Particulate emission rates for open surfaces in Australian open cut black coal mines.

Accurate estimation of particulate emissions is fundamental to assessing the air quality risks posed by existing and proposed open cut black coal mines. The currently available emission estimation techniques are based on a limited range of empirical studies, and the need for additional research and development of activity and region specific particulate emission estimation methods has been recognised. This paper presents the results of empirical testing of particulate emission rates for open area surfaces in open cut black coal mines in three Australian regions. The emission rates are provided for specific wind speeds, thus allowing adjustment of emission rates for prevailing meteorology in these regions. The influence of surface watering as a control technique is also considered. Particulate emission rates are presented for a range of coal mining sources, and for specific wind speeds. Comparison of the emission rates with the existing published research confirms the emission rates are consistent with current approaches. This research significantly expands our current understanding by presenting emission rates for a range of open area sources, for specific wind speeds and surface watering controls. This more detailed emission estimation dataset provides for adjustments to default particulate emission rates to allow site specific data to be integrated into emissions estimation. This will result in more accurate emissions estimates for existing and future projects and reduce the potential for significant over- or under-estimation of particulate emissions from surface sources in open cut coal mines.

Modification of Lotic Environments for Open Pit Coal Extraction: Effects on Biota and Recommendations / Modificación de ambientes lóticos para la extracción de carbón a cielo abierto: efectos sobre la biota y recomendaciones

RESUMEN La minería a cielo abierto de carbón posibilitará una serie de modificaciones a diferentes ambientes lóticos en Colombia. En este artículo analizamos el caso de una mina de carbón a cielo abierto ubicada en el departamento de La Guajira, Colombia, centrándonos en el estado de conocimiento de la ictiofauna, los potenciales efectos de las modificaciones sobre las comunidades acuáticas y la efectividad de las medidas de restauración/compensación. Para valorar el estado del conocimiento de la ictiofauna, revisamos bibliografía pertinente y utilizamos el estimador de riqueza de especies ICE. Para identificar los potenciales efectos de las modificaciones sobre la biota acuática y la efectividad de las medidas de restauración/compensación realizamos una revisión bibliográfica. Encontramos que cerca del 42 % de las especies de peces de la cuenca del río Ranchería y del área de concesión minera aún son desconocidas. Además, estudios relacionados indican que las transformaciones afectarán de manera negativa las características físicas de los cauces y, en consecuencia, la estructura y función de la biota acuática. Aunque aconsejamos la no intervención de los cuerpos de agua, planteamos algunas recomendaciones bajo un escenario de intervención, como realizar investigación abordando diferentes facetas de la biodiversidad, publicación de los resultados en medios arbitrados, acceso público a los datos, entre otras. Concluimos que si prevalece el beneficio económico derivado de la explotación de carbón sobre la preservación de los ambientes acuáticos habrá una pérdida de funciones y servicios ecológicos indispensables para el ser humano y el equilibrio del ecosistema.

ABSTRACT Open coal mining will cause a series of modifications to different lotic environments in Colombia. In this paper we analyzed the case of an open pit coal mine located in the Department of La Guajira, Colombia, focusing on the state of knowledge of the ichthyofauna, the potential effects of modifications on aquatic communities and the effectiveness of restoration/compensation measures. To assess the state of knowledge ofthe ichthyofauna, we reviewed relevant literature and used the ICE species richness estimator. To identify the potential effects of the modifications on aquatic biota and the effectiveness of the restoration/compensation measures, we carried out a literature review. We found that about 42 % of the fish species in the Ranchería river basin and the mining concession area are still unknown. Furthermore, related studies indicate that the modifications will negatively affect the physical characteristics of the channels and consequently, the structure and function of the aquatic biota. Although we advise the non-intervention of the lotic systems, we propose some recommendations under an intervention scenario, such as conducting research addressing different facets of biodiversity, publication of results in refereed journals, public access to data, among others. We concluded if the economic benefit derived from coal mining prevails over the aquatic environments preservation there will be a loss of functions and ecological services that are indispensable for the human well-being and the ecosystem balance.