Determination of unbound platinum concentrations in human plasma using ultrafiltration and precipitation methods.

Quantification of the unbound portion of platinum (Pt) in human plasma is important for assessing the pharmacokinetics of the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. In this study, we sought to compare the recovery of unbound Pt using Nanosep® filters to 1) traditional filters (Centrifree®, Centrisart®, Amicon®) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) protein precipitation, and 2) unbound, bound, and total Pt concentrations in clinical specimens. For the tested filters, the impact of 1) molecular weight cut-offs, 2) centrifugation force, and 3) total Pt concentration on Pt binding in human plasma was evaluated. Pt was quantified using inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry. In human plasma spiked with 0.9 µg/mL Pt, the percent of unbound Pt increased at higher centrifugation speeds. By comparison, the percent of unbound Pt was highest (42.1%) following TCA protein precipitation. When total Pt was ≤0.9 µg/mL, unbound Pt (∼20-30%) was consistent across filters. Conversely, when plasma was spiked with Pt exceeding 0.9 µg/mL, the percent of unbound Pt increased from 36.5 to 48% using ultrafiltration, compared to 63.4% to 79% with TCA precipitation. In patients receiving cisplatin-containing chemotherapy, the fraction of unbound Pt at concentrations exceeding 0.9 µg/mL ranged between 35 and 90%. Moreover, the unbound fraction of Pt in plasma correlated with the concentration of unbound (R2 = 0.738) and total Pt (R2 = 0.335). In summary, this study demonstrates that 1) the percent of unbound Pt is influenced by total and unbound Pt levels in vitro and in clinical specimens, and 2) ultrafiltration with Nanosep® filters is a feasible method for quantifying unbound Pt concentrations in human plasma.

Electric Field-Responsive Gold Nanoantennas for the Induction of a Locoregional Tumor pH Change Using Electrolytic Ablation Therapy.

Electrolytic ablation (EA) is a burgeoning treatment for solid tumors, in which electrical energy catalyzes a chemical reaction to generate reactive species that can eradicate cancer cells. However, the application of this technique has been constrained owing to the limited spatial effectiveness and complexity of the electrode designs. Therefore, the incorporation of nanotechnology into EA is anticipated to be a significant improvement. Herein, we present a therapeutic approach based on difructose dianhydride IV-conjugated polyethylenimine-polyethylene glycol-modified gold nanorods as electric nanoantennas and nanoelectrocatalysts for EA. We demonstrate that square-wave direct current (DC) fields trigger a reaction between water molecules and chloride ions on the gold nanorod surface, generating electrolytic products including hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine gases near the electrodes, changing the pH, and inducing cell death. These electric nanoantennas showed significant efficacy in treating colorectal cancer both in vitro and in vivo after DC treatment. These findings clearly indicate that gold nanoantennas enhance the effectiveness of EA by creating a localized electric field and catalyzing electrolytic reactions for the induction of locoregional pH changes within the tumor. By overcoming the limitations of traditional EA and offering an enhanced level of tumor specificity and control, this nanotechnology-integrated approach advances further innovations in cancer therapies.

Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Promising Visible-Light-Activated Support Boosting Platinum Nanoparticle Activity in Ethanol Electrooxidation.

In the present work, exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) is immobilized on carbon paper substrates by a simple electrophoretic route, and subsequently decorated with ultra-low amounts (≈µg/cm2) of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) by cold plasma sputtering. Optimization of preparative conditions allowed a fine tuning of Pt NPs size, loading and distribution and thus a controlled tailoring of g-CN/Pt interfacial interactions. Modulation of such features yielded g-CN-Pt-based anode materials with appealing activity and stability towards the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in alkaline aqueous solutions, as revealed by electrochemical tests both in the dark and under irradiation. The present results provide new insights on the design of nano-engineered heterocomposites featuring improved performances thanks to Pt coupling with g-CN, a low-cost and environmentally friendly visible light-active semiconductor. Overall, this work might open attractive avenues for the generation of green hydrogen via aqueous ethanol electrolysis and the photo-promoted alcohol electrooxidation in fuel cells.

Facilely Fabricated Single-Site Ptδ+-O(OH)x- Species Associated with Alkali on Zirconia Exhibiting Superior Catalytic Oxidation Reactivity.

Fabrication of robust isolated atom catalysts has been a research hotspot in the environment catalysis field for the removal of various contaminants, but there are still challenges in improving the reactivity and stability. Herein, through facile doping alkali metals in Pt catalyst on zirconia (Pt-Na/ZrO2), the atomically dispersed Ptδ+-O(OH)x- associated with alkali metal via oxygen bridge was successfully fabricated. This novel catalyst presented remarkably higher CO and hydrocarbon (HCs: C3H8, C7H8, C3H6, and CH4) oxidation activity than its counterpart (Pt/ZrO2). Systematically direct and solid evidence from experiments and density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the fabricated electron-rich Ptδ+-O(OH)x- related to Na species rather than the original Ptδ+-O(OH)x-, serving as the catalytically active species, can readily react with CO adsorbed on Ptδ+ to produce CO2 with significantly decreasing energy barrier in the rate-determining step from 1.97 to 0.93 eV. Additionally, owing to the strongly adsorbed and activated water by Na species, those fabricated single-site Ptδ+-O(OH)x- linked by Na species could be easily regenerated during the oxidation reaction, thus considerably boosting its oxidation reactivity and durability. Such facile construction of the alkali ion-linked active hydroxyl group was also realized by Li and K modification which could guide to the design of efficient catalysts for the removal of CO and HCs from industrial exhaust.

Pt-Te-Nanorod-Based Photothermal Chemokine Immunotherapy for All Stages of Cancer via Adaptive and Innate Immunity.

The chemokine (C-X-C) motif ligand 9 (CXCL9) is one of the lymphocyte-traffic-involved chemokines. Despite the immunotherapeutic potential of CXCL9 for recruiting effector T cells (cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) and CD8+ T cells) and natural killer cells (NK cells) around the tumors, practical applications of CXCL9 have been limited because of its immune toxicity and lack of stability in vivo. To overcome these limitations, we designed and synthesized Pt-Te nanorods (PtTeNRs), which exhibited excellent photothermal conversion efficiency with stable CXCL9 payload characteristics under the physiological conditions of in vivo environments. We developed a CXCL9-based immunotherapy strategy by utilizing the unique physicochemical properties of developed PtTeNRs. The investigation revealed that the PtTeNR-loaded CXCL9 was effectively accumulated in the tumor, subsequently released in a sustained manner, and successfully recruited effector T cells for immunotherapy of the designated tumor tissue. In addition, a synergistic effect was observed between the photothermal (PT) therapy and antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 (aPD-1) antibody. In this study, we demonstrated that PtTeNR-based CXCL9, PT, and aPD-1 antibody trimodal therapy delivers an outstanding tumor suppression effect in all stages of cancer, including phases 1-4 and tumor recurrence.

Multi-functional nanozyme-based colorimetric, fluorescence dual-mode assay for Salmonella typhimurium detection in milk.

Rapid and high-sensitive Salmonella detection in milk is important for preventing foodborne disease eruption. To overcome the influence of the complex ingredients in milk on the sensitive detection of Salmonella, a dual-signal reporter red fluorescence nanosphere (RNs)-Pt was designed by combining RNs and Pt nanoparticles. After being equipped with antibodies, the immune RNs-Pt (IRNs-Pt) provide an ultra-strong fluorescence signal when excited by UV light. With the assistance of the H2O2/TMB system, a visible color change appeared that was attributed to the strong peroxidase-like catalytic activity derived from Pt nanoparticles. The IRNs-Pt in conjunction with immune magnetic beads can realize that Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhi) was captured, labeled, and separated effectively from untreated reduced-fat pure milk samples. Under the optimal experimental conditions, with the assay, as low as 50 CFU S. typhi can be converted to detectable fluorescence and absorbance signals within 2 h, suggesting the feasibility of practical application of the assay. Meanwhile, dual-signal modes of quantitative detection were realized. For fluorescence signal detection (emission at 615 nm), the linear correlation between signal intensity and the concentration of S. typhi was Y = 83C-3321 (R2 = 0.9941), ranging from 103 to 105 CFU/mL, while for colorimetric detection (absorbamce at 450 nm), the relationship between signal intensity and the concentration of S. typhi was Y = 2.9logC-10.2 (R2 = 0.9875), ranging from 5 × 103 to 105 CFU/mL. For suspect food contamination by foodborne pathogens, this dual-mode signal readout assay is promising for achieving the aim of convenient preliminary screening and accurate quantification simultaneously.

One-pot conversion of xylose to 1,2-pentanediol catalyzed by an organic acid-assisted Pt/NC in aqueous phase.

The direct synthesis of 1,2-pentanediol (1,2-PeD) from renewable xylose and its derivatives derived from hemicellulose is appealing yet challenging due to its low selectivity for the target product. In this study, one-pot catalytic conversion of xylose to 1,2-PeD was performed by using nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) supported Pt catalysts with the assistance of organic acids. A remarkable yield of 49.3% for 1,2-PeD was achieved by reacting 0.1869 g xylose in 30 mL water at 200 °C under a hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa for 8 h in the presence of 0.1 g of 2.5Pt/NC600 catalyst and 0.1869 g propanoic acid co-catalyst. The presence of vicinal Pt-acid pair sites on the surface of the 2.5Pt/NC600 catalyst exhibited a synergistic effect in promoting the hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol intermediate and subsequent hydrogenation and ring-opening reactions leading to the formation of 1,2-PeD. The addition of organic acids, may serve as both acid catalyst for dehydration of xylose and hydrogen donor for hydrogenation of furfural and furfuryl alcohol, thereby promoting the one-pot conversion of xylose to 1,2-PeD. Remarkably, the 2.5Pt/NC600 catalyst demonstrated outstanding catalytic performance and good reusability over five consecutive cycles without significant deactivation.

Reactivity of Resorcinol on Pt(511) Single-Crystal Surface and Its Effect on the Kinetics of Underpotentially Deposited Hydrogen and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in 0.1 M NaOH Electrolyte.

This article presents cyclic voltammetry, Tafel polarization, and ac. impedance spectroscopy examinations of resorcinol (RC) ion reactivity on Pt(511) single-crystal plane and the effect of surface-electrosorbed RC ions on the kinetics of UPD H (underpotentially deposited hydrogen) and HER (hydrogen evolution reaction) processes in 0.1 M NaOH solution. Obtained data delivered a proof for the RC ion surface adsorption and its later electroreduction over the potential range characteristic for the UPD H. A favourable role of platinum-adsorbed resorcinol anions on the kinetics of the UPD H and HER processes is also discussed. The above was explained via the recorded capacitance and charge-transfer resistance parameters (the presence of resorcinol at 1.5 × 10-3 M in 0.1 M NaOH caused significant reduction in the resistance parameter values by 3.9 and 2.6 times, correspondingly, for the UPD of H at 50 mV and the HER process, examined at -50 mV vs. RHE) along with the charge transients, produced by injecting small amounts of RC-based 0.1 M NaOH solution to initially RC-free base electrolyte on the Pt(511) electrode plane (a large cathodic charge-transient density of -90 µC cm-2 was recorded at the electrode potential of 50 mV).

Ligand effect of PdRu on Pt-enriched surface for glucose complete electro-oxidation to carbon dioxide and abiotic direct glucose fuel cells.

The development of advanced electrocatalysts for the abiotic direct glucose fuel cells (ADGFCs) is critical in the implantable devices in living organisms. The ligand effect in the Pt shell-alloy core nanocatalysts is known to influence the electrocatalytic reaction in interfacial structure. Herein, we reported the synthesis of ternary Pt@PdRu nanoalloy aerogels with ligand effect of PdRu on Pt-enriched surface through electrochemical cycling. Pt@PdRu aerogels with optimized Pt surface electronic structure exhibited high mass activity and specific activity of Pt@PdRu about 450 mA·mgPt-1 and 1.09 mA·cm-2, which were 1.4 and 1.6 times than that of commercial Pt/C. Meanwhile, Pt@PdRu aerogels have higher electrochemical stability comparable to commercial Pt/C. In-situ FTIR spectra results proved that the glucose oxidation reaction on Pt@PdRu aerogels followed the CO-free direct pathway reaction mechanism and part of the products are CO2 by completed oxidation. Furthermore, the ADGFC with Pt@PdRu ultrathin anode catalyst layer showed a much higher power density of 6.2 mW·cm-2 than commercial Pt/C (3.8 mW·cm-2). To simulate the blood fuel cell, the Pt@PdRu integrated membrane electrode assembly was exposed to glucose solution and a steady-state open circuit of approximately 0.6 V was achieved by optimizing the glucose concentration in cell system.

Prenylation of aromatic amino acids and plant phenolics by an aromatic prenyltransferase from Rasamsonia emersonii.

Dimethylallyl tryptophan synthases (DMATSs) are aromatic prenyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of a prenyl moiety from a donor to an aromatic acceptor during the biosynthesis of microbial secondary metabolites. Due to their broad substrate scope, DMATSs are anticipated as biotechnological tools for producing bioactive prenylated aromatic compounds. Our study explored the substrate scope and product profile of a recombinant RePT, a novel DMATS from the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii. Among a variety of aromatic substrates, RePT showed the highest substrate conversion for L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine (> 90%), yielding two mono-prenylated products in both cases. Nine phenolics from diverse phenolic subclasses were notably converted (> 10%), of which the stilbenes oxyresveratrol, piceatannol, pinostilbene, and resveratrol were the best acceptors (37-55% conversion). The position of prenylation was determined using NMR spectroscopy or annotated using MS2 fragmentation patterns, demonstrating that RePT mainly catalyzed mono-O-prenylation on the hydroxylated aromatic substrates. On L-tryptophan, a non-hydroxylated substrate, it preferentially catalyzed C7 prenylation with reverse N1 prenylation as a secondary reaction. Moreover, RePT also possessed substrate-dependent organic solvent tolerance in the presence of 20% (v/v) methanol or DMSO, where a significant conversion (> 90%) was maintained. Our study demonstrates the potential of RePT as a biocatalyst for the production of bioactive prenylated aromatic amino acids, stilbenes, and various phenolic compounds. KEY POINTS: • RePT catalyzes prenylation of diverse aromatic substrates. • RePT enables O-prenylation of phenolics, especially stilbenes. • The novel RePT remains active in 20% methanol or DMSO.

Homotopy, symmetry, and non-Hermitian band topology.

Non-Hermitian matrices are ubiquitous in the description of nature ranging from classical dissipative systems, including optical, electrical, and mechanical metamaterials, to scattering of waves and open quantum many-body systems. Seminal line-gap and point-gap classifications of non-Hermitian systems using K-theory have deepened the understanding of many physical phenomena. However, ample systems remain beyond this description; reference points and lines do not in general distinguish whether multiple non-Hermitian bands exhibit intriguing exceptional points, spectral braids and crossings. To address this we consider two different notions: non-Hermitian band gaps and separation gaps that crucially encompass a broad class of multi-band scenarios, enabling the description of generic band structures with symmetries. With these concepts, we provide a unified and comprehensive classification of both gapped and nodal systems in the presence of physically relevant parity-time (PT) and pseudo-Hermitian symmetries using homotopy theory. This uncovers new stable topology stemming from both eigenvalues and wave functions, and remarkably also implies distinct fragile topological phases. In particular, we reveal different Abelian and non-Abelian phases inPT-symmetric systems, described by frame and braid topology. The corresponding invariants are robust to symmetry-preserving perturbations that do not induce (exceptional) degeneracy, and they also predict the deformation rules of nodal phases. We further demonstrate that spontaneousPTsymmetry breaking is captured by Chern-Euler and Chern-Stiefel-Whitney descriptions, a fingerprint of unprecedented non-Hermitian topology previously overlooked. These results open the door for theoretical and experimental exploration of a rich variety of novel topological phenomena in a wide range of physical platforms.

Polythiophene-coated carbon nano boxes for efficient platinum-based catalysts for methanol electrooxidation.

To improve the efficiency of the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), it is essential to develop catalysts with high catalytic activity. However, constructing polyatomic doped carbon nanomaterials and understanding the interaction mechanisms between dopant elements remain significant challenges. In this study, we propose nitrogen-doped carbon nanobox (CNB) derived from Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67) crystals as precursors to serve as carriers for highly efficient platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). We synthesized platinum/poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanobox (Pt/PProDOT/CNB) composites by wrapping CNB around PProDOT films via in situ oxidative polymerization. This unique structural design provides several advantages to the catalyst, including a large active surface area, numerous accessible electrocatalytic active centers, an optimized electronic structure, and good electronic conductivity. The Pt/PProDOT/CNB composites demonstrated excellent methanol oxidation performance, with a remarkable mass activity (MA) of 1639.9 mA mg-1Pt and a high electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of 160.8 m2/g. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited good CO resistance and outstanding durability.

[The impact of donor human leukocyte antigen-Bw4 allele on natural killer cell reconstitution and transplant-related mortality in haploidentical transplantation].

Objective: To investigate the impact of donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -Bw4 expression on natural killer (NK) cell reconstitution and transplant outcomes in recipients undergoing haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from maternal or related donors without ex vivo T-cell depletion. Methods: This study prospectively enrolled 32 patients who received T-replete haploidentical HSCT from maternal or collateral donors (cohort 1) to evaluate the facilitating effect of donor HLA-Bw4 expression on NK cell reconstitution. Furthermore, a retrospective analysis was conducted on 278 patients who underwent T-replete haploidentical HSCT from maternal or collateral donors (cohort 2) to analyze the impact of donor HLA-Bw4 expression on HSCT outcomes. Thus, a comparison was made between the effects of donor HLA-Bw4 expression on HSCT outcomes in patients receiving or not receiving post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) conditioning. Results: Donors expressing HLA-Bw4 alleles facilitated NK cell reconstitution and functional recovery, which remained unaffected by PT-Cy. Donors with HLA-Bw4 expression were associated with reduced transplant-related mortality (TRM), particularly mortality related to infections. The use of PT-Cy did not impact the ability of donor HLA-Bw4 to decrease TRM. Conclusion: In haploidentical HSCT from maternal or related donors without ex vivo T-cell depletion, the presence of donor HLA-Bw4 expression promotes rapid NK cell reconstitution and functional recovery and is significantly associated with lower TRM, especially infection-related mortality. These findings underscore the clinical significance of donor HLA-Bw4 expression in patients who underwent HSCT. Hence, the consideration of donor HLA-Bw4 in recipient selection and HSCT strategies holds important clinical implications.

The Reconstruction of Pt(001) Surface and the Shell-Like Reconstruction of the Vicinal Pt(001) Surfaces Revealed by Neural Network Potential.

In this work, a highly accurate neural network potential (NNP) is presented, named PtNNP, and the exploration of the reconstruction of the Pt(001) surface and its vicinal surfaces with it. Contrary to the most accepted understanding of the Pt(001) surface reconstruction, the study reveals that the main driving force behind Pt(001) quasi-hexagonal reconstruction is not the surface stress relaxation but the increased coordination number of the surface atoms resulting in stronger intralayer binding in the reconstructed surface layer. In agreement with experimental observations, the optimized supercell size of the reconstructed Pt(001) surface contains (5 × 20) unit cells. Surprisingly, the reconstruction of the vicinal Pt(001) surfaces leads to a smooth shell-like surface layer covering the whole surface and diminishing sharp step edges.

Platinum nanowires/MXene nanosheets/porous carbon ternary nanocomposites for in situ monitoring of dopamine released from neuronal cells.

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the body and closely related to many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the detection of dopamine is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, screening of drugs and unraveling of relevant pathogenic mechanisms. However, the low concentration of dopamine in the body and the complexity of the matrix make the accurate detection of dopamine challenging. Herein, an electrochemical sensor is constructed based on ternary nanocomposites consisting of one-dimensional Pt nanowires, two-dimensional MXene nanosheets, and three-dimensional porous carbon. The Pt nanowires exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to the abundant grain boundaries and highly undercoordinated atoms; MXene nanosheets not only facilitate the growth of Pt nanowires, but also enhance the electrical conductivity and hydrophilicity; and the porous carbon helps induce significant adsorption of dopamine on the electrode surface. In electrochemical tests, the ternary nanocomposite-based sensor achieves an ultra-sensitive detection of dopamine (S/N = 3) with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 28 nM, satisfactory selectivity and excellent stability. Furthermore, the sensor can be used for the detection of dopamine in serum and in situ monitoring of dopamine release from PC12 cells. Such a highly sensitive nanocomposite sensor can be exploited for in situ monitoring of important neurotransmitters at the cellular level, which is of great significance for related drug screening and mechanistic studies.

A DFT study of superior adsorbate-surface bonding at Pt-WSe2 vertically aligned heterostructures upon NO2, SO2, CO2, and H2 interactions.

This study investigates the potential of platinum (Pt) decorated single-layer WSe2 (Pt-WSe2) monolayers as high-performance gas sensors for NO2, CO2, SO2, and H2 using first-principles calculations. We quantify the impact of Pt placement (basal plane vs. vertical edge) on WSe2's electronic properties, focusing on changes in bandgap (ΔEg). Pt decoration significantly alters the bandgap, with vertical edge sites (TV-WSe2) exhibiting a drastic reduction (0.062 eV) compared to pristine WSe2 and basal plane decorated structures (TBH: 0.720 eV, TBM: 1.237 eV). This substantial ΔEg reduction in TV-WSe2 suggests a potential enhancement in sensor response. Furthermore, TV-WSe2 displays the strongest binding capacity for all target gases due to a Pt-induced "spillover effect" that elongates adsorbed molecules. Specifically, TV-WSe2 exhibits adsorption energies of - 0.5243 eV (NO2), - 0.5777 eV (CO2), - 0.8391 eV (SO2), and - 0.1261 eV (H2), indicating its enhanced sensitivity. Notably, H2 adsorption on TV-WSe2 shows the highest conductivity modulation, suggesting exceptional H2 sensing capabilities. These findings demonstrate that Pt decoration, particularly along WSe2 vertical edges, significantly enhances gas sensing performance. This paves the way for Pt-WSe2 monolayers as highly selective and sensitive gas sensors for various applications, including environmental monitoring, leak detection, and breath analysis.

International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) recommendations for the performance and interpretation of activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time mixing tests.

This guidance document has been prepared on behalf of the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH). The aim of the document is to provide guidance and recommendations for the performance and interpretation of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) plasma mixing tests in clinical laboratories in all regions of the world. The following areas are included in this document: preanalytical, analytical, postanalytical, and quality assurance considerations as they relate to the proper performance and interpretation of plasma mixing tests. The recommendations are based on good laboratory practice, published data in peer-reviewed literature, and expert opinion.

Sequential dual-locking strategy using photoactivated Pt(IV)-based metallo-nano prodrug for enhanced chemotherapy and photodynamic efficacy by triggering ferroptosis and macrophage polarization.

Selective activation of Pt(IV) prodrugs within tumors has emerged as a promising strategy in tumor treatment. Although progress has been made with photo- and ultrasound-activated Pt(IV) prodrugs, concerns remain over the non-specific activation of photosensitizers (PS) and the potential for phototoxicity and chemical toxicity. In this study, a sequential dual-locked Pt(IV) nano-prodrug that can be activated by both the acidic tumor microenvironment and light was developed. The Pt(IV) prodrug was prepared by conjugating PS-locked Pt(IV) to a polymeric core, which was then chelated with metallo iron to lock its photoactivity and form a metallo-nano prodrug. Under acidic tumor microenvironment conditions, the metallo-nano prodrug undergoes dissociation of iron, triggering a reduction process in oxaliplatin under light irradiation, resulting in the activation of both chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Additionally, the prodrug could induce metallo-triggered ferroptosis and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), thereby enhancing tumor inhibition. The dual-lock strategy employed in a nanoparticle delivery system represents an expansion in the application of platinum-based anticancer drugs, making it a promising new direction in cancer treatment.

Electronic-Structure Transformation of Platinum-Rich Nanowires as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting.

Platinum (Pt) has been widely used as cathodic electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) but unfortunately neglected as an anodic electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to excessively strong bonding with oxygen species in water splitting electrolyzers. Herein we report that fine control over the electronic-structure and local-coordination environment of Pt-rich PtPbCu nanowires (NWs) by doping of iridium (Ir) lowers the overpotential of the OER and simultaneously suppresses the overoxidation of Pt in IrPtPbCu NWs during water electrolysis. In light of the one-dimensional morphology featured with atomically dispersed IrOx species and electronically modulated Pt-sites, the IrPtPbCu NWs exhibit an enhanced OER (175 mV at 10 mA cm-2) and HER (25 mV at 10 mA cm-2) electrocatalytic performance in acidic media and yield a high turnover frequency. For OER at the overpotential of 250 mV, the IrPtPbCu NWs show an enhanced mass activity of 1.51 A mg-1Pt+Ir (about 19 times higher) than Ir/C. For HER at the overpotential of 50 mV, NWs exhibit a remarkable mass activity of 1.35 A mg-1Pt+Ir, which is 2.6-fold relative to Pt/C. Experimental results and theoretical calculations corroborate that the doping of Ir in NWs has the capacity to suppress the formation of Ptx>4 derivates and ameliorate the adsorption free energy of reaction intermediates during the water electrolysis. This approach enabled the realization of a previously unobserved mechanism for anodic electrocatalysts.

Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Peroxidase-Mimicking Activity of AuPt Branched Nanoparticles.

Bimetallic nanomaterials have generated significant interest across diverse scientific disciplines, due to their unique and tunable properties arising from the synergistic combination of two distinct metallic elements. This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing branched gold-platinum nanoparticles by utilizing poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)-stabilized branched gold nanoparticles, with a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) response of around 1000 nm, as a template for platinum deposition. This approach allows precise control over nanoparticle size, the LSPR band, and the branching degree at an ambient temperature, without the need for high temperatures or organic solvents. The resulting AuPt branched nanoparticles not only demonstrate optical activity but also enhanced catalytic properties. To evaluate their catalytic potential, we compared the enzymatic capabilities of gold and gold-platinum nanoparticles by examining their peroxidase-like activity in the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Our findings revealed that the incorporation of platinum onto the gold surface substantially enhanced the catalytic efficiency, highlighting the potential of these bimetallic nanoparticles in catalytic applications.