Personal Norms Predict Defending in Bullying: Mediating Role of Anticipated Pride and Guilt.

Recent studies have shown that bystander intervention involves moral engagement. However, the underlying internal mechanism is still poorly understood. Drawing on the norm activation model (NAM), Study 1 (questionnaire; n = 502) and Study 2 (experiment; n = 144) were conducted to investigate the influence of personal norms on defending through the mediating factors of anticipated pride and anticipated guilt. After controlling for age and gender, Study 1 revealed a significant positive association between personal norms and defending. This relationship was mediated by both anticipated pride and guilt, highlighting their parallel roles in explaining the influence of personal norms on defending. Study 2 investigated using writing tasks to manipulate personal norms from participants. The results revealed that the priming group had significantly higher levels of anticipated pride, guilt, and defending than the control group. Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1 in testing the mediated path, enhancing the reliability of research findings. This study expands the scope of the application of NAM by examining the interplay between personal norms, anticipated pride, anticipated guilt, and defending, as well as exploring the implications of these findings for interventions against bullying. Moral education should focus not only on the responsibility and obligation of bystanders to intervene in bullying incidents but also on the need to assist students in forming a moral compass within themselves that guides them to defend victims through moral emotions actively.

The effects of profession-related films on the professional pride of nursing students: A randomised controlled trial.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the effects of profession-related films on the professional pride of nursing students. DESIGNS: The study was conducted with a randomised controlled experimental design. METHODS: The sample of the study consisted of 102 students enrolled in the first year of the School of Nursing, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University in Türkiye in the 2022-2023 academic year. These students were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 57) and control (n = 45) groups. The experimental group watched two documentaries and a film on YouTube with a one-week break. Self-administered online questionnaires were distributed via WhatsApp groups for pretests and posttests. Data were collected with a "Sociodemographic Data Form" and the "Nursing Professional Pride Scale (NPPS)" included in the questionnaire forms prepared on the Google Forms platform. Data were analysed using Spearman's rho, the Mann-Whitney U Test, and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 18.80 ± 0.99 years, 80% of the participants were female, the place where 79.4% had lived for the longest duration in their lives was the city, 85.3% had information about the profession of nursing before they started university (36.8% from the internet, 34.6% from people around them). The experimental group had significantly higher NPPS scores than the control group after the intervention (p = 0.017). There was also a significant increase in the dimensions of professional feeling (p = 0.012) and desire to continue the profession in the experimental group (p = 0.002). PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Patients and public were not involved in this research.

Moving Forward With Pride: LGBTQ+ Health and Contemporary Rights Movements in Asia.

As Pride marches are celebrated globally in June, stigma and discriminatory laws against LGBTQ+ individuals remain prevalent in over a third of countries, potentially worsening health disparities among this population. Despite these challenges, notable progress has been made in Asia. Several countries have seen court rulings favoring LGBTQ+ rights, while the National Medical Commission of India has committed to ending conversion therapy, a harmful healthcare practice. As Asian nations advance and draw inspiration from their neighbors' successes, health practitioners, researchers, organizations, and institutions in the region can advocate for LGBTQ+ rights, offer targeted health services, and promote inclusive healthcare practices.

Interrelationships among College Students' Perceptions of Smart Classroom Environments, Perceived Usefulness of Mobile Technology, Achievement Emotions, and Cognitive Engagement.

Cognitive engagement is a crucial factor that shapes successful learning outcomes, but our understanding of the factors that influence such engagement in the smart classroom context remains limited. This study aims to narrow this research gap by exploring the relationships among college students' perceptions of the smart learning environment, perceived usefulness of mobile technology, achievement emotions, and cognitive engagement. A total of 1293 college students completed an online questionnaire survey, and 1076 valid responses were received. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the interrelationships among these factors. The results revealed that students' perceptions of the smart classroom environment and perceived usefulness of mobile technology as well as two achievement emotions (pride and anxiety) significantly impact cognitive engagement. Both pride and anxiety act as mediators in the relationships among perceptions of smart classroom environments, the perceived usefulness of mobile technology, and cognitive engagement, in which context the mediating effect of pride is stronger than that of anxiety. These findings have practical implications for instructors, who should focus on implementing strategies that promote positive achievement emotions when students use mobile technology in smart classrooms. Additionally, these findings can inform the design and construction of smart classroom environments. Moreover, our study has limitations due to reliance on online data collection and self-reported data, which may introduce biases and measurement errors. Future research should incorporate multimodal data and advanced technologies for a comprehensive assessment to better understand students' engagement in smart learning environments, while also considering individual factors and the educational context to enhance the effectiveness of mobile technology in supporting students' emotions and achievement.

Factors Influencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Hospital Clinical Nurses during COVID-19 in Korea: Resilience, Social Support, and Professional Pride in Nursing.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, clinical nurses in hospitals in South Korea were exposed to extreme stress, and many continue to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study explores the factors influencing PTSD among hospital clinical nurses during COVID-19. In total, 121 hospital clinical nurses participated in 2022, providing demographic information and completing surveys designed to measure PTSD, resilience, social support, professional pride in nursing (PPN), and variables related to COVID-19. We observed statistically significantly higher levels of resilience (91.48 vs. 70.00), social support (47.37 vs. 35.41), and PPN (88.36 vs. 68.06) in the low-risk PTSD group compared with the high-risk PTSD group. Resilience was associated with a reduced risk of PTSD (OR, 0.91; 95% CI = 0.84-0.98). The subfactors of control (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.43-0.86) and sociability (OR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.44-0.97) decreased PTSD risk. Among the social support subfactors, family support had an OR of 0.47 (95% CI = 0.26-0.86) for reducing PTSD risk. Programs involving family participation that enhance resilience and provide psychological support can help hospital nurses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic manage their PTSD. Our findings serve as foundational data to develop interventions on psychological well-being for nurses dealing with new infectious diseases.

How does green human resource management foster employees' environmental commitment: A sequential mediation analysis.

Drawing on the social identity theory, this study aims to examine the impact of organizational pride and organizational identification as sequential mediators in the association between green HRM and employee environmental commitment. The study extended prior research by incorporating the sequential mediators of organizational pride and organizational identification. The researchers gathered data from 267 employees of telecommunications companies in Pakistan. They used Smart PLS software version 3.0 to carry out partial least squares structural equation modeling to verify the hypotheses. The results indicate that green HRM leads to organizational pride, which, in turn, leads to increased organizational identification and, consequently, enhances environmental commitment. The findings hold significant value to practitioners and HR managers striving to develop HR practices that support sustainability, contribute to a culture of environmental responsibility, and lead to positive green outcomes for employees.

FET PET-based target volume delineation for the radiotherapy of glioblastoma: A pictorial guide to help overcome methodological pitfalls.

PET is increasingly used for target volume definition in the radiotherapy of glioblastoma, as endorsed by the 2023 ESTRO-EANO guidelines. In view of its growing adoption into clinical practice and upcoming PET-based multi-center trials, this paper aims to assist in overcoming common pitfalls of FET PET-based target delineation in glioblastoma.

The effects of nonverbal pride and skill on judgements of victory and social influence: a boxing study.

Displaying nonverbal pride after a boxing match leads to judgements of success. However, it is not clear the extent to which this effect generalises nor whether it can override competing information. An experimental design had 214 participants watch two boxing clips that were manipulated so that one was evenly matched and the other had a fighter with an advantage (i.e. demonstrating more skill). Nonverbal behaviour at the completion of the fight varied between fighters (pride versus neutral). When the fight was evenly matched, the fighters displaying nonverbal pride were judged as winning the fight, but the fighter did not garner increased social influence. In contrast, when fighters demonstrated superior skill, the more skilled fighters who displayed neutral postures rather than the less-skilled ones displaying pride were judged as winning the fight, and the skilled fighters garnered increased social influence. These results suggest that in a boxing context, a pride bias works in evenly matched scenarios, but when differences in skill are more clearly present, a skill bias is more pronounced and leads to more social influence. Furthermore, perceptions of skill were associated with judgments of victory across stimuli, suggesting the importance of skill perceptions in such judgments.

Intimate partner violence is related to future alcohol use among a nationwide sample of LGBTQIA+ people: Results from The PRIDE Study.

BACKGROUND: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, aromantic and asexual (LGBTQIA+) communities in the United States experience higher rates of alcohol use than the general population. While experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) is thought to lead to increased alcohol use in LGBTQIA+ people, little research has investigated the temporal relationship between IPV and alcohol use in this population. METHODS: Data from two annual questionnaires of The Population Research in Identity and Disparities for Equality Study (The PRIDE Study) longitudinal cohort (n=3,783) were included. Overall IPV and three sub-types (physical, sexual, and emotional) - measured in 2021 using the extended Hurt, Insult, Threaten, Scream (E-HITS) screening tool - was examined as a predictor of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score in 2022 using multivariable linear regression to assess linear and quadratic associations. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and history of alcohol use. RESULTS: One-quarter (24.7%) of respondents reported experiencing past-year IPV in 2021. The mean AUDIT score in 2022 was 3.52 (SD = 4.13). In adjusted models, both linear (B: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.38) and quadratic (B: -0.03, 95% CI: -0.04, -0.01) terms for overall IPV were significantly associated with next-year AUDIT score. These patterns were mirrored in each IPV sub-type, were not attenuated when accounting for relationship characteristics, and were heterogeneous across gender identity groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence of a temporal relationship between IPV and alcohol use in LGBTQIA+ communities, suggesting that efforts to prevent and mitigate IPV may help reduce alcohol use disparities in this population.

Dummy run for planning of isotoxic dose-escalated radiation therapy for glioblastoma used in the PRIDE trial (NOA-28; ARO-2024-01; AG-NRO-06).

Background: The PRIDE trial (NOA-28; ARO-2024-01; AG-NRO-06; NCT05871021) is designed to determine whether a dose escalation with 75.0 Gy in 30 fractions can enhance the median overall survival (OS) in patients with methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promotor unmethylated glioblastoma compared to historical median OS rates, while being isotoxic to historical cohorts through the addition of concurrent bevacizumab (BEV). To ensure protocol-compliant irradiation planning with all study centers, a dummy run was planned and the plan quality was evaluated. Methods: A suitable patient case was selected and the computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) positron emission tomography (PET) contours were made available. Participants at the various intended study sites performed radiation planning according to the PRIDE clinical trial protocol. The treatment plans and dose grids were uploaded as Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) files to a cloud-based platform. Plan quality and protocol adherence were analyzed using a standardized checklist, scorecards and indices such as Dice Score (DSC) and Hausdorff Distance (HD). Results: Median DSC was 0.89, 0.90, 0.88 for PTV60, PTV60ex (planning target volume receiving 60.0 Gy for the standard and the experimental plan, respectively) and PTV75 (PTV receiving 75.0 Gy in the experimental plan), respectively. Median HD values were 17.0 mm, 13.9 mm and 12.1 mm, respectively. These differences were also evident in the volumes: The PTV60 had a volume range of 219.1-391.3 cc (median: 261.9 cc) for the standard plans, while the PTV75 volumes for the experimental plans ranged from 71.5-142.7 cc (median: 92.3 cc). The structures with the largest deviations in Dice score were the pituitary gland (median 0.37, range 0.00-0.69) and the right lacrimal gland (median 0.59, range 0.42-0.78). Conclusions: The deviations revealed the necessity of systematic trainings with appropriate feedback before the start of clinical trials in radiation oncology and the constant monitoring of protocol compliance throw-out the study. Trial registration: NCT05871021.

Who expresses their pride when? The regulation of pride expressions as a function of self-monitoring and social context.

Pride expressions draw attention to one's achievement, and therefore can enhance one's status. However, such attention has been linked to negative interpersonal consequences (i.e. envy). Fortunately, people have been found to regulate their pride expressions accordingly. Specifically, pride expressions are lower when the domain of the achievement is of high relevance to observers. We set out to replicate this effect in a non-Western sample. Additionally, we extended the current finding by investigating the moderating role of self-monitoring, an individual's ability and willingness to adjust their behaviours under different social contexts to cultivate status. This allows us to explore the previously assumed underlying status motive in regulating pride expressions. Data from two preregistered studies (N1 = 913; N2 = 1081) replicated the effect that pride expressions are inhibited when the achievement domain is relevant. A significant main effect of self-monitoring was found, such that high self-monitors express more pride than low self-monitors, consistent with the conceptualisation of self-monitoring as rooted within a status-enhancement motive. The assumed interaction effect between domain relevance and self-monitoring was not significant. Our findings suggest that the effect of domain relevance on pride expression is robust and status driven.

Student-to-Teacher Victimization and Its Negative Impact on Teaching Approaches: Applying Propensity Score Matching.

The negative impact of student-to-teacher victimization on teachers' perceptions of the work environment and their well-being is supported by growing empirical literature. For instance, violence in the classroom can have a negative impact on teachers themselves and hinder teachers from playing crucial roles in students' classroom experiences, resulting in adverse effects on student performance. However, the research field is limited in understanding the adverse effects on teachers' perceptions more directly related to student learning, such as teacher neglect. To fill the gap in the literature, the current study analyzes data from a nationwide sample of 1,054 middle and high school teachers in South Korea where teachers are generally treated with high regard and social status, often exerting a strong influence and authority over students in both an educational and parental way. Specifically, we conduct propensity score matching to investigate potential influences that student-to-teacher victimization can have on the following three outcome variables: teacher neglect, commitment, and pride. Results of mean comparisons after accounting for other confounding factors show that when compared with nonvictims, victims of student-to-teacher victimization are more likely to neglect their students; these victims also tend to exhibit less pride as teachers. Yet, the results also showed no significant statistical difference in teacher commitment. The current findings highlight the importance of developing programs to prevent and intervene in students' aggressive behaviors toward teachers. Particularly, administrators are recommended to consider providing training for teachers, specific to understanding student-to-teacher victimization in order to promote a more positive school environment and better student-to-teacher relationships in classrooms, including improving teachers' job performance.

Influence of first-person and third-person perspectives on neural mechanisms of professional pride.

Professional pride, including self-reflection and attitude toward one's own occupational group, induces individuals to behave in socially appropriate ways, and uniforms can encourage wearers to have this pride. This study was to elucidate the working pattern of professional pride by exploring neural responses when wearing uniforms and being conscious of a third-person's perspective. Twenty healthy adults who had an occupation requiring uniforms were scanned using functional MRI with a self-evaluation task consisting of 2 [uniform versus casual wear] × 2 [first-person perspective versus third-person perspective] conditions. The neural effects of clothing and perspective were analyzed and post-hoc tests were followed. The interaction effect was displayed in the bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, where uniform led to higher activity in third-person perspective than in first-person perspective, whereas casual wear led to the opposite pattern, suggesting this region may be involved in the awareness of third-person's perspective to uniform-wearing. The right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex showed functional connectivity with the right posterior superior temporal sulcus in uniform-third-person perspective compared to uniform-first-person perspective, suggesting this connection may work for processing information from third-person perspective in a uniform-wearing state. Professional pride may prioritize social information processing in third-person perspective rather than self-referential processing in first-person perspective.

How does it feel to be greedy? The role of pride in avaricious acquisition.

BACKGROUND: Psychologists define greed as a desire to acquire more and the dissatisfaction of never having enough, but studies have not examined the psychological processes that underlie and sustain this disposition. We propose that a desire to attain pride might be one emotional mechanism that promotes greedy acquisition. In this account, greedy people experience a boost of pride from acquisition but these feelings are short-lived, potentially leading to the perpetual acquisitiveness characteristic of dispositional greed. METHOD: Four studies (including one reported in the SOM due to space limitations) using correlational, longitudinal, and daily-diary methods (N = 1778) test hypotheses about how individuals high in dispositional greed respond emotionally to new acquisitions, both when they occur and several weeks later. RESULTS: Greedy people experience heightened feelings of authentic pride in response to new acquisitions, but these feelings quickly fade. This pattern is distinct to authentic pride and not attributable to shared variance with positive affect. Greedy people also feel elevated hubristic pride in response to acquisitions, but this seems to be part of a dispositional tendency observed in response to a range of events. CONCLUSIONS: These studies provide a new understanding of a psychological process that is associated with, and could partially explain, greedy acquisition.

Mexican-Origin Children's Trajectories of Ethnic-Racial Pride from Childhood through Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Mothers and Fathers' Trajectories.

Ethnic-racial pride (positive feelings about one's ethnic-racial group) is critical to healthy identity development across the lifespan. Research on ethnic-racial pride development among Latinx populations has focused exclusively on youth, without regard to pride development amongst parents and relations between pride within family units. Using multivariate Latent Growth Curve Modelling among 674 Mexican-origin youth and their parents (673 mothers; 437 fathers), the trajectory of youth's pride from 5th grade through emerging adulthood (14 years/12 waves of data) as well as relations with parental pride trajectories were examined. Respondents' pride generally decreased from waves 1 to 7 (~age 11-17 in youth) and increased after wave 7. Youth's and mothers' trajectories were unrelated, but complex associations emerged between youth's and fathers' trajectories. This study supports the dynamic nature of ethnic-racial pride across distinct life stages and underscores the complex interplay of youth and parental pride trajectories, emphasizing the pivotal role parents may play in co-shaping identity development alongside their children.

Disadvantaged group members are prouder of their group when using the language of the dominant group compared to their native language.

In ethnically and linguistically diverse societies, disadvantaged groups often face pressures to acquire and speak the advantaged group's language to achieve social inclusion and economic mobility. This work investigates how using the advantaged group's language affects disadvantaged group members' in-group pride and collective self-esteem, relative to using their native language. Across six experimental studies involving Palestinian citizens of Israel (total N = 1,348), we test two competing hypotheses: Disadvantaged group members may experience greater in-group pride when using a) their native language, due to its emotional significance (the nativity hypothesis), or b) the language of the advantaged group, due to activation of habituated compensatory responses to dominance relations (the identity enhancement hypothesis). We found that respondents reported significantly higher in-group pride when responding to a Hebrew survey when compared to performing the same activity in Arabic (Studies 1a and 1b), regardless of whether the researchers administering the survey were identified as Jewish or Arab (Studies 2a and 2b). Study 3 replicated this effect while employing the "bogus pipeline" technique, suggesting the pride expression was authentic, not merely driven by social desirability. Finally, Study 4 (pre-registered) examined additional measures of positive regard for the in-group, finding that participants described their group more positively in an attribute selection task, and reported greater collective self-esteem, when surveyed in Hebrew, rather than in Arabic. Taken together, these findings suggest that language use influences disadvantaged group members' perceptions and feelings concerning their group when those languages are associated with relative position in an intergroup hierarchy.

Emociones autoconscientes relacionadas con el cuerpo y la apariencia y sintomatología de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en una muestra de hombres adultos / Body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions and eating disorder symptoms in a sample of adult men

Abstract: In recent years, the number of men suffering from an Eating Disorder (ED) has increased. However, very few studies on ED have been conducted in samples of men. This paper aims to shed some light on this issue by exploring the following questions in a sample of adult men: 1) to analyse the relationships between body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions and ED symptomatology and, 2) to study the differences between a group of men who are at risk of developing an ED and another group of men who are not at risk of developing an ED in body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions. A total of 207 Spanish or Latin American men aged 18-50 years participated. Men who were at risk of developing an ED had more body shame and body guilt than those who were not at risk. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in body pride. These findings show that, unlike in women, body pride does not seem to play as important a role in these disorders as body shame or body guilt.

Resumen: En los últimos años, ha aumentado el número de hombres que padecen un Trastorno de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA). Sin embargo, apenas se han realizado estudios sobre TCA con muestras de hombres. Este trabajo pretende arrojar algo de luz a este respecto, explorando las siguientes cuestiones en una muestra de hombres adultos: 1) analizar las relaciones entre las emociones autoconscientes asociadas al cuerpo y a la apariencia y la sintomatología de TCA y, 2) estudiar las diferencias entre un grupo de hombres que están en riesgo de desarrollar un TCA y otro grupo de hombres que no presentan dicho riesgo en las emociones autoconscientes asociadas al cuerpo y a la apariencia. Participaron 207 hombres de entre 18 y 50 años de nacionalidad española o latinoamericana. Los hombres que estaban en riesgo de desarrollar un TCA presentaron más vergüenza corporal y culpa corporal que aquellos que no tenían dicho riesgo. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos en el orgullo corporal. Estos hallazgos muestran que, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en mujeres, el orgullo corporal no parece desempeñar un papel tan relevante en estos trastornos como el que tienen la vergüenza corporal o la culpa corporal.

Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy and infant wheezing up to 2 years of age.

PURPOSE: To determine whether maternal depressive symptoms at multiple time points during pregnancy are associated with infant wheezing in the first 2 years of life to assess etiologically relevant time windows. METHODS: We included Dutch women participating in the PRIDE Study with delivery in 2013-2019. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Edinburgh Depression Scale at enrollment and in gestational weeks 17 and 34. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire was used to assess infant wheezing biannually postpartum. Adjusted risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: Among 5294 pregnancies included, maternal depressive symptoms in gestational weeks 15-22 was associated with any wheezing in the first 2 years of life (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.04-1.78) and with current wheezing at 12 (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.03-1.61) and 18 months (RR 1.33, 1.04-1.69). Depressive symptoms in gestational weeks 32-35 seemed to be associated with any wheezing reported at two years (RR 1.27, 95% CI 0.96-1.69) and current wheezing at 12 months (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.60). Four trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified. Only the trajectory with increasing symptoms throughout pregnancy seemed to be associated with infant wheezing (RR 1.36, 95% CI 0.97-1.89). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal depressive symptoms in mid- and late pregnancy may be associated with development of infant wheezing, particularly those with onset in the second half of pregnancy. Research is needed to identify biological pathways and associations with more objective, long-term respiratory morbidity.

The Influence of Green Product Type, Message Framing, and Anticipated Pride on Green Consumption Behavior: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Study.

Different types of green products require different marketing approaches to promote individual green purchasing behaviors. Previous studies have focused only on the effects of message framing on the promotion of different types of green products; however, little is known about the role of underlying emotions. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), this study investigated the neural responses to message framings and anticipated pride in green product types to assess their level of influence on green consumption. Participants in this study were randomly assigned to the anticipated pride versus control groups, and asked to make green consumption decisions involving different types (self- vs. other-interested) of green products, utilizing both gain and loss framing. The behavioral results demonstrated that participants in the anticipated pride group made more green product purchase choices than those in the control group. The ERP results showed that within the loss framing of the control group, other-interested green products induced larger N400 and smaller late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes than self-interested green products, whereas the results showed the opposite trend for the anticipated pride group. These results indicate that although individuals might have biases in their motivation that lead them to focus on self-interested green products, anticipating pride reduces cognitive conflicts and increases their motivation to focus on other-interested green products in the context of loss.