GPS tracking analyses reveal finely-tuned shorebird space use and movement patterns throughout the non-breeding season in high-latitude austral intertidal areas.

BACKGROUND: Long-distance migratory birds spend most of their annual cycle in non-breeding areas. During this period birds must meet their daily nutritional needs and acquire additional energy intake to deal with future events of the annual cycle. Therefore, patterns of space use and movement may emerge as an efficient strategy to maintain a trade-off between acquisition and conservation of energy during the non-breeding season. However, there is still a paucity of research addressing this issue, especially in trans-hemispheric migratory birds. METHODS: Using GPS-tracking data and a recently developed continuous-time stochastic process modeling framework, we analyzed fine-scale movements in a non-breeding population of Hudsonian godwits (Limosa haemastica), a gregarious long-distance migratory shorebird. Specifically, we evaluated if these extreme migrants exhibit restricted, shared, and periodic patterns of space use on one of their main non-breeding grounds in southern South America. Finally, via a generalized additive model, we tested if the observed patterns were consistent within a circadian cycle. RESULTS: Overall, godwits showed finely-tuned range-residence and periodic movements (each 24-72 h), being similar between day and night. Remarkably, range-resident individuals segregated spatially into three groups. In contrast, a smaller fraction of godwits displayed unpredictable and irregular movements, adding functional connectivity within the population. CONCLUSIONS: In coastal non-breeding areas where resource availability is highly predictable due to tidal cycles, range-resident strategies during both the day and night are the common pattern in a long-distance shorebird population. Alternative patterns exhibited by a fraction of non-resident godwits provide functional connectivity and suggest that the exploratory tendency may be essential for information acquisition and associated with individual traits. The methodological approach we have used contributes to elucidate how the composition of movement phases operates during the non-breeding season in migratory species and can be replicated in non-migratory species as well. Finally, our results highlight the importance of considering movement as a continuum within the annual cycle.

Do beluga whales truly migrate? Testing a key trait of the classical migration syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Migration enables organisms to access resources in separate regions that have predictable but asynchronous spatiotemporal variability in habitat quality. The classical migration syndrome is defined by key traits including directionally persistent long-distance movements during which maintenance activities are suppressed. But recently, seasonal round-trip movements have frequently been considered to constitute migration irrespective of the traits required to meet this movement type, conflating common outcomes with common traits required for a mechanistic understanding of long-distance movements. We aimed to test whether a cetacean ceases foraging during so-called migratory movements, conforming to a trait that defines classical migration. METHODS: We used location and dive data collected by satellite tags deployed on beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Eastern Beaufort Sea population, which undertake long-distance directed movements between summer and winter areas. To identify phases of directionally persistent travel, behavioural states (area-restricted search, ARS; or Transit) were decoded using a hidden-Markov model, based on step length and turning angle. Established dive profiles were then used as a proxy for foraging, to test the hypothesis that belugas cease foraging during these long-distance transiting movements, i.e., they suppress maintenance activities. RESULTS: Belugas principally made directed horizontal movements when moving between summer and winter residency areas, remaining in a Transit state for an average of 75.4% (range = 58.5-87.2%) of the time. All individuals, however, exhibited persistent foraging during Transit movements (75.8% of hours decoded as the Transit state had ≥ 1 foraging dive). These data indicate that belugas actively search for and/or respond to resources during these long-distance movements that are typically called a migration. CONCLUSIONS: The long-distance movements of belugas do not conform to the traits defining the classical migration syndrome, but instead have characteristics of both migratory and nomadic behaviour, which may prove adaptive in the face of unpredictable environmental change. Such patterns are likely present in other cetaceans that have been labeled as migratory. Examination of not only horizontal movement state, but also the vertical behaviour of aquatic animals during directed movements is essential for identifying whether a species exhibits traits of the classical migration syndrome or another long-distance movement strategy, enabling improved ecological inference.

Interculturality: a place to experience multiplicity.

The mobility of people around the world is nothing new and brings with it different impacts on interpersonal relationships. In this paper we will reflect on this subject starting from certain questions: what dialogues can be had from those who bring new ideas from their travels with the keepers of traditions in their communities? Is it possible to entertain the image of a pluralistic and globalized world? We begin by tracing the movement of peoples through the centuries, the two major ways in life which developed: nomadism and sedentarism - and how the differences generated conflicts and discrimination. Finally, we reflect on the attributes of the god Hermes from which there is the possibility of creating space to live out our intercultural encounters with reciprocity and generosity within the hospitality ritual of 'giving and receiving'.

La mobilité des personnes dans le monde entier n'a rien de nouveau et amène avec elle différents impacts sur les relations interpersonnelles. Dans cet article nous réfléchirons sur le sujet en partant de certaines questions: quels dialogues peuvent se produire nourris par ceux qui amènent de nouvelles idées de leurs voyages avec ceux qui sont les gardiens des traditions dans leurs communautés? Est-il possible de concevoir l'image d'un monde pluraliste et globalisé? Nous commençons par retracer le mouvement des peuples au travers des siècles, et les deux principales manières de vivre qui se sont développées: le nomadisme et la sédentarité - et comment les différences ont généré des conflits et de la discrimination. Finalement, nous attirons l'attention sur quelques épitaphes du dieu Hermès, qui nous donnent la possibilité de créer de l'espace pour vivre les rencontres interculturelles avec réciprocité et générosité au sein du rituel d'hospitalité: 'donner et recevoir'.

La movilidad de las personas alrededor del mundo no es algo nuevo y trae consigo impactos diferentes en las relaciones interpersonales. En el presente trabajo reflexionamos sobre este tema comenzando con algunas preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los diálogos posibles con quienes brindan nuevas ideas a partir de sus viajes con los cuidadores de la tradición en sus comunidades? ¿Es posible considerar la imagen de un mundo globalizado y plural? Comenzamos por trazar los movimientos de las personas a través de los siglos, los dos modos principales de vida que se han desarrollado: nomadismo y sedentarismo - y cómo las diferencias han generado conflictos y discriminación. Finalmente, ponemos de manifiesto algunos epitafios del dios Hermes, desde lo cual es posible crear espacio para vivir encuentros interculturales con reciprocidad y generosidad al interior del ritual de la hospitalidad del 'dar y recibir'.

A mobilidade de pessoas em todo o mundo não é novidade e traz consigo diferentes impactos nas relações interpessoais. Neste artigo, refletiremos sobre esse assunto a partir de certas perguntas: Quais diálogos podem ser tidos daqueles que trazem novas ideias de suas viagens com os guardiões das tradições em suas comunidades? É possível entreter a imagem de um mundo pluralista e globalizado? Começamos traçando o movimento dos povos ao longo dos séculos, os dois principais modos de vida que se desenvolveram: nomadismo e sedentarismo - e como as diferenças geraram conflitos e discriminação. Finalmente, trazemos à luz alguns epitáfios do deus Hermes, dos quais há a possibilidade de criar espaço para viver os encontros interculturais com reciprocidade e generosidade dentro do ritual de hospitalidade de "dar e receber".

Chronic oropharyngeal pain and medical nomadism in an Eagle's syndrome patient: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Elongation of the styloid process associated with oropharyngeal pain and dysphagia is known as Eagle's syndrome, a condition whose pathophysiology is still a matter of debate. Given its low prevalence and complex symptomatology, this syndrome is often misdiagnosed, leading to chronic pain and medical nomadism. A 51-year-old woman of African origin with 3-year history of left-side oropharyngeal pain and worsening dysphagia consulted several health professionals. Medical and surgical treatments, including a sinus surgery and the extraction of three healthy teeth, did not improve her symptoms. Evaluation in an orofacial pain clinic revealed an asymmetrically elongated styloid process. Surgical shortening of the elongated styloid process provided complete pain relief and recovery of normal swallowing function. CONCLUSION: Based on this case report, the pathophysiology of Eagle's syndrome is discussed, and the need for specific follow-up in a subpopulation of patients with asymptomatic styloid process elongation is highlighted.

Sympatrically breeding congeneric seabirds (Stercorarius spp.) from Arctic Canada migrate to four oceans.

Polar systems of avian migration remain unpredictable. For seabirds nesting in the Nearctic, it is often difficult to predict which of the world's oceans birds will migrate to after breeding. Here, we report on three related seabird species that migrated across four oceans following sympatric breeding at a central Canadian high Arctic nesting location. Using telemetry, we tracked pomarine jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus, n = 1) across the Arctic Ocean to the western Pacific Ocean; parasitic jaeger (S. parasiticus, n = 4) to the western Atlantic Ocean, and long-tailed jaeger (S. longicaudus, n = 2) to the eastern Atlantic Ocean and western Indian Ocean. We also report on extensive nomadic movements over ocean during the postbreeding period (19,002 km) and over land and ocean during the prebreeding period (5578 km) by pomarine jaeger, an irruptive species whose full migrations and nomadic behavior have been a mystery. While the small sample sizes in our study limit the ability to make generalizable inferences, our results provide a key input to the knowledge of jaeger migrations. Understanding the routes and migratory divides of birds nesting in the Arctic region has implications for understanding both the glacial refugia of the past and the Anthropocene-driven changes in the future.

Loss of density dependence underpins decoupling of livestock population and plant biomass in intensive grazing systems.

Across the world, social-ecological rangeland systems have been transformed from a preindustrial extensive status to intensive exploitation, often leading to long-term livestock population booms, overgrazing, and rangeland degradation. To understand the regulatory mechanisms involved in such historical social-ecological transformations, we collected population data on the native sheep of the last nomadic county in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (1961-2005). We detected changes in internal feedbacks (e.g., density-dependent effects) and external disturbance (e.g., winter harshness, rainfall, harvest) between the extensive and intensive management periods using regression models of sheep population growth rate and counterfactual analyses. We found that, in the extensive period, sheep populations were regulated during harsh winters by climate, while they were regulated during mild winters by negative density dependence. In the intensive period, the negative feedback of density dependence was removed through the provision of additional forage and shelter, and only winter climate and growing season rainfall regulated sheep populations. Counterfactual analyses also confirmed the irreplaceable role of density-dependence in maintaining a sustainable rangeland ecosystem. Although herders attempted to adapt to the removal of negative feedbacks by improving livestock harvest, overgrazing and grassland degradation remain a challenge in this system. We conclude that internal feedbacks within social-ecological systems should be carefully anticipated and accounted for when managing rangelands for sustainability.

Mobility loss and its restoration in China grasslands.

Loss of mobility in rangeland use has emerged as a dominant theory to explain ecosystem degradation in the research area of rangeland ecology. The loss of mobility in rangeland use in China resulted from multiple interacting natural and social factors as well as policy changes. Re-establi-shing mobility in rangeland use is critical to rangeland restoration and sustainable management in China. However, the recovery of rangeland might be difficult through simply reverting to traditional rotational grazing. Alternatively, we explored various state-of-the-art rangeland management techniques, including smart fence, intelligent wearables for livestock, and rapid forage biomass measurement using drones. Such novel rangeland management techniques could be used in different regions with different climate and vegetation in China to re-establish mobility in rangeland utilization. Paired with these advanced techniques, new rotational high-mobility grazing systems could further integrate with other essential measures of grass-livestock husbandry in China, such as balancing of forage production and livestock grazing, supplemental forage of livestock, and replenishment of soil nutrients in rangeland. All these practices would ensure a more sustainable and effective utilization of rangeland in China.

Urban specialization reduces habitat connectivity by a highly mobile wading bird.

BACKGROUND: Mobile animals transport nutrients and propagules across habitats, and are crucial for the functioning of food webs and for ecosystem services. Human activities such as urbanization can alter animal movement behavior, including site fidelity and resource use. Because many urban areas are adjacent to natural sites, mobile animals might connect natural and urban habitats. More generally, understanding animal movement patterns in urban areas can help predict how urban expansion will affect the roles of highly mobile animals in ecological processes. METHODS: Here, we examined movements by a seasonally nomadic wading bird, the American white ibis (Eudocimus albus), in South Florida, USA. White ibis are colonial wading birds that forage on aquatic prey; in recent years, some ibis have shifted their behavior to forage in urban parks, where they are fed by people. We used a spatial network approach to investigate how individual movement patterns influence connectivity between urban and non-urban sites. We built a network of habitat connectivity using GPS tracking data from ibis during their non-breeding season and compared this network to simulated networks that assumed individuals moved indiscriminately with respect to habitat type. RESULTS: We found that the observed network was less connected than the simulated networks, that urban-urban and natural-natural connections were strong, and that individuals using urban sites had the least-variable habitat use. Importantly, the few ibis that used both urban and natural habitats contributed the most to connectivity. CONCLUSIONS: Habitat specialization in urban-acclimated wildlife could reduce the exchange of propagules and nutrients between urban and natural areas, which has consequences both for beneficial effects of connectivity such as gene flow and for detrimental effects such as the spread of contaminants or pathogens.

Movement-mediated community assembly and coexistence.

Organismal movement is ubiquitous and facilitates important ecological mechanisms that drive community and metacommunity composition and hence biodiversity. In most existing ecological theories and models in biodiversity research, movement is represented simplistically, ignoring the behavioural basis of movement and consequently the variation in behaviour at species and individual levels. However, as human endeavours modify climate and land use, the behavioural processes of organisms in response to these changes, including movement, become critical to understanding the resulting biodiversity loss. Here, we draw together research from different subdisciplines in ecology to understand the impact of individual-level movement processes on community-level patterns in species composition and coexistence. We join the movement ecology framework with the key concepts from metacommunity theory, community assembly and modern coexistence theory using the idea of micro-macro links, where various aspects of emergent movement behaviour scale up to local and regional patterns in species mobility and mobile-link-generated patterns in abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. These in turn influence both individual movement and, at ecological timescales, mechanisms such as dispersal limitation, environmental filtering, and niche partitioning. We conclude by highlighting challenges to and promising future avenues for data generation, data analysis and complementary modelling approaches and provide a brief outlook on how a new behaviour-based view on movement becomes important in understanding the responses of communities under ongoing environmental change.

Diet and Nutrition Status of Mongolian Adults.

(1) Background: Aspects of the Mongolian food supply, including high availability of animal-source foods and few plant foods, are plausibly associated with disease in the population. Data on Mongolian diets are lacking, and these risks are poorly quantified. The purpose of this study was to provide a multifaceted nutritional analysis of the modern Mongolian diet. (2) Methods: The study population consisted of 167 male and 167 female healthy non-pregnant urban and nomadic adults (22-55 years) randomly selected from lists of residents in 8 regions. From 2011-2016, 3-day weighed diet records and serum were collected twice from each participant in summer and winter; anthropometry was collected once from each participant. Serum was analyzed for biomarkers, and nutrient intake computed using purpose-built food composition data and adjusted for within-person variation. Exploratory dietary patterns were derived and analyzed for associations with diet and nutrition measurements. (3) Results: We collected 1838 of an expected 1986 diet records (92.5%), 610/658 serum samples (92.7%), and 315/334 height and weight measurements (94.3%). Sixty-one percent of men and 51% of women were overweight or obese. Consumption of red meat, refined grains, and whole-fat dairy was high, while that of fruits, non-tuberous vegetables, eggs, nuts and seeds, fish and poultry, and whole grains was low. Dairy and red meat were more consumed in summer and winter, respectively. Dietary inadequacy of 10 of 21 assessed nutrients, including fiber, folate, and vitamin D were >50% prevalent, while protein, zinc, and vitamin B12 inadequacy were low. Biochemical evidence of iron and vitamin A deficiency was also low. Three dietary patterns (Urban, Transitional, Nomadic) explained 41% of variation in food consumption. The Urban pattern was positively associated with BMI in multivariate analysis. (4) Conclusions: Results indicate a high prevalence of key dietary inadequacies and overweight among Mongolian adults. Prior studies by our group have suggested that expanded supplementation and food fortification would be effective in addressing micronutrient inadequacies; these strategies should be coupled with measures to mitigate the growing burden of chronic disease.

Causes and consequences of individual variation in animal movement.

Animal movement comes in a variety of 'types' including small foraging movements, larger one-way dispersive movements, seasonally-predictable round-trip migratory movements, and erratic nomadic movements. Although most individuals move at some point throughout their lives, movement patterns can vary widely across individuals within the same species: differing within an individual over time (intra-individual), among individuals in the same population (inter-individual), or among populations (inter-population). Yet, studies of movement (theoretical and empirical alike) more often focus on understanding 'typical' movement patterns than understanding variation in movement. Here, I synthesize current knowledge of movement variation (drawing parallels across species and movement types), describing the causes (what factors contribute to individual variation), patterns (what movement variation looks like), consequences (why variation matters), maintenance (why variation persists), implications (for management and conservation), and finally gaps (what pieces we are currently missing). By synthesizing across scales of variation, I span across work on plasticity, personality, and geographic variation. Individual movement can be driven by factors that act at the individual, population, community and ecosystem level and have ramifications at each of these levels. Generally the consequences of movement are less well understood than the causes, in part because the effects of movement variation are often nested, with variation manifesting at the population level, which in turn affects communities and ecosystems. Understanding both cause and consequence is particularly important for predicting when variation begets variation in a positive feedback loop, versus when a negative feedback causes variation to be dampened successively. Finally, maintaining standing variation in movement may be important for facilitating species' ability to respond to future environmental change.

Errância e nomadismo feminino: o caso de duas mulheres trecheiras / Errancia y nomadismo femenino: el caso de dos mujeres trecheiras / Wandering and female nomadism: the case of two female wanderers

Resumo Para investigar o papel da mobilidade na constituição dos gêneros, realizamos uma pesquisa com mulheres trecheiras - mulheres sem residência fixa, transitando de cidade em cidade e que utilizam os serviços de assistência social. Participaram do estudo duas mulheres usuárias dos serviços da casa de acolhimento aos migrantes de uma cidade do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, situada na divisa dos Estados de São Paulo e Paraná. Mediante a perspectiva cartográfica e utilizando entrevistas abertas, observamos trajetórias marcantes de ruptura com a vida sedentária e a passagem para uma vida em trânsito, desprendida de vínculos com a família, o trabalho e os papéis tradicionais atribuídos à mulher. Elas buscaram na errância uma alternativa de vida melhor, uma tentativa de fuga dos problemas e das violências de gênero vividas no ambiente doméstico e no relacionamento familiar e foram aprendendo, dia a dia, no trecho, a viverem como trecheiras.

Resumen Para investigar el papel de la movilidad en la constitución de los géneros, realizamos una encuesta a mujeres que trabajaban con mujeres trecheiras - mujeres sin residencia fija, transitando de una ciudad a otra, y que usan los servicios de asistencia social. Participaron del estudio dos mujeres usuarias de los servicios de refugio para migrantes de una ciudad en el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, ubicado en la frontera de los estados de São Paulo y Paraná. A través de la perspectiva cartográfica y el uso de entrevistas abiertas, observamos trayectorias notables de ruptura con la vida sedentaria y el paso a una vida en tránsito, separada de los lazos con la familia, el trabajo y los roles tradicionales atribuidos a las mujeres. Buscaron en la errancia una mejor alternativa de vida, un intento de escapar de los problemas y la violencia de género experimentada en el entorno doméstico y las relaciones familiares, y aprendieron, día a día, a vivir como trecheiras.

Abstract In order to investigate the role of mobility in the constitution of genders, we conducted a survey of women wanderers - women without fixed residence, moving from city to city and using social assistance services. The study included two women who use migrant shelter services from a city in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, located on the border of the states of São Paulo and Paraná, Brazil. Through the cartographic perspective and using open interviews, we observed remarkable trajectories of rupture with sedentary life and the passage to a life in transit, detached from ties with family, work and the traditional roles attributed to women. They sought, in their wanderings, a better life alternative, an attempt to escape the problems and gender-based violence experienced in the domestic environment and family relationships, and they learned, day by day, to live as wanderers.

The (R)evolution of Anatomy.

In the study and practice of neurosurgery at the "Federico II" University of Naples, a central role has always been reserved for anatomy. Based on worldwide cooperation, the meaning of anatomical research has evolved from methodological investigation to an educational and communication tool. The contribution of our school to the anatomical data on the sellar region has been chronologically reviewed in the present report. The path that brought us to focus on the endoscopic endonasal anatomy has been presented, together with the evolution of anatomical investigation. The confidence achieved with decades of cadaveric laboratory studies has changed the profile of our anatomical investigations. The quantification and comparison became essential in these studies owing to their effect on surgical application and advanced imaging techniques entered the field of anatomical dissection. Anatomy at our school is an evolving science. Our efforts in anatomical scientific publications and organization of participatory courses have made us a center of reference for endoscopic endonasal surgery and have allowed us to share our knowledge with other specialists in this field.

Entre a paragem e o trânsito: atenção psicossocial para a errância e o nomadismo / Between stop and transit: Psychosocial Attention to Wandering and Nomadism

O mundo atual produz mobilidades geográficas e psicossociais diversas. Dentre elas encontram-se aquelas realizadas por andarilhos e pessoas em situação de rua, que vivem em trânsito constante pelas rodovias ou habitam espaços abertos e públicos da cidade. O objetivo deste artigo é examinar e discutir políticas públicas e práticas na área da saúde mental coletiva e seus posicionamentos em relação às formas de vida nômades e errantes. Para tanto, foram analisados e comparados princípios e estratégias dos serviços públicos de saúde com o modo de vida de andarilhos e pessoas em situação de rua. Como principal conclusão, foi possível constatar que os serviços de atenção em saúde mental pública enfrentam dificuldades e obstáculos para acolher e contemplar as demandas dessas pessoas porque se orientam por estratégias e serviços calcados na perspectiva da territorialização e da vida sedentária situada em espaços geográficos e psicossociais fixos e estáveis.

The present world produces diverse geographic and psychosocial mobilities. Among them are those performed by wanderers and homeless people, who live in constant transit through highways or inhabit open and public spaces of the city. This article aims to examine and discuss public policies and practices in the field of collective mental health and their positioning in relation to nomadic and wandering life forms. For that, the principles and strategies of public health services were analyzed and compared with the way of life of wanderers and homeless people. As the main conclusion, it was possible to observe that public mental health services face difficulties and obstacles to accept and respond to the demands of these people because they are guided by strategies and services based on the perspective of territorialization and sedentary life in fixed and stable geographical and psychosocial spaces.

Uma explicação arquetípica da crucificação de Jesus pela teoria arquetípica da história / An archetypical explanation of the crucifixion of Jesus by the archetypical theory of history / Una explicación de la crucificación de Jesús por la teoría arquetípica de la historia

Minha teoria arquetípica da história (BYINGTON, 1983) segue os passos de Bachofen e de Neumann com a modificação do conceito do arquétipo matriarcal para o arquétipo da sensualidade, e do arquétipo patriarcal para o arquétipo da organização, ambos presentes na psique da mulher, do homem e do Self cultural (BYINGTON, 2013). Essa teoria descreve a dominância matriarcal durante a vida nômade dos primeiros 140 mil anos da história (WATSON, 2005) e a dominância patriarcal iniciada após a revolução agropastoril, mais de 12 mil anos atrás, quando nos tornamos povos assentados. A seguir, marcada pelos mitos do Buda, há 2.500 anos, e do Cristo, há 2 mil anos, essa teoria descreve o início da implantação mitológica e civilizatória do arquétipo da alteridade, cujos heróis messiânicos pregam a elaboração dos confrontos humanos pela dialética da compaixão. Finalizando, o artigo elabora a dificuldade da transcendência da dominância do arquétipo patriarcal para a implantação do arquétipo da alteridade. Concluindo, o autor tenta explicar a razão para Jesus não haver evitado Sua crucificação na implantação da missão heroica para transformar o deus patriarcal, do Velho Testamento, na Trindade, do Novo Testamento. ■

The archetypal theory of history (BYINGTON, 1983) follows the work of Bachofen and Neumann with the modification of the concept of the matriarchal archetype as the archetype of sensuality and of the patriarchal archetype as the archetype of organization, both present in the psyche of man and woman and in the cultural Self (BYINGTON, 2013). This theory describes matriarchal dominance during the nomad life of the first 140 thousand years of history (WATSON, 2005) followed by patriarchal dominance begun more than 12 thousand years ago, after the agropastoral revolution, when we became settled societies. Next, marked by the myth of Budha, about 2,500 years ago and by the myth of Christ, 2,000 years ago, this theory describes the beginning of the mythological civilizing implementation of the alterity (otherness) archetype, whose messianic hero preach for the elaboration of human conflicts through the dialectic of compassion. Finally, the article elaborates the difficulty of the transcendence of patriarchal dominance in the implementation of the archetype of alterity. In conclusion, the author tries to explain the reason Jesus did not avoid his crucifixion to implant the heroic mission of transforming the patriarchal God of the Old Testament into the Trinity of the New Testament. ■

Mi teoría arquetípica de la historia (BYINGTON, 1983) sigue los pasos de Bachofen y de Neumann con la modificación del concepto del arquetipo matriarcal para el arquetipo de la sensualidad, y del arquetipo patriarcal para el arquetipo de la organización, ambos presentes en la psique de la mujer, el hombre y el self cultural (BYINGTON, 2013). Esta teoría describe la dominancia matriarcal durante la vida nómada de los primeros 140 mil años de la historia (WATSON, 2005) y la dominación patriarcal iniciada tras la revolución agropastoril, hace más de 12 mil años, cuando nos convertimos en pueblos asentados. A continuación, marcada por los mitos de Buda, hace 2.500 años, y de Cristo, hace 2 mil años, esta teoría describe el inicio de la implantación mitológica y civilizatoria del arquetipo de la alteridad, cuyos héroes mesiánicos predican la elaboración de los enfrentamientos humanos por la dialéctica de la compasión. Finalizando, el artículo elabora la dificultad de la trascendencia de la dominación del arquetipo patriarcal para la implantación del arquetipo de la alteridad. Concluyendo, el autor intenta explicar la razón de que Jesús no haya evitado su crucifixión en la implantación de la misión heroica para transformar el dios patriarcal, del Antiguo Testamento, en la Trinidad, del Nuevo Testamento. ■

Under vaccination of children among Maasai nomadic pastoralists in Kenya: is the issue geographic mobility, social demographics or missed opportunities?

BACKGROUND: Nomadic lifestyle has been shown to be a significant factor in low immunization coverage. However, other factors which might aggravate vaccination uptake in nomadic pastoralists are poorly understood. Our study aimed at establishing the relative influence of social demographics, missed opportunities, and geographical mobility on severe under vaccination in children aged less than two years living in a nomadic pastoralist community of Kenya. METHODS: We used cross-sectional analytical study design. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain quantitative data from 515 mothers with children aged less than two years. Under vaccination was the sum the total number of days a delayed vaccine was given after the recommended age range for each vaccine. Severe under vaccination was defined as those children who remained under-vaccinated for more than six months. Geographical mobility was assessed as household members who had gone to live or herd elsewhere in the previous 12 months, missed opportunity included questions on whether a child visiting a health facility had missed being vaccinated, while social demographic data included household size and mothers social demographics. RESULTS: Three-quarters of the mothers had no formal education. One-third of the children had been taken to a health facility and missed being vaccinated. Forty percent of the households had moved in the previous 12 months. Prevalence of missed opportunity was 30.1%; 42.2% of children had not received any vaccines by their first birthday, and 24.1% of children were severely under vaccinated. No significant association was found between social demographics and under-vaccination. Variables associated with under-vaccination were; movement of the whole family, (p = .015), missed opportunity, (p = <.001), lack of vaccines, (p = (.002), and location of health facility, (p = <.001). Movement of women and children made a significant contribution (p = 0.006) to severe under-vaccination. Children in households where women and children had moved were nine times more likely to be severely under-vaccinated than in those households where there was no movement. CONCLUSION: Geographic mobility of women and children was a key determinant of severe under vaccination among nomadic pastoralists in Kenya.

Migratory behaviour predicts greater parasite diversity in ungulates.

Long-distance animal movements can increase exposure to diverse parasites, but can also reduce infection risk through escape from contaminated habitats or culling of infected individuals. These mechanisms have been demonstrated within and between populations in single-host/single-parasite interactions, but how long-distance movement behaviours shape parasite diversity and prevalence across host taxa is largely unknown. Using a comparative approach, we analyse the parasite communities of 93 migratory, nomadic and resident ungulate species. We find that migrants have higher parasite species richness than residents or nomads, even after considering other factors known to influence parasite diversity, such as body size and host geographical range area. Further analyses support a novel 'environmental tracking' hypothesis, whereby migration allows parasites to experience environments favourable to transmission year-round. In addition, the social aggregation and large group sizes that facilitate migration might increase infection risk for migrants. By contrast, we find little support for previously proposed hypotheses, including migratory escape and culling, in explaining the relationship between host movement and parasitism in mammals at this cross-species scale. Our findings, which support mechanistic links between long-distance movement and increased parasite richness at the species level, could help predict the effects of future environmental change on parasitism in migratory animals.

When and where to move: Dynamic occupancy models explain the range dynamics of a food nomadic bird under climate and land cover change.

Globally, long-term research is critical to monitor the responses of tropical species to climate and land cover change at the range scale. Citizen science surveys can reveal the long-term persistence of poorly known nomadic tropical birds occupying fragmented forest patches. We applied dynamic occupancy models to 13 years (2002-2014) of citizen science-driven presence/absence data on Cape parrot (Poicephalus robustus), a food nomadic bird endemic to South Africa. We modeled its underlying range dynamics as a function of resource distribution, and change in climate and land cover through the estimation of colonization and extinction patterns. The range occupancy of Cape parrot changed little over time (ψ = 0.75-0.83) because extinction was balanced by recolonization. Yet, there was considerable regional variability in occupancy and detection probability increased over the years. Colonizations increased with warmer temperature and area of orchards, thus explaining their range shifts southeastwards in recent years. Although colonizations were higher in the presence of nests and yellowwood trees (Afrocarpus and Podocarpus spp.), the extinctions in small forest patches (≤227 ha) and during low precipitation (≤41 mm) are attributed to resource constraints and unsuitable climatic conditions. Loss of indigenous forest cover and artificial lake/water bodies increased extinction probabilities of Cape parrot. The land use matrix (fruit farms, gardens, and cultivations) surrounding forest patches provides alternative food sources, thereby facilitating spatiotemporal colonization and extinction in the human-modified matrix. Our models show that Cape parrots are vulnerable to extreme climatic conditions such as drought which is predicted to increase under climate change. Therefore, management of optimum sized high-quality forest patches is essential for long-term survival of Cape parrot populations. Our novel application of dynamic occupancy models to long-term citizen science monitoring data unfolds the complex relationships between the environmental dynamics and range fluctuations of this food nomadic species.

Long-distance flights and high-risk breeding by nomadic waterbirds on desert salt lakes.

Understanding and conserving mobile species presents complex challenges, especially for animals in stochastic or changing environments. Nomadic waterbirds must locate temporary water in arid biomes where rainfall is highly unpredictable in space and time. To achieve this they need to travel over vast spatial scales and time arrival to exploit pulses in food resources. How they achieve this is an enduring mystery.  We investigated these challenges in the colonial-nesting Banded Stilt (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus), a nomadic shorebird of conservation concern. Hitherto, Banded Stilts were hypothesized to have only 1-2 chances to breed during their long lifetime, when flooding rain fills desert salt lakes, triggering mass-hatching of brine shrimp. Over 6 years, we satellite tagged 57 individuals, conducted 21 aerial surveys to detect nesting colonies on 14 Australian desert salt lakes, and analyzed 3 decades of Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery to quantify salt-lake flood frequency and extent. Within days of distant inland rainfall, Banded Stilts flew 1,000-2,000 km to reach flooded salt lakes. On arrival, females laid over half their body weight in eggs. We detected nesting episodes across the species' range at 7 times the frequency reported during the previous 80 years. Nesting colonies of thousands formed following minor floods, yet most were subsequently abandoned when the water rapidly evaporated prior to egg hatching. Satellite imagery revealed twice as many flood events sufficient for breeding-colony initiation as recorded colonies, suggesting that nesting at remote sites has been underdetected. Individuals took risk on uncertain breeding opportunities by responding to frequent minor flood events between infrequent extensive flooding, exemplifying the extreme adaptability and trade-offs of species exploiting unstable environments. The conservation challenges of nest predation by overabundant native gulls and anthropogenic modifications to salt lakes filling frequencies require investigation, as do the physiological and navigational mechanisms that enable such extreme strategies.