Impact of Real-Time Assessment of Pulse Oximetry on the 6-Min Walk Distance in Patients With Chronic Respiratory Disease.

BACKGROUND: Continuous monitoring of pulse oximetry (SpO2 ) is recommended during the 6-min walk test (6MWT) to ensure that the lowest SpO2 is recorded. In this case, severe exercise-induced desaturation (EID; SpO2 < 80%) triggers walking interruption by the examiner. Our main objective was to assess the impact of this approach on 6MWT distance in patients with chronic respiratory diseases and, second, to evaluate the safety of the test without interruption due to severe EID. METHODS: 6MWTs with continuous monitoring of SpO2 were prospectively performed in subjects with chronic respiratory disease. The participants were randomly allocated to walk with or without SpO2 real-time assessment. SpO2 visualization during the test execution was available only in the first group, and walking interruption was requested by the examiner if SpO2 < 80%. RESULTS: One hundred forty-five participants were included in each group (68.6% females, 62 [52-69] y old) without differences in demographic and resting lung function parameters between them. The main respiratory conditions were COPD (n = 101), asthma (n = 73), pulmonary hypertension (n = 47), and interstitial lung disease (n = 39). The walked distance was similar comparing groups (349.5 ± 117.5 m vs 351.2 ± 105.4 m). Twenty-five subjects presented with severe EID in the group with real-time SpO2 assessment, and 20 subjects had severe EID in the group without real-time assessment respectively (overall prevalence of 15.5%). The 23 participants who had their test interrupted by the examiner due to severe EID in the first group (2 subjects stopped by themselves due to excessive symptoms) walked a shorter distance compared to the 11 subjects with severe EID without test interruption in the second group (9 subjects stopped by themselves due to excessive symptoms): 240.6 ± 100.2 m versus 345.9 ± 73.4 m. No exercise-related serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Interruption driven by severe EID reduced the walked distance during the 6MWT. No serious adverse event, in turn, was observed in subjects with severe desaturation without real-time SpO2 assessment.

Finger photopletysmography detects early acute blood loss in compensated blood donors: a pilot study.

Objective.Diagnosis of incipient acute hypovolemia is challenging as vital signs are typically normal and patients remain asymptomatic at early stages. The early identification of this entity would affect patients' outcome if physicians were able to treat it precociously. Thus, the development of a noninvasive, continuous bedside monitoring tool to detect occult hypovolemia before patients become hemodynamically unstable is clinically relevant. We hypothesize that pulse oximeter's alternant (AC) and continuous (DC) components of the infrared light are sensitive to acute and small changes in patient's volemia. We aimed to test this hypothesis in a cohort of healthy blood donors as a model of slight hypovolemia.Approach.We planned to prospectively study blood donor volunteers removing 450 ml of blood in supine position. Noninvasive arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and finger pulse oximetry were recorded. Data was analyzed before donation, after donation and during blood auto-transfusion generated by the passive leg-rising (PLR) maneuver.Main results.Sixty-six volunteers (44% women) accomplished the protocol successfully. No clinical symptoms of hypovolemia, arterial hypotension (systolic pressure < 90 mmHg), brady-tachycardia (heart rate <60 and >100 beats-per-minute) or hypoxemia (SpO2< 90%) were observed during donation. The AC signal before donation (median 0.21 and interquartile range 0.17 a.u.) increased after donation [0.26(0.19) a.u;p< 0.001]. The DC signal before donation [94.05(3.63) a.u] increased after blood extraction [94.65(3.49) a.u;p< 0.001]. When the legs' blood was auto-transfused during the PLR, the AC [0.21(0.13) a.u.;p= 0.54] and the DC [94.25(3.94) a.u.;p= 0.19] returned to pre-donation levels.Significance.The AC and DC components of finger pulse oximetry changed during blood donation in asymptomatic volunteers. The continuous monitoring of these signals could be helpful in detecting occult acute hypovolemia. New pulse oximeters should be developed combining the AC/DC signals with a functional hemodynamic monitoring of fluid responsiveness to define which patient needs fluid administration.

Pulse oximetry as a dental pulp test: A scoping review to identify barriers hindering the use of oximeters in clinical practice.

Background and Objective: Although medical pulse oximeters are considered effective for endodontic diagnoses, the method remains uncommon in current dental practice. The aim of the present scoping review was to investigate clinical factors that exert a negative impact on the use of pulse oximeters in dental practice. Methods: This study followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and the protocol was prospectively registered in the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3GQCE). A comprehensive search of the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was performed in December 2022 for articles published in English or Spanish. All types of clinical studies were included, except comments, letters to the editor, and abstracts. Two independent investigators analyzed 45 full-text articles. Data extraction included general characteristics, oxygen saturation levels, and limiting factors/barriers to the use of oximeters as pulp testers. Results: The search of the databases yielded 1,300 records and 38 were included (quantitative data extraction was performed for 35 and three articles were systematic reviews). Publications were highest in number between 2016 and 2017, with an evident reduction occurring after 2021. The oxygen saturation level for sound/vital maxillary anterior teeth was 84.99% (overall mean). The main limiting factors/barriers were i) the difficulty in maintaining the two light-emitting diodes parallel during pulp tests, ii) infrared light diffraction by enamel/dentin/gingiva, and iii) the diversity of patient ages in studies. Conclusion: This scoping review encountered noteworthy findings associated with the impracticability of using medical pulse oximeters as dental pulp testers. The recent decrease in the frequency of published studies compared to approximately seven years ago may imply a negative trend in the use of the method.

Metahemoglobinemia congénita. Reporte de caso / Congenital Methemoglobinemia. A Case Report

Resumen La metahemoglobinemia ocasionalmente causa cianosis, particularmente cuando es congénita. Debido a sus vías enzimáticas deficientes y a la disminución de la capacidad de transporte de oxígeno, para los pacientes con metahemoglobinemia congénita es importante evitar la exposición a agentes oxidantes. A continuación, presentamos un paciente pediátrico con metahemoglobinemia congénita no diagnosticada preoperatoriamente que fue sometido a cateterismo con diagnóstico probable de hipertensión pulmonar bajo anestesia general. El paciente pediátrico era un niño de 10 años que presentaba una lectura de oximetría de pulso (SpO2) 92% antes de la inducción de la anestesia. La metahemoglobinemia se sospechó intraoperatoriamente por primera vez debido a un desajuste de la SpO2 de la oximetría de pulso digital y la SaO2 (saturación arterial de oxígeno), y luego se confirmó mediante múltiples longitudes de onda con la CO-oximetría. Se discuten la fisiopatología, etiología, manifestaciones clínicas, consideraciones anestésicas y opciones de tratamiento de la metahemoglobinemia.

Abstract Methemoglobinemia occasionally causes cyanosis particularly in congenital methemoglobinemia. Avoidance of exposure to oxidizing agents is important for patients with congenital methemoglobinemia because of their deficient enzymatic pathways and decreased oxygen-carrying capacity. Here, we present a pediatric patient with preoperatively undiagnosed congenital methemoglobinemia who underwent catheterization with probably diagnosis of pulmonar hypertension under general anesthesia. The pediatric patient was a 10-year-old who displayed a low pulse oximetry reading of 92% prior to induction of anesthesia. Methemoglobinemia was first suspected intraoperatively because of a mismatch of SpO2 of finger pulse oximetry and SaO2 of arterial blood, and was later confirmed by multiplewavelength CO-oximetry. The pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, anesthetic considerations, and treatment options of methemoglobinemia are discussed.

Prevalence of Critical Congenital Heart Disease Detected in the Pulse Oximetry Test in Asymptomatic Newborns, ≥35 Gestational Weeks, in a Maternity in Southern Brazil

Abstract Background Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are one of the most prevalent malformations, and the screening tests to identify critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) is the pulse oximetry test, with subsequent investigation and treatment. Objective To quantify positive pulse oximetry tests and verify the prevalence of CCHD detected by it in asymptomatic newborns, ≥35 gestational weeks, in a Brazilian maternity hospital. Methodology This is an observational, retrospective, quantitative, analytical and cross-sectional study, conducted from October 2020 to May 2022, in a maternity hospital in southern Brazil, through the collection of records of positive oximetry pulse tests, following the norms of screening CCHD test of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (SBP), after they were evaluated with echocardiography for confirmation or exclusion of CHD. Results A total of 5,667 newborns were evaluated in this study, according to the inclusion criteria; 0.17% (n = 10) had a positive pulse oximetry test. Regarding the results of the echocardiography of the neonates with a positive test, two were normal, seven were cases of patent foramen ovale (PFO), and one was a case (0,017%) with interatrial communication (IAC) diagnosis. In the same period, five neonates with CCHD were born, symptomatic, diagnosed by physical examination, and referred to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) before taking the neonatal cardiac screening (< 24 hours of life). Conclusion The prevalence of positive pulse oximetry tests was 0.17% and none CCHD was detected. Five cases of CCHD were born in this period, but they were diagnosed before the recommend time to perform the screening test.

Advancements in Home-Based Devices for Detecting Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Comprehensive Study.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a respiratory disorder characterized by frequent breathing pauses during sleep. The apnea-hypopnea index is a measure used to assess the severity of sleep apnea and the hourly rate of respiratory events. Despite numerous commercial devices available for apnea diagnosis and early detection, accessibility remains challenging for the general population, leading to lengthy wait times in sleep clinics. Consequently, research on monitoring and predicting OSA has surged. This comprehensive paper reviews devices, emphasizing distinctions among representative apnea devices and technologies for home detection of OSA. The collected articles are analyzed to present a clear discussion. Each article is evaluated according to diagnostic elements, the implemented automation level, and the derived level of evidence and quality rating. The findings indicate that the critical variables for monitoring sleep behavior include oxygen saturation (oximetry), body position, respiratory effort, and respiratory flow. Also, the prevalent trend is the development of level IV devices, measuring one or two signals and supported by prediction software. Noteworthy methods showcasing optimal results involve neural networks, deep learning, and regression modeling, achieving an accuracy of approximately 99%.

Oximetria de pulso neonatal: capacitação de profissionais e estudantes da saúde no formato remoto e presencial / Neonatal pulse oximetry: training healthcare professionals and students in remote and on-site format / Pulsioximetría neonatal: formación de profesionales y estudiantes de la salud a distancia y presencial

Introdução:A oximetria de pulso neonatal compõe o Programa Nacional de Triagem Neonatal do Brasil desde 2014. Entretanto, existem poucos registros de sua efetiva implementação na rotina de cuidados materno-infantis no país.Objetivo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a experiência em ações de educação em saúde a profissionais e estudantes da área da saúde e à população em geral, em temas relacionados ao Teste do Coraçãozinho.Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, executado entre julho de 2019 a julho de 2021, antes e durante a pandemia de Covid-19, por discentes vinculados ao projeto de extensão de serviço universitário de referência do Rio Grande do Norte. O público-alvo das capacitações foram estudantes e profissionais do curso de Medicina, Enfermagem e Técnico de Enfermagem dos municípios de Natal, Macaíba, Santa Cruz, Currais Novos, Mossoró e Caicó, do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Foi realizada uma capacitação no formato presencial antes da pandemia causada pela COVID-19 ou no formato remoto como adaptação das atividades durante o período pandêmico. A metodologia dos treinamentos foi composta por um formulário de pré e pós teste visando avaliar a eficácia das capacitações, somado a fundamentação teórica, simulações teórico-práticas e discussão de casos clínicos. Além disso, foram promovidas ações educativas destinadas à população geral. Resultados:As capacitações ministradas a profissionais e estudantes da área da saúde totalizaram 1212 participantes. Os eventos direcionados ao meio externo, como transmissões ao vivo e conteúdos audiovisuais em redes sociais, atingiram 12.931 pessoas. O fomento à produção científica envolveu a elaboração de 95 trabalhos aprovados em congressos regionais, nacionais e internacionais, bem como a organização de um congresso internacional nas áreas de Pediatria e Cardiologia, contabilizando 29.007 inscritos.Conclusões:Evidenciou-se a importância de intervenções para melhoria da linha de cuidado à criança cardiopata (AU).

Introduction:Neonatal pulse oximetry has been part of the National Newborn Screening Program in Brazil since 2014. However, there are few reports of its effective implementation in routine maternal and child care in the country. Objective: This study reports on the experience of providing health education to health professionals, students and the general population on topics related to neonatal pulse oximetry.Methodology: This is a descriptive study, experience report type, carried out between July 2019 and July 2021,before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, by students linked to the extension project of a reference university service in Rio Grande do Norte. The target audience of the training were students and professionals from the Medicine, Nursing and Nursing Technician course in the municipalities of Natal, Macaíba, Santa Cruz, Currais Novos, Mossoró and Caicó, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Training was carried out in person before the COVID-19 pandemic or remotely as an adaptation of activities during the pandemic period. The training methodology consisted of a pre-and post-test form aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the training, in addition to theoretical foundations, theoretical-practical simulations and discussion of clinical cases. In addition, educational activities were promoted for the general population.Results:Training given to health professionals and students totaled 1212 participants. Events directed to the external environment, such as live broadcasts and audiovisual content on socialnetworks, reached 12,931 people. Promotion of scientific production involved the preparation of 95 papers approved in regional, national, and international congresses, as well as the organization of an international congress in the areas of Pediatrics andCardiology, with 29,007 registered participants. Conclusions: The importance of interventions to improve the line of care for children with heart disease was evidenced (AU).

Introducción: La oximetría de pulso neonatal forma parte del Programa Nacional de Tamizaje Neonatal en Brasil desde 2014. Sin embargo, existen pocos registros de su implementación efectiva en la atención materno-infantil de rutina en el país. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue relatar la experiencia en acciones de educación en salud para profesionales y estudiantes del área de la salud y la población en general, sobre temas relacionados con El Test del Corazoncito. Metodología:Se trata de un estudiodescriptivo, del tipo relato de experiencia, realizado entre julio de 2019 y julio de 2021, antes y durante la pandemia de la Covid-19, por estudiantes vinculados al proyecto de extensión de un servicio universitario de referencia en Rio Grande Norte. El público objetivo de la capacitación fueron estudiantes y profesionales de la carrera de Medicina, Enfermería y Técnico en Enfermería de los municipios de Natal, Macaíba, Santa Cruz, Currais Novos, Mossoró y Caicó, en el estado de Rio Grande do Norte. La formación se realizó en formato presencial antes de la pandemia causada por el COVID-19 o a distancia como adaptación de las actividades durante el periodo de pandemia. La metodología de capacitación consistió en un formulario de pre y post test dirigido a evaluar la efectividad de la capacitación, además de fundamentos teóricos, simulacros teórico-prácticos y discusión de casos clínicos. Además, se promovieron actividades educativas para la población en general. Resultados:La formación impartida a profesionales y estudiantes de la salud totalizó 1212 participantes. Los eventos dirigidos al entorno externo, como retransmisiones en directo y contenidos audiovisuales en redes sociales, llegaron a 12.931 personas. El fomento de la producción científica implicó la elaboración de 95 trabajos aprobados en congresos regionales, nacionales e internacionales, así como la organización de un congreso internacional en las áreas de Pediatría y Cardiología, con 29.007 inscritos. Conclusiones:Se destacó la importancia de las intervenciones para mejorar la línea de atención a los niños con cardiopatías (AU).

[ROX index to predict failure with low flow devices in COVID-19]. / Índice ROX para predecir falla con dispositivos de bajo flujo en COVID-19.

Background: The ROX index (iROX) obtained from pulse oximetry saturation/inspired fraction of oxygen and respiratory rate, predicts success with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), however its performance for low-flow oxygenation devices (DOBF) is unknown. Objective: To determine suitability of iROX at 12 hours as a predictor of mechanical ventilation (VMI) in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 and DOBF. Material and methods: An historical cohort was performed. Adults with COVID-19, hospitalized, with supplemental oxygen supply are included, excluding patients with pathologies in chronic stages that could alter the results, calculating the iROX at 12 hours, obtaining the cut-off point using a ROC curve and Youden index, the risk of VMI is prolonged using relative risk (RR), with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Confounding variables were evaluated to determine the performance of the iROX. The dependent variable mechanical ventilation recorded as reported in the file and the independent iROX obtained in the same way as the previous one. Results: 63 patients with a median age of 62 years were included. The best iROX cut-off point at 12 hours was 5.35. With this cut-off point, VMI was associated with a RR of 8.75 (95% CI 2.36-32.35). In the multivariate model with an OR of 9.26; (95% CI, 2.39 - 35.78), after initiation of DOBF was consistently associated with an increased risk of intubation. Conclusion: In hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, an iROX < 5.35 at 12 hours appears to be a predictor for the onset of VMI.

Introducción: el índice ROX (iROX) obtenido a partir de la saturación por oximetría de pulso/fracción inspirada de oxígeno y frecuencia respiratoria, pronostica el éxito con cánulas nasales de alto flujo (CNAF), pero se desconoce su desempeño para dispositivos de oxigenación de bajo flujo (DOBF). Objetivo: determinar el punto de corte y el desempeño del iROX a las 12 horas como predictor para el inicio de la ventilación mecánica (VMI) en los pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 grave y DOBF. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio tipo cohorte histórica, en el que se incluyeron pacientes adultos con COVID-19, hospitalizados, con aporte de oxígeno suplementario. Se excluyeron los pacientes con patologías en etapas crónicas que pudieran alterar los resultados, calculando el iROX a las 12 horas y obteniendo el punto de corte mediante una curva ROC e índice de Youden, determinando el riesgo de VMI usando riesgo relativo (RR), con intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%). Evaluando otras variables confusoras para conocer el desempeño del iROX. La variable dependiente fue ventilación mecánica, obtenida por lo reportado en el expediente y la independiente el iROX, obtenida igual que la anterior. Resultados: se incluyeron 63 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 62 años. El mejor punto de corte del iROX a las 12 horas fue de 5.35. Con este punto de corte se asoció a VMI con un RR de 8.75 (IC95%: 2.36-32.35). En el modelo multivariado con un OR de 9.26; (IC95%: 2.39-35.78), después del inicio del DOBF se asoció consistentemente con un mayor riesgo de intubación. Conclusión: en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 grave, un iROX < 5.35 a las 12 horas es un predictor para el inicio de la VMI.

Arterial oxygen saturation in healthy Mexican full-term newborns at different altitudes above sea level.

BACKGROUND: Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) values are used to make clinical decisions that might change a patient's prognosis, and it has been proposed as the fifth vital sign. This study aimed to determine the variation of SaO2 at different altitudes above sea level (ASL) in healthy Mexican full-term newborns. METHODS: From July 2018 to June 2019, a cross-over study was conducted in six hospitals at different altitudes ASL in Mexico. SaO2 was measured in 4015 newborns after the first 24 h of birth and before leaving the hospital using pulse oximetry. We analyzed three groups: < 250 m ASL (group 1), 1500 m ASL (group 2), and 2250 m ASL (group 3). RESULTS: The mean SaO2 was 97.6 ± 1.8%. For group 1, mean oxygen saturation was 98.2 ± 1.9%; for group 2, 96.7 ± 1.9%, and for group 3, 96.0 ± 2.1%. A statistically significant difference was observed among the groups (p < 0.001), and this difference was higher between groups 1 and 2 (1.5%, p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed a decrease in oxygen saturation of 1.01% for every 1000 m ASL. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in SaO2 levels at higher altitudes. This observation can be relevant for clinical decision-making based on pulse oximetry such as critical congenital heart disease screening in Mexico, where more than half of the population lives above 1500 m ASL.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los valores de SaO2 (saturación de oxígeno) se utilizan para la toma de decisiones clínicas que podrían cambiar el pronóstico del paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la variación de la SaO2 en recién nacidos mexicanos a término sanos a diferentes altitudes en México. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en seis hospitales situados a diferentes altitudes en México. Se determinó la SaO2 usando oximetría de pulso en 4015 recién nacidos después de las primeras 24 horas de vida, pero antes del egreso del hospital de nacimiento. Se formaron tres grupos para el análisis: grupo 1 con altitud < 250 m sobre el nivel del mar (SNM); grupo 2, altitud de 1500 m SNM y grupo 3, altitud de 2250 m SNM. RESULTADOS: El promedio de la SaO2 fue de 97.6 ± 1.8%. Para el grupo 1, la media fue 98.2 ± 1.9%, para el 2, 96.7 ± 1.9% y para el 3, 96.0 ± 2.1%. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos (p < 0.001), que fue mayor entre los grupos 1 y 2 (1.5%, p < 0.001). El análisis de regresión lineal mostró una reducción de 1.01% en la SaO2 por cada 1000 m SNM. CONCLUSIONES: Se demostró una disminución estadísticamente significativa de los valores de SaO2 conforme aumenta la altitud. Esto puede ser de particular relevancia en la toma de decisions clínicas basadas en la oximetría de pulso, como el tamiz neonatal cardiaco, sobre todo en México donde mas de la mitad de la población vive a una altitud superior a 1500 m SNM.

Arterial oxygen saturation in healthy Mexican full-term newborns at different altitudes above sea level / Saturación arterial de oxígeno en recien nacidos mexicanos a término sanos a diferentes altitudes sobre el nivel del mar

Abstract Background: Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) values are used to make clinical decisions that might change a patient's prognosis, and it has been proposed as the fifth vital sign. This study aimed to determine the variation of SaO2 at different altitudes above sea level (ASL) in healthy Mexican full-term newborns. Methods: From July 2018 to June 2019, a cross-over study was conducted in six hospitals at different altitudes ASL in Mexico. SaO2 was measured in 4015 newborns after the first 24 h of birth and before leaving the hospital using pulse oximetry. We analyzed three groups: < 250 m ASL (group 1), 1500 m ASL (group 2), and 2250 m ASL (group 3). Results: The mean SaO2 was 97.6 ± 1.8%. For group 1, mean oxygen saturation was 98.2 ± 1.9%; for group 2, 96.7 ± 1.9%, and for group 3, 96.0 ± 2.1%. A statistically significant difference was observed among the groups (p < 0.001), and this difference was higher between groups 1 and 2 (1.5%, p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed a decrease in oxygen saturation of 1.01% for every 1000 m ASL. Conclusions: We demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in SaO2 levels at higher altitudes. This observation can be relevant for clinical decision-making based on pulse oximetry such as critical congenital heart disease screening in Mexico, where more than half of the population lives above 1500 m ASL.

Resumen Introducción: Los valores de SaO2 (saturación de oxígeno) se utilizan para la toma de decisiones clínicas que podrían cambiar el pronóstico del paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la variación de la SaO2 en recién nacidos mexicanos a término sanos a diferentes altitudes en México. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en seis hospitales situados a diferentes altitudes en México. Se determinó la SaO2 usando oximetría de pulso en 4015 recién nacidos después de las primeras 24 horas de vida, pero antes del egreso del hospital de nacimiento. Se formaron tres grupos para el análisis: grupo 1 con altitud < 250 m sobre el nivel del mar (SNM); grupo 2, altitud de 1500 m SNM y grupo 3, altitud de 2250 m SNM. Resultados: El promedio de la SaO2 fue de 97.6 ± 1.8%. Para el grupo 1, la media fue 98.2 ± 1.9%, para el 2, 96.7 ± 1.9% y para el 3, 96.0 ± 2.1%. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos (p < 0.001), que fue mayor entre los grupos 1 y 2 (1.5%, p < 0.001). El análisis de regresión lineal mostró una reducción de 1.01% en la SaO2 por cada 1000 m SNM. Conclusiones: Se demostró una disminución estadísticamente significativa de los valores de SaO2 conforme aumenta la altitud. Esto puede ser de particular relevancia en la toma de decisions clínicas basadas en la oximetría de pulso, como el tamiz neonatal cardiaco, sobre todo en México donde mas de la mitad de la población vive a una altitud superior a 1500 m SNM.

Sensibilidad y especificidad de la oximetría de pulso para detectarcardiopatías congénitas en recién nacidos / Sensitivity and specificity of pulse oximetry to detect congenital heart disease in newborns

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la oximetría de pulso, para detectar cardiopatías congénitas en recién nacidos sanos en alojamiento conjunto. Material y métodos: El estudio es de tipo multicéntrico, prospectivo y transversal, evaluando pacientes del Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad "Bicentenario 2010" y el Hospital General "Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata", en ciudad Victoria Tamaulipas, en un periodo que comprendió desde marzo del 2015 a marzo de 2017. Se determinó la oximetría de pulso a recién nacidos sanos antes del egreso hospitalario. Resultados: Se estudiaron 511 recién nacidos. La sensibilidad detectada fue del 88.89 % y una especificidad del 99.80%. Conclusión: Las cardiopatías congénitas en recién nacidos sanos en alojamiento conjunto, se pueden determinar mediante la oximetría de pulso pre y post-ductal.

Abstract Objective: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of pulse oximetry to detect congenital heart disease in healthy newborns in rooming-in. Material and methods: The study is multicenter, prospective and cross-sectional, evaluating patients from the Regional Hospital of High Specialty "Bicentenario 2010" and the General Hospital "Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata", in the city of Victoria Tamaulipas, in a period from march 2015 to March 2017. Pulse oximetry was determined in healthy newborns before hospital discharge. Results: 511 newborns were studied. The sensitivity detected was 88.89% and a specificity of 99.80%. Conclusion: Congenital heart disease in healthy newborns in rooming-in can be determined by pre- and post-ductal pulse oximetry.

Oximetry at admission as a predictor of tomographic and functional impairment after 3-6 months in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate characteristics that may be associated with radiologic and functional findings following discharge in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: This single-center, prospective, observational cohort study comprised patients aged >18 years who were hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia, between May and October 2020. After 3 to 6 months of discharge, patients were clinically evaluated and underwent spirometry, a 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and chest computed tomography (CT). Statistical analysis was performed using association and correlation tests. RESULTS: A total of 134 patients were included (25/114 [22%] were admitted with severe hypoxemia). On the follow-up chest CT, 29/92 (32%) had no abnormalities, regardless of the severity of the initial involvement, and the mean 6MWT distance was 447 m. Patients with desaturation on admission had an increased risk of remaining CT abnormalities: patients with SpO2 between 88 and 92% had a 4.0-fold risk, and those with SpO2 < 88% had a 6.2-fold risk. The group with SpO2 < 88% also walked shorter distances than patients with SpO2 between 88 and 92%. CONCLUSION: Initial hypoxemia was found to be a good predictor of persistent radiological abnormalities in follow-up and was associated with low performance in 6MWT.

Trends in Delayed Diagnosis of Critical Congenital Heart Defects in an Era of Enhanced Screening, 2004-2018.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in delayed diagnosis of critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) with prenatal and postnatal screening advances. STUDY DESIGN: We evaluated a retrospective cohort of live births with CCHD delivered between 2004 and 2018 from a statewide, population-based birth defects surveillance system in Massachusetts. Demographic information were obtained from vital records. We estimated timely (prenatal or birth/transfer hospital) and delayed diagnosis (after discharge) proportions by year and time periods coinciding with the transition to mandatory pulse oximetry in 2015. RESULTS: We identified 1524 eligible CCHD cases among 1 087 027 live births. By 2018, 92% of cases received a timely diagnosis, most prenatally. From 2004 to 2018, prenatal diagnosis increased from 46% to 76% of cases, while hospital diagnosis decreased from 38% to 17%, and delayed diagnosis declined from 16% to 7%. These trends were consistent across all characteristics evaluated. Among cases without a prenatal diagnosis, the proportion with delayed diagnosis did not change over time, even after implementation of mandatory pulse oximetry screening. Prenatal detection increased the most among severe cases (treated or died in first month of life). Well-appearing newborns without prenatal diagnosis made up 79% of delayed diagnosis cases by 2015-2018. Delayed diagnosis was most common for coarctation. CONCLUSIONS: While prenatal diagnosis of CCHD increased dramatically, there was no reduction in delayed diagnosis among postnatally diagnosed infants, even after pulse oximetry screening became mandatory. Pulse oximetry may not reduce delayed diagnosis in settings with high prenatal detection, and other strategies are needed to ensure timely diagnosis of well-appearing newborns.

Oximetría de pulso y toma de decisión

Introducción: La enfermad producida por el COVID-19 constituye un problema sanitario mundial. La identificación precoz de las manifestaciones clínicas y del compromiso respiratorio resulta vital para minimizar las complicaciones de la enfermedad; en este sentido, la utilización del oxímetro de pulso constituye una alternativa interesante. Objetivo: Describir las ventajas aportadas por la utilización del oxímetro de pulso en la toma de decisión de pacientes para acudir oportunamente a solicitar atención médica. Métodos: Investigación básica, diseño descriptivo y retrospectivo. Universo constituido por 348 pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 y la muestra por 184 casos. Se determinó frecuencia de complicaciones e influencia del uso de oxímetro de pulso en la toma de decisiones. Se utilizó prueba no paramétrica de Odd Ratio y Fisher exacta para identificar rango de ocurrencia. Resultados: promedio de edad de 54,47 años con predominio de pacientes femeninas (60,33 %) y con comorbilidades asociadas (66,85 %). El 25,00 % de los pacientes presentó afectación respiratoria como complicación de la OVID-19. El 47,83 % de los pacientes con complicaciones uso oxímetro de pulso, aunque solo el 27,27 % acudió tempranamente a consulta, pero si en el 90,91 % la decisión de asistir a servicio de urgencia estuvo influenciada por el uso del oxímetro de punto y sus resultados. Conclusiones: La oximetría de pulso ayudó a los pacientes a tomar la decisión de acudir en busca de atención médica. Puede considerarse el monitoreo de la saturación de oxígeno como una acción positiva en torno a la sospecha clínica de afección respiratoria severa.

Introduction: The disease caused by COVID-19 constitutes a global health problem. The early identification of clinical manifestations and respiratory compromise is vital to minimize the complications of the disease; in this sense, the use of the pulse oximeter constitutes an interesting alternative. Objective: To describe the advantages provided by the use of the pulse oximeter in the decision-making of patients to go in a timely manner to request medical attention. Methods: Basic research, descriptive and retrospective design. Universe made up of 348 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and the sample of 184 cases. The frequency of complications and the influence of the use of pulse oximeter in decision making were determined. Non-parametric Odd Ratio and Fisher's exact tests were used to identify the range of occurrence. Results: average age of 54.47 years with a predominance of female patients (60.33 %) and with associated comorbidities (66.85 %). 25.00 % of the patients presented respiratory involvement as a complication of OVID-19. 47.83 % of the patients with complications used a pulse oximeter, although only 27.27 % attended the consultation early, but in 90.91 % the decision to attend the emergency service was influenced by the use of the oximeter point and its results. Conclusions: Pulse oximetry helped patients make the decision to seek medical attention. Oxygen saturation monitoring can be considered as a positive action around the clinical suspicion of severe respiratory disease.

An Igor Pro 8.01 Procedure to Analyze Pulse Oximetry during Acute Hypoxia Test in Aircrews.

The recognition of hypoxia symptoms is a critical part of physiological training in military aviation. Acute exposure protocols have been designed in hypobaric chambers to train aircrews to recognize hypoxia and quickly take corrective actions. The goal of the acute hypoxia test is to know the time of useful consciousness and the minimal arterial oxygen saturation tolerated. Currently, there is no computer system specifically designed to analyze the physiological variables obtained during the test. This paper reports the development and analytical capabilities of a computational tool specially designed for these purposes. The procedure was designed using the Igor Pro 8.01 language, which processes oxygen saturation and heart rate signals. To accomplish this, three functional boards are displayed. The first allows the loading and processing of the data. The second generates graphs that allow for a rapid visual examination to determine the validity of individual records and calculate slopes on selected segments of the recorded signal. Finally, the third can apply filters to generate data groups for analysis. In addition, this tool makes it possible to propose new study variables that are derived from the raw signals and can be applied simultaneously to large data sets. The program can generate graphs accompanied by basic statistical parameters and heat maps that facilitate data visualization. Moreover, there is a possibility of adding other signals during the test, such as the oxygenation level in vital organs, electrocardiogram, or electroencephalogram, which illustrates the test's excellent potential for application in aerospace medicine and for helping us develop a better understanding of complex physiological phenomena.

Análise de custo-efetividade do teste de oximetria de pulso na triagem de cardiopatias congênitas / Cost-effectiveness analysis of the pulse oximetry test in screening for congenital heart diseases

Resumo: Introdução: Trata-se de uma tese desenvolvida na Pós-graduação em Enfermagem, na Linha de Pesquisa de Políticas e Práticas de Saúde, Educação e Enfermagem, de maneira a agregar valor à atividade de monitoramento de recém-nascidos, abrangendo a esfera mundial. Seu caráter inovador e sua relevância são fortes, considerando haver cenários de não realização da Triagem de Oximetria de Pulso (TOP) ou de desenvolvimento de técnica incorreta, de maneira que poderá favorecer a ampliação de sua aplicabilidade. Aponta-se que as Cardiopatias Congênitas (CC) são as anomalias de maior incidência nos recém-nascidos, com impacto na Mortalidade Infantil. Seu diagnóstico precoce está relacionado aos melhores desfechos e à sustentabilidade do sistema de saúde. O TOP comprova a importância do impacto social do diagnóstico para a real prevenção dos desfechos mórbidos, das mortes, e dos custos em saúde. Objetivos: Determinar a acurácia do TOP para triagem de CC nas primeiras 48 horas de vida, conforme especificidade e sensibilidade; e, desenvolver análise de custo-efetividade do TOP para triagem de CC. Método: Realizada revisão sistemática de acurácia de teste diagnóstico conforme as recomendações do Jonna Briggs Institute. O protocolo está registrado na plataforma PROSPERO - CRD42021256286 - e, publicado em periódico. Foram selecionados estudos com recém-nascidos sem o diagnóstico prévio de CC, independentemente da idade gestacional ao nascimento, que realizaram o TOP entre as primeiras 48h após o nascimento, em comparação ao exame físico realizado por profissional da saúde, ou estudos que não apresentaram comparadores e sim o diagnóstico de interesse, as CC. Para a seleção dos estudos utilizaram-se bases de dados e a literatura cinzenta. A Análise de Custo-Efetividade foi realizada conforme diretriz do Ministério da Saúde e, sob a perspectiva do SUS - Sistema Único de Saúde. Os dados de custo aplicados foram os disponibilizados em bases de dados nacionais. O modelo foi de Árvore de Decisão, com horizonte temporal de um ano, considerando quatro intervenções: 1) sem o TOP; 2) TOP sem reteste; 3) TOP com 1 reteste e 4) TOP com 2 reteste. Resultados: Na Revisão Sistemática foram incluídos 29 estudos, obtendo-se população total de 388.491 recém-nascidos. O TOP demonstrou sensibilidade de 47% (IC 95%: 43% a 50%) e, especificidade de 98% (IC 95%: 98% a 98%). Em estudos que apresentavam retestes e que incluíram recém-nascidos prematuros foram realizadas análises dos subgrupos, conforme o tempo de nascimento para realização do teste entre 24-48h. Na análise de custo-efetividade evidenciou-se que não realizar o TOP culminou com a estratégia de custo mais elevado, de R$ 85,41 por paciente. Os recém-nascidos triados com TOP + dois retestes possuem uma redução de custo entre R$ 0,21 a R$ 38,78 por paciente, conforme o protocolo aplicado. Conclusão: Para o diagnóstico precoce de CC, o TOP se configura como um teste de moderada sensibilidade, alta especificidade e custo-efetivo. Apresenta relação com o diagnóstico precoce, e contribui com a referência oportuna para atenção em serviço de saúde especializado e de qualidade, desde que na esfera de gestão estejam estabelecidos os acessos. Esta pesquisa é replicável considerando o rigor metodológico, assim como seu desenvolvimento e apresentação.

Abstract: Introduction: This is a thesis developed in the Graduate Program in Nursing, in the Research Line of Health, Education and Nursing Policies and Practices, in order to add value to the activity of monitoring newborns, covering the sphere worldwide. Its innovative character is high, as well as its relevance, considering that there are scenarios of non-performance of Pulse Oximetry Screening (POS), or of development of an incorrect technique, thus favoring the expansion of its applicability. It is pointed out that Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) are the anomalies with the highest incidence in newborns, with an impact on Infant Mortality. Its early diagnosis is related to better outcomes and sustainability of the health system. The POS proves the importance of the social impact of the diagnosis, for the real prevention of morbid outcomes, deaths, and health costs. Objectives: To determine the accuracy of the POS for CHD screening in the first 48 hours of life, according to specificity and sensitivity; and, develop a costeffectiveness analysis of the POS for CHD screening. Method: A systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy was carried out according to the Jonna Briggs Institute recommendations. The protocol is registered on the PROSPERO platform - CRD42021256286 - and published in a journal. Selected studies with newborns without a previous diagnosis of CHD, regardless of gestational age at birth, that performed the POS within the first 48 hours after birth, compared to the physical examination performed by a health professional or studies that did not present comparators, and the diagnosis of interest was CHD. For the selection of studies, databases and gray literature were used. The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis was carried out according to the guidelines of the Ministry of Health and from the perspective of the UHS - Unified Health System. The cost data applied were those available in national databases. The model was a Decision Tree, with a time horizon of one year, considering four interventions: 1) without the POS; 2) POS without retest; 3) POS with 1 retest and 4) POS with 2 retests. Results: The Systematic Review included 29 studies, resulting in a total population of 388,491 newborns. The POS showed a sensitivity of 47% (CI 95%: 43% to 50%) and specificity of 98% (CI 95%: 98% to 98%). In studies that presented retests and that included premature newborns, subgroup analyzes were performed, according to the time of birth for the test to be performed between 24-48 hours. In the cost-effectiveness analysis, it was shown that not performing the POS resulted in the highest cost strategy, R$ 85.41 per patient. Newborns screened with TOP + two retests have a cost reduction of between R$ 0.21 and R$ 38.78 per patient, depending on the protocol applied. Conclusion: For the early diagnosis of CHD, the POS is configured as a test of moderate sensitivity, high specificity and cost-effective. It is related to early diagnosis, and contributes to the timely referral for care in specialized and quality health services, as long as the accesses are established in the management sphere. This research is replicable considering the clarity of its development and presentation.

Proposal of a diagnostic algorithm based on the use of pulse oximetry in obstructive sleep apnea.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to assess the cut-off values for oxygen desaturation index ≥ 3% (ODI3) to confirm obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in subjects undergoing polysomnography (PSG) and home-based respiratory polygraphy (RP), and to propose an algorithm based on pulse oximetry (PO) for initial management of patients with suspected OSA. METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study. ODI3 was used to classify subjects as healthy (no OSA = AHI < 5 or < 15 events/h) or unhealthy (OSA = AHI ≥ 5 or ≥ 15 events/h). On the PSG or experimental group (Exp-G), we determined ODI3 cut-off values with 100% specificity (Sp) for both OSA definitions. ODI3 values without false positives in the Exp-G were applied to a validation group (Val-G) to assess their performance. A strategy based on PO was proposed in patients with suspected OSA. RESULTS: In Exp-G (PSG) 1141 patients and in Val-G (RP) 1141 patients were included. In Exp-G, ODI3 > 12 (OSA = AHI ≥ 5) had a sensitivity of 69.5% (CI95% 66.1-72.7) and Sp of 100% (CI95% 99-100), while an ODI3 ≥ 26 had a 53.8% sensitivity (CI95% 49.3-58.2) and Sp of 100% (CI95% 99.4-100) for AHI ≥ 15. A high pretest probability for OSA by Berlin questionaire (≥ 2 categories) had a lower diagnostic performance than by STOP-BANG questionnaire ≥ 5 points (AHI ≥ 5: 0.856 vs. 0.899, p < 0.001; AHI ≥ 15: 0.783 vs. 0.807, p 0.026). CONCLUSION: We propose the initial use of PO at home in cases of moderate-to-high pretest probability of OSA. This algorithm considers PO as well as RP and PSG for more challenging cases or in case of doubt.

Does radiotherapy treatment alter the pulp condition in patients with head and neck cancer? A systematic review

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to answer the question: "Can radiotherapy cause changes in the dental pulp condition of patients treated with irradiation in the head and neck region?" Clinical observational studies in adults with head and neck cancer undergoing treatment with ionizing radiation, longitudinal or cross-sectional follow-up to measure oxygen saturation (SpO2), and/or pulp sensitivity test to cold stimulation, were considered eligible. A systematic literature search was performed in six different databases, including the gray literature, and in article references. Two independent evaluators selected the studies, extracted the data, recorded the data on electronic spreadsheets, and then evaluated the methodological quality using the Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies tool devised by JBI. The data were assessed qualitatively using the Synthesis Without Metanalysis (SWiM) guidelines. After removing the duplicate articles, carefully analyzing the titles and abstracts, and reading the papers in full, seven studies were included. Four of the studies evaluated applied the cold sensitivity test, two associated pulse oximetry and cold sensitivity, and only one used just pulse oximetry. Evaluation using the cold sensitivity test and pulse oximetry in the initial periods before radiotherapy showed a decrease in the sensitive response and in SpO2 levels during a maximum period of 1 year. However, analyses thereafter indicated a normal response in both tests from 5 to 6 years after the end of radiotherapy treatment. Radiotherapy causes changes in pulp behavior patterns in the short term; however, recovery and return to average values occurs after long periods.

A 12-month Follow-Up Study of Pulp Oxygen Saturation in Deciduous Molars After Selective and Nonselective Carious-Tissue Removal: A Randomized Pilot Trial

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the pulp vitality of deciduous molars before and after selective caries removal (SCR) or nonselective caries removal to hard dentin (NSCR) over one year, using oxygen saturation percentage (%SaO2). Material and Methods: Deciduous molars with deep occlusal/proximal-occlusal caries lesions were randomized to SCR (n=22) or NSCR groups (n=22). After the caries removal, the teeth were protected with calcium hydroxide cement and restored with composite resin (Filtek Z250). The pulp condition diagnosis was evaluated at baseline, immediately after caries removal, and follow-up (7 days, 1-, 6- and 12-months) by %SaO2. Pulp exposure and pulp necrosis were primary outcomes, and %SaO2 was secondary. Results: Intraoperative pulp exposure occurred in four teeth of the NSCR group (18.2%) and one tooth of the SCR group (4.5%) (p>0.05). Two cases of pulp necrosis occurred in the NSCR group (10%). No difference in %SaO2 pulp was observed in the inter-and intragroup comparison over time (p>0.05). Conclusion: Advantageously, the %SaO2 minimizes preoperatory pulp vitality diagnosis subjectivity before SCR/ NSCR treatments. Furthermore, the pilot study results suggest the pulp response of deciduous molars, when evaluated by clinical, radiographic, and pulp %SaO2 seems not to differ between teeth treated with SCR or NSCR.