Los tecnólogos en Optometría y Óptica y su desempeño profesional

Introducción: Esta investigación se articula en el modelo de educación superior y el modelo sanitario que se aplica en Cuba, acorde con las necesidades cada vez más crecientes del hombre en relación directa con su entorno socioeconómico, cultural, científico-tecnológico y ecológico. Objetivo: Valorar el estado actual del desempeño profesional de los tecnólogos en Optometría y Óptica de La Habana. Materiales y métodos: La investigación es cuantitativa, no experimental, observacional y prospectiva. Se trabajó con 200 tecnólogos en Optometría y Óptica, que constituyen el 100 % de la población. Para el desarrollo se identificaron cuatro dimensiones, entre las que se encuentran la aplicación de los procederes tecnológicos ópticos y optométricos; producción intelectual: se establece la actuación manifestada en la expresión de conocimientos y habilidades actualizados; comportamiento ético: se entiende por la actuación manifestada en la expresión de habilidades comunicativas y valores; y crecimiento profesional, referido a la actuación manifestada en la expresión de habilidades investigativas. Resultados: El 100 % aborda las funciones en la asistencia, y solo el 10 % declara tener tiempo para investigar; 25 % de ellos han participado en algún curso, el 12 % en diplomado, y solo cuatro poseen maestría; 25 % establece tener dominio en la manipulación de los equipos; entre el 10 y el 20 % no presentan problemas. Conclusiones: Se identificaron insuficiencias en las dimensiones que se establecieron relacionadas con la superación y la aplicación de los procederes tecnológicos.

Introduction: This research is articulated in the higher education model and the health model that is applied in Cuba, in accordance with the increasingly growing needs of man in direct relation with his socioeconomic, cultural, scientific, technological and ecological environment. Objective: To assess the current status of the professional performance of technologists in Optometry and Optics of Havana. Materials and methods: The research is quantitative, not experimental, observational and prospective. The authors worked with 200 technologists in Optometry and Optics, who were 100% of the population. Four dimensions were identified for the development, among which are the application of optical technological procedures and optometric; intellectual production: the performance manifested in the expression of updated knowledge and skills is established; ethical behaviour means the action expressed in the expression of communicative skills and values; and professional growth, referring to the performance manifested in the expression of investigative skills. Results: 100% address the functions in assistance and only 10% declare they have time to research[ 25% of them have participated in some course, 12% in a diploma and only four have a master's degree; 25% state that they have mastery in handling the equipment, between 10% and 20% do not present problems. Conclusions: Insufficiencies were identified in the dimensions that were established related to improvement and the application of technological procedures.

Sistema de competencias laborales para tecnólogos de la salud licenciados en Optometría y Óptica / Job competency system for health technologists licensed in Optometry and Optics

Fundamento: la calidad de un servicio de salud parte del nivel de la competencia y desempeño de sus trabajadores en el cumplimiento de sus funciones laborales y sociales. Objetivo: elaborar un sistema de competencias laborales para tecnólogos de la salud licenciados en Optometría y Óptica. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo tecnológico en el campo de la educación médica, durante enero 2021- enero 2022 en instituciones del nivel secundario del municipio Holguín. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos que permitieron la triangulación metodológica de los resultados. Se tuvo en cuenta el criterio de especialistas para la valoración del sistema de competencias elaborado. Resultados: se identificaron insuficiencias para ejecutar procederes óptico-optométricos, limitada participación en actividades científico investigativas, baja categorización docente e investigativa, debilidades en la función profesor-tutor y escasa actividad de superación permanente. Se elaboró un sistema de competencias laborales para tecnólogos de la salud licenciados en Optometría y Óptica diseñadas en correspondencia con el ejercicio de sus funciones. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico realizado demostró la necesidad de un sistema de competencias laborales para contribuir al perfeccionamiento del desempeño laboral de estos profesionales, el cual fue valorado como factible, pertinente y útil de ser aplicado.

Background: the quality of a health service is based on the level of competence and performance of its workers in fulfilling their job and social functions. Objective: to develop a system of job skills for health technologists Bachelors in Optometry and Optics. Methods: a technological development investigation was carried out in the field of medical education, from January 2021 to January 2022 in secondary level institutions of the Holguín municipality. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were used that allowed the methodological contrast of the results. The criteria of specialists was taken into account for the assessment of the developed competency system. Results: insufficiencies were identified to carry out optical-optometric procedures, limited participation in scientific research activities, low teaching and research ranking, weaknesses in the teacher-tutor function and little permanent improvement activity. A system of job competencies was developed for health technologists with degrees in Optometry and Optics designed in accordance with the exercise of their duties. Conclusions: the diagnosis carried out demonstrated the need for a system of work competencies to contribute to the improvement of the work performance of these professionals, which was valued as feasible, relevant and useful to be applied.

Training in retinoscopy: learning curves using a standardized method.

BACKGROUND: Retinoscopy is one of the most effective objective techniques for evaluating refractive status, especially in non-cooperative patients. However, it presents a slow learning curve that often leads to student frustration. With the current Covid-19 pandemic and the need for social isolation, clinical education based on simulation has become more relevant. Therefore, we implemented retinoscopy laboratories and learning protocols to reduce student stress and learning time. METHODS: We conducted a study to evaluate the retinoscopy learning curve using a new training protocol proposal. One hundred trainees were assessed in four stages, corresponding to 08, 12, 16, and 20 hours of training. Six different refractive defects were used trying to reproduce frequent conditions of care. The time spent on the assessment was not considered as additional training time. To analyze the data, we used non-parametric statistics and linear regression to assess the variables associated with training time and performance rate. RESULTS: The mean performance score at 08 hrs was 32.49% (±16.69 SD); at 12 hrs was 59.75% (±18.80 SD); at 16 hrs was 70.83% (±18.53 SD) and at 20 hrs was 84.26% (±13.18 SD). Performance at 12 hrs was significative higher than 08 hrs of training, but did not show significant differences with the performance rate at 16 and 20 hrs. We found a strong positive correlation between performance and training time in retinoscopy (R = 0.9773, CI: 0.2678 - 0.9995 p = 0.0227). CONCLUSION: This study showed that an increasing number of hours of practice positively correlates with performance in retinoscopy. The elaboration of a protocol and standardization of performance per hour also allowed us to estimate that a minimum of 13.4 hrs of practice is required to achieve 60% performance. Using the resulting formula, it is possible to determine the number of hours of retinoscopy practice are necessary to reach a certain level of performance.

Superación profesional del tecnólogo en optometría y óptica en el Tomógrafo de Coherencia Óptica Spectralis / The Professional Upgrading of the Technologist in Optometry and Optics with the Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography

En la actualidad, se vive en una sociedad en la que el conocimiento es el principal motor de desarrollo y crecimiento económico. Para que una persona tenga capacidad de producir conocimientos y de aprendizaje permanente, se requiere tener habilidades en el uso de tecnología avanzada, las cuales se logran con la superación profesional para poder aplicarlos en beneficio de toda la sociedad. La superación profesional posibilita a los profesionales estar actualizados y actualizables en las tecnologías avanzadas que facilitan mantenerse competentes y competitivos en cualquiera de los escenarios. En ese sentido, el desarrollo de las habilidades en el uso de tecnología avanzada significa aprender un lenguaje único, incorporar nuevas reglas y utilizar nuevas experiencias para aprender a interaccionar con eficacia en ese mundo. La tecnología de la salud requiere de profesionales con un perfil amplio e integrador, los cuales, mediante la superación profesional, se apropien de conocimientos y desarrollen habilidades en el uso de tecnología avanzada(AU)

Nowadays, life is experienced in a society in which knowledge is the main engine of development and economic growth. In order for a person to have the capacity to produce knowledge and learn permanently, it is necessary to have skills in the use of advanced technology, achieved through professional upgrading in order to apply them for the benefit of society as a whole. Professional upgrading makes it possible for professionals to be updated and updatable in advanced technologies that make it easier for them to remain competent and competitive in any of the scenarios. In that respect, the development of skills in the use of advanced technology means learning a unique language, incorporating new rules and using new experiences to learn how to interact effectively in this world. Health technology requires professionals with a broad and integrative profile, who, through professional upgrading, appropriate knowledge for themselves and develop skills in the use of advanced technology(AU)

Origen y evolución de la optometría y la óptica en Cuba y en el mundo / Origin and Evolution of Optometry and Optics in Cuba and in the World

Al revisar la historia de la optometría y la óptica se encuentra que ha tenido procesos de cambio y evolución, debido a la preocupación por la salud visual que ha venido deteriorándose al transcurrir de los años. Para mostrar dichos cambios se realizó una revisión teórica-histórica del origen y la evolución de la optometría y la óptica. Se tuvo en cuenta los datos que han sido de avance científico, tecnológico y humanístico, no solo en la antigüedad sino también en la actualidad, los cuales han servido para mejorar el desarrollo de nuestra actividad profesional y consecuentemente al mejoramiento del bienestar social. Fueron innumerables los hombres que enriquecieron nuestros conocimientos con sus aportes, por lo cual se ha necesitado de muchos siglos de lenta y progresiva evolución para llegar a ser lo que es hoy en día, una ciencia con todas las bases de la óptica, la anatomía y la fisiología de la visión la cual se rige por leyes que nos permiten un conocimiento más exacto de ella. El objetivo es valorar el proceso de origen y evolución de la optometría y la óptica en Cuba y el mundo(AU)

When reviewing the history of optometry and optics, it is found that it has undergone processes of change and evolution, due to the concern for visual health that has been deteriorating over the years. In order to show these changes, a theoretical-historical review of the origin and evolution of optometry and optics was carried out. We took into account the data that have been of scientific, technological and humanistic progress, not only in ancient times but also at present, which have served to improve the development of our professional activity and consequently to the improvement of social welfare. There were countless men who enriched our knowledge with their contributions, so it has taken many centuries of slow and progressive evolution to become what it is today, a science with all the bases of optics, anatomy and physiology of vision which is governed by laws that allow us a more accurate knowledge of it. The objective is to evaluate the process of origin and evolution of optometry and optics in Cuba and the world(AU)

Knowledge, attitude and perception of optometrists in Trinidad and Tobago towards teleoptometry.

Background: The limited accessibility of in-person optometry services during the coronavirus disease 2019 highlighted the need for teleoptometry but no data exists to substantiate the foregoing in Trinidad & Tobago (T&T). The study assessed the knowledge, attitude and perception (KAP) of optometrists toward teleoptometry in T&T. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized a convenient sampling technique to administer a structured, web-based survey to all registered optometrists in T&T between March and June 2021. Information on demographics and KAP of teleoptometry were collected. Descriptive statistics (mean, percentages, and standard deviations) were used to describe the characteristics of respondents. The mean scores for the main outcomes (KAP) were compared between the categorical groups of the demographic variables, using a one-way analysis of variance. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 116 registered optometrists in T&T, 63 responded to the survey (response rate, 54.3%), and were mostly women (44, 69.8%), aged 21-30 years (42, 66.7%), worked in urban regions (41, 65.1%), and half of them (32, 50.8%) had practiced optometry for five or more years. More than two-thirds of the optometrists (76.4%) reported that they had never provided teleoptometry services, and only a few (2, 3.2%) had training on teleoptometry. The percentage mean scores for knowledge were significantly lower than attitude (38.5 ± 17.9% vs 78.2 ± 29.9%; P = 0.002) and perception (46.2 ± 11.4%; P < 0.001) scores, all of which were significantly lower among self-employed than employed optometrists (P < 0.02, for all three variables). While men and non-professional computer users had higher mean scores for attitude than women (3.03 [95%CI: 2.14, 3.93] vs 2.31 [95%CI: 1.41, 3.21], P = 0.037) and professional users (3.15 [95%CI: 2.07, 4.24] vs 2.18 [95%CI: 1.12, 3.24], P = 0.001), knowledge and perception scores varied significantly with practitioners' years of experience (P = 0.042) and age (P = 0.041), respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that although there was limited knowledge of teleoptometry among the participants, particularly the self-employed and the less experienced optometrists, most of them had good attitudes and perceptions toward teleoptometry. To fill the identified knowledge gap, there is a need for teleoptometry training among optometrists in T&T.

Systematic review: SARS-COV-2 contagion prevention measures in vision health professionals.

The disease, which originated from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is primarily transmitted by direct contact with infected individuals. Visual healthcare professionals perform clinical practices that pose a significant risk of infection due to their proximity with patients during the examination. This systematic review aims to identify preventive measures that will aid in reducing the risk of infection during standard appointments between patients and visual health professionals. A systematic review was done for articles published in indexed journals from December 2019 to December 2020. The search for these articles was done in 3 electronic databases. As part of the search criteria, articles were selected if they had the keywords (SARS-CoV-2), (COVID-19), and coronavirus combined with ophthalmology, optometry, eye care, and the eye. Once duplicated and unrelated items were eliminated, 36 articles of interest were selected. Seven sections were described in detail: telephone screening, (COVID-19) triage, decreasing transmission within shared spaces, hand washing, use of personal protective equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), cleaning of diagnostic instruments, and use of telemedicine. This paper helps healthcare professionals to better understand the context of the "new normal" clinical practice. Visual health professionals and their patients must adhere to norms and use the indicated PPE during the consultation to safeguard each other.

Percepciones sobre el conocimiento de la detección temprana de la ambliopía de médicos generales y pediatras de Bucaramanga / Perceptions on knowledge about the early detection of amblyopia among general practitioners and pediatricians in Bucaramanga / Percepções sobre o conhecimento da detecção precoce de ambliopia de médicos gerais e pediatras de Bucaramanga

Introducción. La ambliopía es un desorden visual originado durante el desarrollo cortical considerándose la causa de ceguera prevenible más frecuente. El diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano han demostrado ser efectivos; sin embargo, su detección es tardía debido, en parte, a falta de conocimiento. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir las percepciones sobre el conocimiento de médicos generales y pediatras en Bucaramanga acerca de la detección temprana de la ambliopía. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo descriptivo de tipo exploratorio, utilizando como técnica entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 20 profesionales de la salud, para ello se usó el enfoque de Taylor y Bogdan. Resultados. Las entrevistas permitieron identificar dos categorías: falencias en el proceso de formación del pregrado y posgrado, y barreras de infraestructura para la realización de valoración visual; además de cuatro subcategorías entre las que se identifican conceptos erróneos sobre la ambliopía, falta de claridad sobre la edad oportuna para la realización de la valoración visual de primera vez, así como imaginarios errados relacionados con la valoración y remisión a servicios especializados de optometría y oftalmología. Discusión. El estudio permitió develar la falta de conocimientos de los profesionales de la salud y las distintas causas que contribuyen a esta problemática, así como la importancia del fortalecimiento de este tema en los currículos. Conclusión. Es necesario fortalecer el conocimiento de los médicos generales y pediatras con el fin de detectar precozmente los niños en riesgo de ambliopía y reducir la carga de la enfermedad. Cómo citar: Maldonado Rueda SJ, Marzal Guerra EE, Delgado-Serrano J, Cepeda-Bareño DF, Oviedo Cáceres MP. Percepciones sobre el conocimiento de la detección temprana de la ambliopía de médicos generales y pediatras de Bucaramanga. MedUNAB. 2020;23(1):62-71. doi:10.29375/01237047.3782

Introduction. Amblyopia is a visual disorder that arises during cortical development, and is considered the most frequent cause of preventable blindness. Early diagnosis and treatment have been demonstrated to be highly effective. However, it is often detected at a late stage, partly due to lack of knowledge. The purpose of this article is to describe the perceived knowledge of general practitioners and pediatricians in Bucaramanga on the early detection of amblyopia. Methodology. A descriptive, qualitative exploratory study was performed, by means of semistructured interviews of 20 healthcare professionals, using the approach suggested by Taylor and Bogdan. Results. The interview results found two types of issues: shortcomings in undergraduate and graduate training, lack of infrastructure to perform the visual assessment. It also detected four sub-categories, including incorrect concepts about amblyopia, lack of clarity about the right age to perform the first-time visual assessment, and erroneous beliefs about the assessment and referral to specialized optometry and ophthalmology services. Discussion. The study found gaps in knowledge by healthcare professionals as well as the different contributing factors to this problem, and indicates the importance of strengthening this subject in the curricula. Conclusion. It is necessary to strengthen knowledge among general practitioners and pediatricians to enable the early detection of children at risk of amblyopia and reduce the burden of this disease. Cómo citar: Maldonado Rueda SJ, Marzal Guerra EE, Delgado-Serrano J, Cepeda-Bareño DF, Oviedo Cáceres MP. Percepciones sobre el conocimiento de la detección temprana de la ambliopía de médicos generales y pediatras de Bucaramanga. MedUNAB. 2020;23(1):62-71. doi:10.29375/01237047.3782

Introdução. A ambliopia é um transtorno visual causado durante o desenvolvimento cortical, considerado a causa mais frequente de cegueira evitável. O diagnóstico e o tratamento precoce provaram ser eficazes; no entanto, sua detecção é tardia devido, em parte, à falta de conhecimento. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever as percepções sobre o conhecimento de médicos gerais e pediatras em Bucaramanga a respeito da detecção precoce da ambliopia. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, exploratório e qualitativo, utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas com 20 profissionais de saúde, fazendo uso da abordagem de Taylor e Bogdan. Resultados. As entrevistas permitiram identificar duas categorias, falhas no processo de formação dos graduandos e pósgraduandos, barreiras de infraestrutura para realizar avaliação visual e quatro subcategorias, entre as quais estão: conceitos errôneos sobre a ambliopia, falta de clareza sobre a idade apropriada para realizar a primeira avaliação visual, bem como uma valoração errônea relacionada com a avaliação e encaminhamento para serviços especializados de optometria e oftalmologia. Discussão. O estudo revelou o desconhecimento dos profissionais da saúde e as diferentes causas que contribuem para esse problema, bem como a importância de fortalecer essa questão nos currículos. Conclusão. É necessário ampliar o conhecimento dos médicos gerais e pediatras na detecção precoce das crianças em risco de ambliopia e reduzir a carga da doença. Cómo citar: Maldonado Rueda SJ, Marzal Guerra EE, Delgado-Serrano J, Cepeda-Bareño DF, Oviedo Cáceres MP. Percepciones sobre el conocimiento de la detección temprana de la ambliopía de médicos generales y pediatras de Bucaramanga. MedUNAB. 2020;23(1):62-71. doi:10.29375/01237047.3782

La queratometría como variable predictora de la ametropía: un estudio diagnóstico en la población escolarizada de 5 a 19 años de la ciudad de pereira

Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la curvatura corneal y los defectos de refracción en la población estudiantil de 5 a 19 años de la ciudad de Pereira en el año 2014. Materiales y métodos: el tipo de estudio es observacional correlacional descriptivo. Se indica el modelo de regresión lineal simple entre la queratometría y la retinoscopía. Se evaluó el error refractivo en 915 estudiantes de Pereira mediante retinoscopía estática y queratometría. Resultados: el valor cilíndrico obtenido para el ojo derecho (OD) oscila entre -0,12 y -5,50 dpt, mientras que para el ojo izquierdo (OI), el valor oscila entre -0,12 y -6,12 dpt. El 86,6% del meridiano eje (ME) del OD está entre 38,00 y 43,88 dpt, en tanto que el 87,2% del ME del OI se encuentra entre 32,00 y 43,88 dpt. La ametropía positiva para el OD está entre 0,25 y 8,00 dpt; para el OI en 0,25 y 7,50dpt. La ametropía negativa está en 6,00 para el OD y 6,50 dpt para el OI como valores máximos. En relación a la curvatura corneal y a las ametropías, el OD muestra una correlación de Pearson negativa, de -0,21 (p=0.0001). En el OI la correlación de Pearson también es negativa, de -0,20 (p=0.0001). Por lo tanto, la relación encontrada entre estas dos variables es tan solo del 5,1% y un 4,7% para OD y OI, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la relación entre la curvatura corneal y los errores de refracción según este modelo solo explica un porcentaje insignificante que no tiene importancia clínica, es del 4,9% en promedio del valor obtenido en el error refractivo en ambos ojos. Por ello, no es posible hacer una predicción de los errores refractivos con base en el radio de la curvatura corneal.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between corneal curvature and refractive errors in schooled population between the ages of 5 to 19 in the city of Pereira in 2014. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive correlational observational study, in which the simple linear regression model between keratometry and retinoscopy is indicated. Through static retinoscopy and keratometry, refractive error was evaluated in 915 students of Pereira. Results: The cylindrical value obtained for the RE (right eye) oscillates between -0.12 and -5.50 dpt and for the LI (left eye) -0.12 and -6.12 dpt, where 86.6% of the Axis (ME in Spanish) RE is between 38.00 and 43.88dpt, while 87.2% of Axis LE is between 32.00 and 43.88dpt. The positive ametropia for the RE is between 0.25 and 8.00dpt, for the LE 0.25 and 7.50dpt, the negative in RE 6.00 and OI 6.50dpt as maximum values. In relation to corneal curvature and ametropias, the RE shows a negative Pearson correlation of -0.21 (p = 0.0001). In the LE the Pearson correlation is also negative, of -0.20 (p = 0.0001). Therefore, the relationship found between these two variables is only 5.1% and 4.7% for RE and LE respectively. Conclusions: The relationship between corneal curvature and refractive errors according to this model only explains an insignificant percentage that does not have clinical importance, it is a 4.9% on average of the value obtained in the refractive error in both eyes, therefore, it does not allow a prediction of refractive errors based on the radius of corneal curvature.

Objetivo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a relação entre a curvatura da córnea e erros de refração na população estudantil de 5 a 19 anos de idade na cidade de Pereira em 2014. Materiais e Métodos. 0 tipo de estudo é descritivo correlacional observacional, no qual o modelo de regressão linear simples entre ceratometria e retinoscopia é indicado. Por meio de retinoscopia estática e ceratometria, o erro refrativo foi avaliado em 915 estudantes de Pereira. Resultados. O valor cilíndrico obtido para o OD (olho direito) é entre -0,12 e -5,50dpt e para o OI (olho esquerdo) e -0,12dpt e -6,12, onde 86,6% do Meridiano Eje (ME) OD está entre 38,00 e 43,88dpt, enquanto que 87,2% do ME 01 está entre 32,00 e 43,88dpt. A ametropia positiva para o OD está entre 0,25 e 8,00dpt, para o OI 0,25 e 7,50dpt, a ametropia negativa em OD 6,00 e OI 6,50dpt como valores máximos. Em relação à curvatura corneana e ametropias, o OD mostra uma correlação negativa de Pearson de -0,21 (p = 0,0001). No OI, a correlação de Pearson também é negativa, de -0,20 (p = 0,0001). Portanto, a relação encontrada entre essas duas variáveis é de apenas 5,1% e 4,7% para OD e OI, respectivamente. Conclusões. A relação entre a curvatura corneana e os erros refra-tivos de acordo com este modelo explica apenas uma percentagem insignificante de nenhuma importância clínica, é de 4,9%, em média, do valor obtido no erro refrativo em ambos os olhos, de modo que, não permite fazer uma previsão de erros refrativos com base no raio da curvatura corneana.

Asthenopic symptoms prevalence in undergraduate students / Prevalência de sintomas astenópicos em estudantes do ensino superior

Abstract Objective: To analyze the prevalence of asthenic symptoms in students of higher education and to assess their influence on academic performance and learning. Methods: Descriptive research with cross-sectional design through the application of the College of Optometrists Questionnaire in Vision Development Quality of Life (COVDL-QoL), in its cross-cultural and linguistic adaptation to the Portuguese language, to the students of a private college in the city of Montes Claros. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 132 university students. There was no significant discrepancy in the prevalence of asthenopia between genders and age. Symptoms of headache, poor memory and loss of objects predominated in women, while sleepiness during reading and poor management of time were predominant in males. Conclusion: A high prevalence rate of asthenic symptoms among university students and positive associations with sex and time of use of electronic equipment was identified.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de sintomas astenópicos em estudantes do ensino superior e avaliar a sua influência no desempenho acadêmico e no aprendizado. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva com delineamento transversal por meio da aplicação do Questionário College of Optometrists in Vision Development Quality of Life (COVDL-QoL), em sua adaptação transcultural e linguística para a língua portuguesa, aos alunos de uma faculdade particular da cidade de Montes Claros. Resultados: O questionário foi respondido por 132 universitários. Não houve discrepância significativa na prevalência de astenopia entre os sexos e a idade. Os sintomas de dor de cabeça, memória fraca e perda de objetos predominaram nas mulheres, enquanto a sonolência durante a leitura e o mau gerenciamento do tempo foram predominantes no sexo masculino. Conclusão: Foi identificada alta taxa de prevalência de sintomas astenópicos entre os universitários e associações positivas com sexo e tempo de utilização de equipamentos eletrônicos.

Effect of superior blepharoplasty on tear film: objective evaluation with the Keratograph 5M - a pilot study / Efeito da blefaroplastia superior no filme lacrimal - avaliação objetiva com ceratógrafo 5M - estudo piloto

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of superior blepharoplasty on the tear film using the corneal topographer Keratograph 5M. Methods: A prospective study was performed of 27 eyes of 14 patients with superior dermatochalasis who underwent superior blepharoplasty between May and June 2016. Conservative upper eyelid blepharoplasty was performed by an en bloc resection of anterior lamellar tissue that included skin, subcutaneous tissue, and the orbicularis oculi muscle. All the eyes were imaged using the noninvasive tear breakup time tools of the Keratograph 5M. The following parameters were recorded in each patient before and 6 weeks after surgery: first noninvasive Keratograph 5M tear breakup time (the time at which the first breakup of tears occurs) and average noninvasive Keratograph 5M tear breakup time (the average time of all breakup incidents). The exclusion criteria were ophthalmological pathology, previous eyelid surgery, use of eye drops, systemic pathology, and medication that interferes with lacrimal tears. Results: The mean age of the patients was 65.1 years (range, 51-84); 86% were female. Student's t-test was used to compare the values of first and average noninvasive Keratograph 5M tear breakup times before and after surgery. The values for first noninvasive Keratograph 5M tear breakup time evaluated before and after surgery were not significantly different (9.04 and 8.71, respectively; p=0.926). The values for average noninvasive Keratograph 5M tear breakup time evaluated before and after surgery were also not significantly different (13.01 seconds and 13.14 seconds, respectively; p=0.835). Conclusions: The results of this pilot study suggest that upper blepharoplasty does not affect tear breakup time according to the objective evaluation of breakup time with the Keratograph 5M.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito da blefaroplastia superior no filme lacrimal, utilizando o topógrafo de córnea Keratograph 5M. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo de 27 olhos de 14 pacientes com dermatocálase superior submetidos à blefaroplastia superior entre maio e junho de 2016. A blefaroplastia palpebral superior conservadora foi realizada por ressecção em bloco de tecido lamelar anterior que incluiu pele, tecido subcutâneo e músculo orbicular do olho. Todos os olhos foram fotografados usando as ferramentas não-invasivas de tempo de ruptura do lacrimal do Keratograph 5M. Os seguintes parâmetros foram registrados em cada paciente antes e 6 semanas após a cirurgia: primeiro tempo não-invasivo de ruptura lacrimal de Keratograph 5M (o tempo em que ocorre o primeiro rompimento dos rasgos) e média não-invasiva do tempo de ruptura lacrimal (tempo médio de todos os incidentes de ruptura). Os critérios de exclusão foram: patologia oftalmológica, cirurgia anterior das pálpebras, uso de colírio, patologia sistêmica e medicação que interfere na ruptura lacrimal. Resultados: A idade média de idade dos pacientes foi de 65,1 anos (variação entre 51-84); 86% eram do sexo feminino. O teste t de Student foi usado para comparar os valores não-invasivos do tempo de ruptura lacrimal do Keratograph 5M e do tempo de ruptura lacrimal não invasivo do mesmo antes e após a cirurgia. Os valores não-invasivos do tempo de ruptura lacrimal do Keratograph 5M avaliados antes e após a cirurgia não foram significativamente diferentes (9,04 e 8,71, respectivamente; p=0,926). Os valores do tempo médio de ruptura lacrimal do Keratograph 5M avaliados antes e após a cirurgia, também não foram significativamente diferentes (13,01 e 13,14 segundos, respectivamente; p=0,835). Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo piloto sugerem que a blefaroplastia superior não afeta o tempo de ruptura lacrimal de acordo com a avaliação objetiva do tempo de ruptura com o Keratograph 5M.

Roberto Muñoz Monroy, el hermano del Médico del Moncada / Roberto Muñoz Monroy, the Moncada´s Doctor

Roberto Muñoz Monroy, fue el hermano menor del Médico del Moncada, Mario Muñoz Monroy. Fue también, un destacado colombino, que además de optometrista, incursionó en la música, el teatro y trabajó en el rescate de la historia del territorio (AU).

Roberto Muñoz Monroy was the youngest brother of Mario Muñoz Monroy, the Moncada´s doctor. He also was a conspicuous citizen of Colon that besides being an optometrist, played music and theater, and worked in rescuing the territorial history (AU).

Roberto Muñoz Monroy, el hermano del Médico del Moncada / Roberto Muñoz Monroy, the Moncada´s Doctor

Roberto Muñoz Monroy, fue el hermano menor del Médico del Moncada, Mario Muñoz Monroy. Fue también, un destacado colombino, que además de optometrista, incursionó en la música, el teatro y trabajó en el rescate de la historia del territorio (AU).

Roberto Muñoz Monroy was the youngest brother of Mario Muñoz Monroy, the Moncada´s doctor. He also was a conspicuous citizen of Colon that besides being an optometrist, played music and theater, and worked in rescuing the territorial history (AU).

Insuficiencia de convergencia: opciones terapéuticas en dos féminas / Convergence inadequacy: therapeutic options in two women

Se presentan 2 casos clínicos de féminas de 49 y 25 años, que acudieron a la consulta de Optometría en la Facultad de Enfermería y Tecnología de la Salud "Dr. Juan Manuel Páez Inchausti" de Santiago de Cuba, por presentar marcado cansancio visual durante el trabajo prolongado e intolerancia a la nueva corrección óptica. Se efectuó una evaluación optométrica integral, que mostró en ambos casos una insuficiencia de convergencia. Por las características de las pacientes, se decidió indicar prisma inducido por descentración del centro óptico en la que presentaba presbicia, y continuar la adaptación de la nueva corrección óptica, además de ejercicios de convergencia, en la afectada más joven. Con estos procedimientos se eliminaron los síntomas en ellas.

Two case reports of 49 and 25 years women are presented that went to the Optometry Service of "Dr. Juan Manuel Páez Inchausti" Nursing and Health Technology Faculty in Santiago de Cuba, due to a marked visual fatigue during the lingering work and intolerance to the new optic correction. A comprehensive optometric evaluation was made that showed in both cases a convergence inadequacy. Due to the characteristics of the patients, it was decided to indicate prism induced by unfocused optic center in the one presenting presbyopia, and to continue the adaptation of the new optic correction, besides convergence exercises, in the younger affected patient. With these procedures the symptoms were eliminated in them.

Visual performance: validation of the inventory of visual efficiency in students / Desempenho visual: validação do inventário de eficiência visual em estudantes

Purpose: Translate and adapt the COVD-QoL questionnaire to Portuguese language and culture and assess the psychometric properties of the translated questionnaire. Methods: The questionnaire was adapted according to the methodology recommended by the literature. The final version of visual symptoms and quality of life questionnaire adapted to Portuguese (QSL-QOL) was applied in 130 volunteers, aged 18 to 30 years and 36 subjects completed the questionnaire at two different times. Results: The results showed good internal consistency for the full version with 30 items (α = 0.894) and for the short version with 19 items (0.858). The test re-test revealed an average of differences between the first and second evaluation of 0,917 points (SD = ± 4.813) which indicates a minimum bias between the two applications. Conclusions: The Portuguese version of COVD-QoL showed good psychometric properties and has been shown to be applicable to the Portuguese population, to evaluate visual discomfort associated with near vision in higher education students.

Objetivo:Traduzir e adaptar transculturalmente o questionário COVD-QoL para a língua portuguesa e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do questionário traduzido.Métodos:O questionário foi adaptado segundo a metodologia recomendada pela literatura. A versão final do questionário de sintomas e eficiência visual adaptado à língua portuguesa (IEV – Inventário de eficiência visual) foi aplicada em 130 indivíduos, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 30 anos e 36 sujeitos responderam ao questionário em dois momentos distintos.Resultados:Os resultados evidenciam uma boa consistência interna tanto para a versão completa, com 30 itens (α = 0,894) como para a versão curta, com 19 itens (0,858). O teste reteste revelou uma média de diferenças entre a primeira e a segunda avaliação de 0,917 pontos (SD=±4,813) o que indica um viés mínimo entre as duas administrações.Conclusão:O questionário traduzido, apresentou boas propriedades psicométricas e demonstrou ser aplicável à população portuguesa, para se avaliar a eficiência visual associada à visão de perto, em estudantes do ensino superior.

Formación de técnicos en optometría y óptica / Formation of technicians in optometry and optics

El servicio de Óptica y Optometría se incorporó a la Misión Barrio Adentro en el estado de Zulia en el mes de mayo de 2004, como iniciativa del Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro Ruz, con el objetivo de solucionar el problema de salud visual en aquellos pacientes que presentaban errores refractivos no corregidos que podían ser solucionados con el uso de lentes correctivos. Se le asignó como recurso humano a cada una de las 61 ópticas ubicadas en el estado 1 optometrista y 2 técnicos de Óptica, estos últimos en su mayoría, egresados de un curso intensivo de habilidades básicas en el manejo del taller de Óptica. Se realizó estudio descriptivo que deja memoria escrita del proceso llevado a cabo por la Misión Barrio Adentro en el Estado de Zulia, para la superación docente del personal de Óptica. Se obtuvo como resultado la formación de 89 técnicos básicos y 32 técnicos de nivel medio en optometría y óptica.

The optometric and optical service was included in Misión Barrio Adentro program implemented in Zulia state, Venezuela in May, 2004 at the initiative of Commander in Chief Fidel Castro Ruz. The objective was to solve the visual health problems of those patients suffering uncorrected refractive errors that may be eliminated through use of corrective lenses. One optometrist and 2 optical technicians were then appointed to work in each of the 61 optical centers located in the state; most of the technicians graduated from an intensive course of basic skill development in the handling of optical workshops. A descriptive study was conducted to leave written memories of this process and to help to the upgrading of the optical staff. The result was the formation of 89 basic technicians and 32 middle-level technicians in optometry and optics.

Interchangeability between Placido disc and Scheimpflug system: quantitative and qualitative analysis / Permutabilidade entre o disco de Plácido e o sistema Scheimpflug: análise quantitativa e qualitativa

PURPOSE: Many systems try to replace Placido disc-based topographers, such as those based in Scheimpflug principles. The purpose of this study is to check if they are interchangeable. METHODS: Quantitative analysis evaluated data obtained from EyeSys and Pentacam, i.e. simulated keratometric values, in addition to flattest and steepest keratometric values. Sixty-three maps from each device (EyeSys scale=0.5 D; Pentacam scale= 0.25 D) were used for the comparison. Qualitative analysis selected 10 EyeSys and 15 Pentacam topographies used in the quantitative evaluation. Aspheric, keratoconus suspects (KS) and established keratoconus corneas were included. Four groups (children [CH], non-physicians adults [AD], residents in ophthalmology [OP] and refractive surgeons [RS]) were asked to match the topographies belonging to the same eye. RESULTS: Analysis showed that the parameters are correlated; however they are not clinically similar. In the qualitative analysis, the percent of correct matches increased when KS was removed. CH group was statistically different from every group in these comparisons. When only KS was considered, CH vs. OP, CH vs. RS and AD vs. RS remained statistically different. AD vs. OP showed no relevant difference in any comparison. CONCLUSIONS: The systems are not fully interchangeable, yet they are correlated. Practitioners who are adapting to Pentacam should use the 0.25 D scale maps and transform formulas that use EyeSys parameters. Only with persistent training may the topographies be properly matched; KS corneas are more difficult to be correctly paired.

OBJETIVO: Muitos sistemas tentam substituir os topógrafos baseados no disco de Plácido, como aqueles baseados nos princípios de Scheimpflug. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar se eles são intercambiáveis. MÉTODOS: A análise quantitativa avaliou dados obtidos através do EyeSys e do Pentacam, os valores de ceratometria simulada, além dos menores e maiores valores ceratométricos observados. Sessenta e três mapas de cada dispositivo (escala do EyeSys=0,5D; escala do Pentacam=0,25D) foram utilizados na comparação. Para a análise qualitativa, foram selecionadas 10 topografias do Pentacam e 15 do EyeSys. Córneas asféricas, suspeitas de ceratocone (KS) e com diagnóstico de ceratocone foram incluídas. Quatro grupos (crianças [CH], os adultos não-médicos [AD], residentes em oftalmologia [OP] e cirurgiões refrativos [RS]) foram convidados a corresponder as topografias pertencentes ao mesmo olho. RESULTADOS: As análises mostraram que os parâmetros estão correlacionados, no entanto, não são clinicamente similares. Na análise qualitativa, o porcentual de acertos aumentou quando KS foram removidas. O grupo CH foi estatisticamente diferente de qualquer outro grupo, nestas comparações. Quando somente KS foram consideradas, CH vs. OP, CH vs. RS e AD vs. RS manteve-se estatisticamente diferente. AD vs. OP não mostrou nenhuma diferença relevante em qualquer comparação. CONCLUSÕES: Os sistemas não são totalmente intercambiáveis, porém são correlacionados. Os profissionais que estão se adaptando ao Pentacam devem utilizar os mapas de escala 0,25 D e transformar fórmulas que usem parâmetros do EyeSys. Somente com treinamento persistente as topografias podem ser devidamente relacionadas; córneas KS são mais difíceis de ser pareadas corretamente.

Tabelas para medir acuidade visual com escala logarítmica: porque usar e como construir / Logarithmic visual acuity charts: reasons to use and how to design it

A acuidade visual representa o inverso do ângulo visual, ou seja, da menor distância angular entre dois pontos que podem ser vistos como separados. Apesar de ser a medida da função visual mais comum na prática oftalmológica, é muitas vezes interpretada erroneamente, principalmente devido às inúmeras tabelas e diferentes sistemas de notações empregados na clínica. Este artigo revisa alguns conceitos sobre a quantificação da acuidade visual, suas principais notações e tabelas de medida, discutindo as vantagens do uso da escala logarítmica.

Visual acuity represents the visual angle or the smallest distance between two points that allows their discrimination as separated points. Although it is the most common clinical measurement of visual function, it is often misunderstood, especially due to the variety of charts and different notation systems employed for its quantification. This article reviews some concepts about visual acuity measurement, the main notation systems, type of charts and discuss the advantages of using logarithmic scales.

Alteraciones visuales y oculares en pruebas tamiz,Pereira, 2006-2007 / Visual and ocular disorders in screening tests, Pereira 2006-2007

El conocimiento del estado de salud visual y ocular de la población permite la creación de programas de intervención para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas. Objetivo: caracterizar la población de acuerdo con el estado visual y ocular, según atención en tamizajes visuales en Pereira, mediante evaluación de los registros individuales de prestación de servicios (RIPS) diligenciados entre 2006 y 2007para generar proyectos de investigación e intervención que beneficien a la población. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo–retrospectivo de los RIPS diligenciados entre 2006 y 2007 por una institución de educación superior en Pereira, donde se tomaron datos sin discriminación de género, ni edad de personas que fueran atendidos en jornadas de tamizajes visuales, se evaluaron la totalidad de registros, se realizó una base de datos en Excel, se filtró la informacióny se analizó en el programa Stata 9.0. Para esta investigación, considerada sin riesgo según la resolución 008430, se contó con el consentimiento institucional. Resultados: el 52,06 por ciento de la población está entre 3 años y 11 años, la edad media fue de 11años. La relación hombre: mujer de 1:1 aproximadamente. Las alteraciones del estado refractivo fueron las más frecuentes, con un 99 por ciento, la hipermetropía, con un 50,6 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento 48-53), seguida por el astigmatismo, la miopía y la emetropía. Conclusiones: la población atendida es joven, de procedencia urbana, sin diferencia entre los géneros. Los defectos refractivos son las principales causas de morbilidad visual.

The knowledge about the people’s visual and ocular conditions allows the creation of intervention programs to improve the people’s quality of life. Objective: characterize people according to its visual and ocular conditions, vision screening process in Pereira by evaluating the individual health care records (RIPS) processed between 2006 and 2007 to create research and intervention programs for the people’s benefits. Marterials and methods: descriptive retrospective study of the processed RIPS was done by an university in Pereira between 2006 and 2007. The gender and age were taken without taking into account differences at the moment of collecting data. All the data was taken and loaded in Excel and then they were analyzed in Stata 9.0. According to the 008430 resolution, this study doesn’t have risk. Its has an institutional permition. Results: 52,06 percent of the people is between 3 and 11 years old. The age average was 11 year sold. The relation between man and woman was about 1:1. The most frequent found disorders werere fractive disorders, that represents 99 percent, hyperopia was 50,6 percent (IC 95 percent 48-53), followed by astigmatism, myopia and emetropy. Conclusions: people assessed are young, from urban areas, there is no differences between genders. The refractive disorders are main causes of visual morbidity.

A ética médica e a evolução da oftalmologia / The medical ethics and the evolution of the ophthalmology

O crescimento científico trouxe grandes avanços à medicina, em particular à oftalmologia, como o surgimento das especialidades e supraespecialidades, ditadura de convênios médicos e agressividade do marketing dos laboratórios. Tudo isso contribuiu para que o profissional se afastasse da parte mais importante do ato médico: a relação médico-paciente. Neste artigo, faz-se reflexão sobre as principais mudanças na oftalmologia. Exemplificam-se às consequências desastrosas do exercício ilegal da medicina. Conclui-se pela necessidade de resgatar nossas raízes, aprender com nossa história e valorizar a nossa conversa com o paciente como o princípio do diagnóstico preciso e o tratamento eficaz.

Scientific growth brought upon numerous advances in medicine, especially to the ophthalmological area, as the appearance of specialties and subspecialtiestfre medical insurance companies’ dictatorship and the pharmaceutical industries aggressive marketing. These situations have contributed to lure the physician away from what was at first the most important part of the medical act: the doctor-patient relationship. In this paper, a reflection is made about theophthalmology’s main changes, and it points out the disastrous consequences that might come from illegal medicalpractice. It is concluded by the necessity of recovering our roots, learning from our history and enhancing our conversation with the patient as the principle of an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.