence the incidence of disease in the flowers and fruits. The highest conidia concentration was observed during the ripening.

A queima das flores e a podridão parda, causadas por Monilinia fructicola, são as doenças mais importantes na cultura do pessegueiro. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a incidência de queima das flores e podridão parda latente em frutos verdes e na colheita sob condições naturais de infecção, em relação à posição dos ramos em pomar com cultivares de pessegueiro sob sistema de cultivo orgânico. As avaliações foram realizadas com as cultivares 'Aurora', 'Flordaking', 'Marli' e 'Della Nona' em 2006, e 'Aurora' e 'Marli' em 2007 e 2008 e conduzidas em sistema orgânico em Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina (SC). Foram monitorados semanalmente os conídios do patógeno em armadilhas tipo "cata-vento". A incidência média da doença na floração foi de 0,8 ('Della Nona') a 19,1% ('Marli'). A incidência na colheita foi de 15,4('Della Nona') a 65,7% ('Flordaking'). Correlações positivas e significativas foram verificadas entre número de conídios e fases fenológicas variando de 0,67 ('Flordaking) a 0,99 ('Aurora'). A posição do ramo no pomar, na linha ou na entrelinha não influenciou a incidência da doença nas flores e nos frutos. A maior concentração de conídios foi observada na fase de maturação dos frutos.

Queima das flores e podridão parda em pessegueiro sob sistema de cultivo orgânico

The blossom blight and brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola are the most important diseases of peach tree. This study aimed to verify the incidence of the blossom blight on flowers and latent brown rot in green fruits, and at harvest under natural infection, in relation to the position of branches in the orchard with peach cultivars under organic system. The evaluations were carried out with the cultivars 'Aurora', 'Flordaking', 'Marli' and 'Della Nona' in 2006, 'Aurora' and 'Marli' in 2007 and 2008 and conducted in an organic syste m in Rio do Sul, SC. Conidia were monitored weekly by "winddriven" traps. At flowering the average incidence was 0.8 ('Della Nona') to 19.1% ('Marli'). The incidence at harvest was 15.4 ('Della Nona') to 65.7% ('Flordaking'). It was observed positive and significant correlations between conidia numbers and phenological phases varying from 0.67 ('Flordaking') to 0.99 ('Aurora'). The position of the branch in the orchard, within-row, across-row, did not influence the incidence of disease in the flowers and fruits. The highest conidia concentration was observed during the ripening.

A queima das flores e a podridão parda, causadas por Monilinia fructicola, são as doenças mais importantes na cultura do pessegueiro. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a incidência de queima das flores e podridão parda latente em frutos verdes e na colheita sob condições naturais de infecção, em relação à posição dos ramos em pomar com cultivares de pessegueiro sob sistema de cultivo orgânico. As avaliações foram realizadas com as cultivares 'Aurora', 'Flordaking', 'Marli' e 'Della Nona' em 2006, e 'Aurora' e 'Marli' em 2007 e 2008 e conduzidas em sistema orgânico em Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina (SC). Foram monitorados semanalmente os conídios do patógeno em armadilhas tipo "cata-vento". A incidência média da doença na floração foi de 0,8 ('Della Nona') a 19,1% ('Marli'). A incidência na colheita foi de 15,4('Della Nona') a 65,7% ('Flordaking'). Correlações positivas e significativas foram verificadas entre número de conídios e fases fenológicas variando de 0,67 ('Flordaking) a 0,99 ('Aurora'). A posição do ramo no pomar, na linha ou na entrelinha não influenciou a incidência da doença nas flores e nos frutos. A maior concentração de conídios foi observada na fase de maturação dos frutos.

Controle da podridão parda do pessegueiro com fungicidas e fosfitos avaliados em pré e pós-colheita / Control of peach tree brown rot by fungicides and phosphites evaluated during preharvest and postharvest

A podridão parda é a doença mais importante para a cultura do pessegueiro, entretanto, no Brasil são escassos os trabalhos realizados a campo visando o seu controle. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, selecionar fungicidas em laboratório e avaliar a sua eficiência e de fosfitos a campo, para o controle da podridão parda monitorando as fases de desenvolvimento de frutos e pós-colheita, além de avaliar as características qualitativas dos frutos. O experimento de campo foi realizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições: três fungicidas pré-selecionados in vitro (iminoctadine tris albesilate, myclobutanil e iprodione), dois fosfitos (CaB e de K) e testemunha. Foi avaliada a incidência de infecções latentes de Monilinia fructicola em frutos em desenvolvimento e em frutos maduros após a colheita. Para os frutos em desenvolvimento observou-se maior incidência nas duas últimas coletas. No campo, o iprodione e o iminoctadine mostraram eficiência no controle da doença durante as avaliações. Após três dias no ambiente o iminoctadine foi melhor que os demais tratamentos mantendo a incidência da podridão parda em 1,0% contra 31,4% no tratamento com iprodione e 91,2% na testemunha. O fosfito de CaB não mostrou diferença em relação à testemunha no decorrer das avaliações, mas o fosfito de K, reduziu em 60 e 28% o número de frutos doentes aos três e cinco dias, respectivamente, em relação à testemunha. Quanto aos parâmetros de qualidade, o peso médio dos frutos, o diâmetro e a firmeza da polpa, não mostraram diferenças significativas em relação à testemunha.

Brown rot is the most important disease in peach tree cultivation, but field studies with control methods are currently rare in Brazil. One of the objectives of this study was to select fungicides in the laboratory then test them in the field, additionally to phosphites, for the control of the brown rot. The control was performed by observing the fruit development phase and by postharvest monitoring. Another objective was to assess the qualitative characteristics of the fruit. The field experiment was carried out with six treatments and four replications: three in vitro pre-selected fungicides (iminoctadine tris albesilate, myclobutanil and iprodione), two phosphites (CaB and K) and the control. Latent infections in developing and postharvest fruits were assessed in regard to the incidence of Monilinia fructicola. For the developing fruits it was observed higher incidence during the two last assessments. In the field, iprodione and iminoctadine showed efficient control of the disease during the assessments. After three days in the environment, the iminoctadine was better than the other treatments, keeping the incidence of brown rot to 1.02% as against 31.45 for iprodione and 91.2% for the control. Phosphite-CaB showed no difference in relation to the control as the assessments proceeded, but phosphate-K reduced the number of diseased fruits over three and five days by 60% and 28%, respectively, in relation to the control. In regard to quality parameters, there was no significant difference in the average fruit weight, diameter and pulp firmness in relation to the control.