Paralympic Versus Olympic Canoe Sprint: Comprehension of the Development Trajectory of the Kayak 200 Meters.

Improvements in race times for male and female Para canoe athletes across different sports classes have led to a reduction in relative differences between classes over time. However, there is a lack of research examining the comparative developmental trajectories between high-performance Paralympic (PCS) and Olympic (OCS) canoe sprint. In this study, we compared the developmental trajectories of 200-meter kayak performances among PCS and OCS athletes. In total, we analyzed 628 race results obtained from public online databases, for nine competitions between 2015 and 2023. Race times were reduced over the years except in specific sports classes (KL3-M, K1-M, and K1-F; KL: Kayak Level, M: male, F: female), with a poor positive correlation (r = 0.17 to 0.33) between time and the years. For the remaining sports classes, these correlations ranged from poor to fair (r = -0.58 to -0.13). OCS K1 athletes outperformed their Paralympic counterparts. Among Paralympic classes, KL1 had slower times than KL2 and KL3 (p ≤ .05), with KL2 times significantly lower than KL3 in the female category. OCS athletes exhibited less variability in race times compared to PCS athletes. In the male category, there were no significant differences in the coefficients of variation (CV) and amplitude of race times between sport classes, except for KL1-M, which had a larger CV than K1 (p ≤ .05). In the female category, the CV and amplitude of race times were significantly higher in KL1-F compared to KL3-F and K1-F. OCS times remained stable from 2015, with KL3-M following a similar trend. PCS displayed greater race time variability, particularly in higher impairment classes, notably KL1. This underscores the existence of distinct developmental stages within the canoe sprint modality, particularly emphasizing the early developmental phase of KL1. It also provides valuable insights for coaches and sports selection, especially concerning athletes with more severe impairments, including those in Rehabilitation Centers and during athlete recruitment.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness correlates in youth: A hierarchy of behavioral, contextual, and health-related outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the health importance of identifying correlates of physical fitness in youth, no investigation to date has explored the influence of behavioral, health-related, and contextual correlates simultaneously. We investigated the hierarchical relationship of multiple modifiable correlates favoring or diminishing cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in youth. DESIGN: Cross-sectional investigation. METHODS: In a sample of 5174 children and adolescents, 31 correlates were hierarchized according to their impact on cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness assessed using the FITESCOLA® fitness battery. A Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection approach was employed and measures of correlation and association were used to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and correlates. RESULTS: In children, body mass index was the most relevant factor to discriminate between high and low cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness of the upper, middle, and lower body. While body mass index was more important than any other correlate to differentiate levels of upper and lower body muscular fitness during adolescence, specific characteristics of sports participation emerged as key factors to discriminate between high and low cardiorespiratory fitness and middle body muscular fitness. Other correlates, including the self-report of active recess time, active commuting to school, favorable neighborhood conditions, and limited time on screens and cellphones, were demonstrative of favorable physical fitness levels. CONCLUSIONS: Both body composition and sports-related characteristics emerged as the two most relevant factors of physical fitness in youth. Additional health benefits may be obtained from building supportive environments for sports and healthy exercise habits within the household and at different school education levels.

Quando lazer e saúde se encontram: uma aproximação teórica possível para a composição de práticas cotidianas / When leisure and health meet: a possible theoretical approach for the composition of everyday practices

A vida cotidiana, para além de um conjunto de atividades desenvolvidas e vivenciadas ao longo dos dias, é também um tempo recheado de sentidos e significados. Inseridos nesse tempo, estão o lazer e a saúde, elementos centrais para a manutenção da vida individual e coletiva. Inseridos também em diferentes currículos acadêmicos, estes grandes campos de conhecimento são, muitas vezes, apresentados e tratados de forma separada durante o processo de formação acadêmica profissional. Este texto, fruto de uma Residência pós-doutoral no Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Estudos do Lazer, é uma composição conjunta entre um terapeuta ocupacional e um profissional de Educação Física, na tentativa de aproximar os núcleos de conhecimento e apresentar uma nova possibilidade de abordagem para os Estudo do Lazer.

Everyday life, in addition to a set of activities developed and experienced throughout the day, is also a time filled with meanings and meanings. Included in this time are leisure and health, central elements for maintaining individual and collective life. Also included in different academic curricula, these major fields of knowledge are often presented and treated separately during the process of professional academic training. This text, the result of a post-doctoral residency in the Interdisciplinary PostGraduate Program in Leisure Studies, is a joint composition between an occupational therapist and a Physical Education professional, in an attempt to bring knowledge centers closer together and present a new possibility approach to Leisure Studies.

Training efficacy of robotic duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy simulation using silicone models for surgical fellows.

Purpose: In the era of minimally invasive surgery (MIS), robotic pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is actively performed, and clinical fellows need to thoroughly prepare for MIS-PD during the training process. Although pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) is a difficult anastomosis that requires repeated practice, there are obstacles preventing its practice that concerns patient safety and limited time in the actual operating room. This study evaluated the efficacy of simulation-based training of robotic duct-to-mucosa PJ using pancreatic and intestinal silicone models using a scoring system. Methods: Three pancreatobiliary clinical fellows who had never performed a real robotic PJ participated in this study. Each trainee, who was well acquainted with master's video created by a senor surgeon, performed the robotic PJ procedures 9 times, and 3 independent pancreatobiliary surgeons assessed the videos and analyzed the scores using a blind method. Results: The mean robotic PJ times for the 3 trainees were 42.8 and 29.1 minutes for the first and 9th videos, respectively. The mean score was 13.8 (range, 6-17) for the first video and 17.7 (range, 15-19) for the 9th video. When comparing earlier and later attempts, the PJ time decreased significantly (2,201.67 seconds vs. 2,045.50 seconds, P = 0.007), whereas test scores increased significantly (total score 14.22 vs. 16.89, P = 0.011). Conclusion: This robotic education system will help pancreatobiliary trainees overcome the learning curves efficiently and quickly without raising ethical concerns associated with animal models or direct practice with human subjects. This will be of practical assistance to trainees preparing for MIS-PD.

The Meaning of Physical Education Practice in Students with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Purpose: This study seeks to describe the perspective of students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and physical education (PE) teachers concerning physical activity practice in high school. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study based on an interpretative framework was conducted with secondary school students with ADHD, and their teachers of physical education. In-depth interviews and researchers' field notes were used to collect the data. Purposive sampling and inductive thematic analysis were applied. Results: Results show that ADHD is not experienced as limiting the practice of PA and PE by students, except in motor activities that require concentration such as tactical games. On the contrary, PA and PE helps them feel better. Teachers have not had to make extensive methodological modifications in their teaching styles with students with ADHD in relation to other situations or incidents. Conclusions: Students with ADHD do not seem to show significant difficulties in PE lessons or in the practice of extracurricular PA. PE teachers do not need to make significant adaptations with these students.

Intervention effect of 12 week spinal health gymnastics on high and low shoulder exercise in adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the intervention effect of 12 week spinal health exercise on adolescents high and low shoulders, in order to provide empirical evidence for exploring simple and feasible measures to intervene.@*Methods@#In February 2023, 60 high and low shoulder students from a vocational high school in a certain county of Luzhou City were randomly selected as the research subjects by convenient sampling method. Paired sampling was used to randomly divide participants into an intervention group and a control group with 30 students each group. The intervention group received spinal health gymnastics intervention during 12 weeks of morning exercises and large break exercises for twice a day, with two groups each time; the control group maintained their previous morning exercises and large break exercises. A follow up study was conducted on the height difference between the left and right shoulder peaks of the intervention group and the control group students before intervention, after 12 weeks intervention, at 4 weeks post intervention. The t-test was used to analyze the changes in shoulder peak height difference between the intervention group and the control group.@*Results@#Before intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the height of the left and right shoulder peaks between the intervention group [(2.50±1.19)cm] and the control group [(2.49±1.20)cm] adolescents ( t=0.05, P > 0.05). After 12 weeks of intervention, the difference in shoulder height between the left and right sides of adolescents in the intervention group decreased, compared to that before intervention [(1.43±1.15, 2.50±1.19)cm], while the control group increased compared to that before intervention [(2.58±1.19, 2.49±1.20) cm], and the differences were both statistically significant ( t= -78.17 , 20.15, P <0.05). At 4 weeks post intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the height of the left and right shoulder peaks between the intervention group [(1.44±1.15)cm] and the control group [(2.59±1.18)cm] compared to 12 weeks after the intervention ( t=1.80, 1.05, P >0.05). The intervention group [(2.49±1.26, 2.52±1.16) (1.43±1.21, 1.44±1.13) (1.44±1.21, 1.45±1.14)cm] and the control group [(2.45±1.24, 2.52±1.20) (2.55±1.24, 2.61±1.18) (2.55±1.22, 2.62±1.18)cm] showed no statistically significant difference in the height of the left and right shoulder peaks between males and females before intervention, after 12 weeks of intervention, and after stopping intervention for 4 weeks ( t =-0.08, -0.03, -0.02; -0.15, -0.12, -0.15, P >0.05).@*Conclusions@#Spinal health gymnastics has a good effect on correcting high and low shoulders in adolescents. Spinal health gymnastics should be promoted on campus to promote adolescent posture health.

Effects of after school exercise service on physical fitness in primary school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the effects of after school exercise service (referred to as the "after school ES") on physical health, so as to provide evidence for possible beneficial effect of after school ES.@*Methods@#Students in the fourth grade of primary school were recruited from September 2021 to July 2022 in Changsha City and divided into the control group ( n =220) and the after school ES group ( n =220). The control group only participated in the regular physical education activities of the school. The after school ES group received after school ES for one academic year, 4 times a week, 40-50 minutes per time, for a total of 32 weeks. Body shape indicators such as height, weight and percentage of body fat, as well as physical fitness indicators such as 50 meter running, grip strength and progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER) were measured in September to October 2021 and June to July 2022, respectively. Independent sample t-test, Chi square test and two factors repeated measurement analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis of the data.@*Results@#After one academic year, compared with the control group [(13.52±2.30)kg], muscle mass of primary school students in the after school ES group [(13.76±2.32)kg] significantly increased, while waist to hip ratio [(0.95±0.16)] and percentage of body fat [(20.17±7.43)%] significantly decreased compared to the control group [(1.01±0.21), (22.02±12.34)%]( F=330.70, 6.85, 4.33, P <0.05). The proportion of overweight and obesity in after school ES group decreased significantly from 19.5% to 12.3% ( χ 2=4.35, P <0.05). Compared with the control group, the scores of 50 meter running [(10.00±1.06, 10.21±0.83)s], 1 minute sit up [(33.25±8.24, 30.76±9.34)times], sitting and flexion [(14.53±7.50, 8.59±6.32)cm], 1 minute rope skipping [(125.01±30.50, 115.97±32.09)times], eyes closed and single legged standing [(30.00±34.72, 25.72±23.82)s], selective response time [(635.66±91.72, 652.79±120.42)ms] and VO 2max [(45.31± 1.02 , 43.67±0.85)mL/(kg〖 ·min)] in the after school ES group were significantly improved, with statistical significance ( F= 5.32 , 443.14, 97.23, 814.07, 36.49, 6.11, 396.91, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#After school ES can improve body shape of primary school students, reduce the risk of overweight and obesity and enhance physical fitness. It is recommended that schools should appropriately increase after school ES to promote physical fitness of students.

Effects of group sports game intervention on social skills and quality of life in children with austism spectrum disorders / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the effects of group sports game intervention on social ability and quality of life of children with austism spectrum disorders (ASD),so as to provide reference for rehabilitation intervention of social and quality of life of children with ASD.@*Methods@#From September 2021 to January 2022, 72 children with ASD aged 4-6 in the children s rehabilitation department of Xiangyang Central Hospital were selected to participate in the study, and were randomly divided into experimental group ( n =36) and control group ( n =36). The control group received routine rehabilitation training (including individual sports game training), and the experimental group replaced individual sports game training with group sports game training on the basis of routine rehabilitation.The course content mainly included three parts: warm up before class, group sports games and relaxation after class. The course combined social skills with sports games, and was carried out in a group form (divided into 12 groups with 3 people in each group), and was trained five times a week for 60 minutes, for a total of 12 weeks. The scores of Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQL 4.0) were observed before and after treatment. t-test and χ 2 test were used for statistical analysis.@*Results@#There was no significant difference in SRS scores between the experimental group and the control group before intervention ( t =-0.63, P >0.05). After the intervention, the total response rate in the experimental group was 83.33 %, higher than 41.67% in the control group χ 2=13.33, P <0.05),and the SRS scores decreased in the experimental group and control group ( t =17.75,8.71, P <0.05). The SRS scale score of the experimental group Social perception (17.67±4.12) , social cognition (30.33±4.99) , social communication (50.33±9.39) , social motivation (24.25±6.78) scores and total scores ( 152.67± 25.82) were lower than those of the control group(22.17±5.34，36.00±4.13，62.58±11.07，34.42±7.13，186.33±29.03)( t = -4.88，-2.03，-2.13，-3.58，-3.01， P ＜0.05).After the intervention, the scores of social function (53.33±18.01) and total score (283.83±51.83) on PedsQL 4.0 scale in experimental group were higher than those in control group(23.33±15.13，218.00±39.01) ( t =4.42，3.52， P ＜0.05). After the intervention, Autism Treatment Evaluation Scale (ATEC) scores of experimental groups(44.33±14.72) was lower than that in control group ( 59.33±16.95)( t =-2.32, P ＜0.05).@*Conclusion@#The intervention of group sports game has a significant effect on improving social ability and life quality of children with ASD.

The influence of physical education at school on the attention of students aged 15-16 years / El impacto de la educación física en la escuela en la atención de los estudiantes de 15 a 16 años / O impacto da educação física na escola na atenção de estudantes de 15 a 16 anos

ABSTRACT Objectives: the influence of physical activity in physical education lessons on the attention indicators of schoolchildren. Material and Methods: 141 students, aged 15-16, who studied in the 9th grade, took part in the experiment. The main research method was the "Trondyke Test", which determines the level of attention development of students. The test was used before and after the physical education lesson 1 time per month for 5 months. Results: students who did not engage in physical education in the lesson were not able to significantly improve their performance in the test, which indicates a possible adaptation to the test after its first performance before the lesson. Students who were engaged in physical exercises could significantly increase the test results. Conclusion: the results obtained determine the effectiveness of the influence of a physical education lesson at school on the indicators of students attention. This study will serve as an additional motivation for students to engage in physical culture, since the impact of physical exercises has a positive effect not only on the development of physical qualities, but also on the attention of schoolchildren. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective Comparative Study.

RESUMEN Objetivos: la influencia de la actividad física en las clases de educación física en los indicadores de atención de los escolares. Material y métodos: Participaron en el experimento 141 escolares, de 15-16 años, que cursaban el noveno grado. El principal método de investigación fue la "Prueba de Trondyke", que determina el nivel de desarrollo de la atención de los escolares. La prueba se usó antes y después de la lección de educación física una vez al mes durante 5 meses. Resultados: los jóvenes que no participaron en educación física en la lección no pudieron mejorar significativamente su rendimiento en la prueba, lo que indica una posible adaptación a la prueba después de su primera actuación antes de la lección. Los escolares que realizaban ejercicios físicos pudieron aumentar significativamente los resultados de la prueba. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos determinan la efectividad de la influencia de una lección de educación física en la escuela sobre los indicadores de atención de los escolares. Este estudio servirá como una motivación adicional para que los estudiantes participen en la cultura física, ya que el impacto de los ejercicios físicos tiene un efecto positivo no solo en el desarrollo de las cualidades físicas, sino también en la atención de los escolares. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio Comparativo Retrospectivo.

RESUMO Objetivos: a influência da atividade física nas aulas de Educação Física nos indicadores de atenção dos escolares. Material e métodos: participaram do experimento 141 escolares, de 15 a 16 anos, que estudaram na 9a série. O principal método de pesquisa foi o "teste de Trondyke", que determina o nível de desenvolvimento da atenção dos escolares. O teste foi utilizado antes e depois da aula de Educação Física uma vez por mês durante 5 meses. Resultados: Os estudantes que não praticaram Educação Física na aula não conseguiram melhorar significativamente seu desempenho no teste, o que indica uma possível adaptação ao teste após sua primeira apresentação antes da aula. Os estudantes que estavam envolvidas em exercícios físicos foram capazes de aumentar significativamente os resultados do teste. Conclusão: os resultados obtidos determinam a eficácia da influência de uma aula de Educação Física na escola nos indicadores de atenção das crianças. Este estudo servirá como uma motivação adicional para os estudantes se envolverem na cultura física, uma vez que o impacto dos exercícios físicos tem um efeito positivo não apenas no desenvolvimento das qualidades físicas, mas também na atenção dos alunos. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Comparativo Retrospectivo.

Evaluating Feasibility of a Secondary Stroke Prevention Program.

Healthy lifestyles including exercise and diet can reduce stroke risk, but stroke survivors often lack guidance to modify their lifestyles after hospital discharge. We evaluated the implementation of a new, secondary stroke prevention program involving supervised exercise, multidisciplinary education and coaching to address modifiable risk factors. The group-based program involved face-to-face and telehealth sessions. The primary outcomes were feasibility, examined via service information (referrals, uptake, participant demographics and costs), and participant acceptability (satisfaction and attendance). Secondary outcomes examined self-reported changes in lifestyle factors and pre-post scores on standardized clinical tests (e.g., waist circumference and 6-Minute Walk (6MWT)). We ran seven programs in 12 months, and 37 people participated. Attendance for education sessions was 79%, and 30/37 participants completed the full program. No adverse events occurred. Participant satisfaction was high for 'relevance' (100%), 'felt safe to exercise' (96%) and 'intend to continue' (96%). Most participants (88%) changed (on average) 2.5 lifestyle factors (diet, exercise, smoking and alcohol). Changes in clinical outcomes seemed promising, with some being statistically significant, e.g., 6MWT (MD 59 m, 95% CI 38 m to 80,159 m, p < 0.001) and waist circumference (MD -2.1 cm, 95%CI -3.9 cm to -1.4 cm, p < 0.001). The program was feasible to deliver, acceptable to participants and seemed beneficial for health. Access to similar programs may assist in secondary stroke prevention.

A Clinical Practice Guide to Enhance Physical Activity Participation for Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder in Canada.

Purpose: This clinical practice guide (CPG) aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for promoting and enhancing the participation and integration of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) into physical activities that take place in the home, school, community, or rehabilitation clinic contexts. Methods: A panel of key stakeholders relevant to these contexts (parents, instructors, rehabilitation professionals) developed evidence-based recommendations using a consensus methodology after reviewing results from a recent systematic review of relevant literature. The quality of the evidence on which the recommendations were based was evaluated (2011 Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence scale) as was the strength of the final CPG recommendations (American Society of Plastic Surgeons Grade Recommendation Scale). Results: Recommendations (n = 50; 36% supported by robust, empirically derived evidence) for the different stakeholder groups fell into three categories: 1) Choose an appropriate activity for your child, 2) Harmonize the activity with the child's interests and abilities, and 3) Help the child learn new movements prior to the activity. Conclusions: This comprehensive CPG provides concrete recommendations, based on the currently available evidence, that can be used by stakeholders to address the physical activity participation and integration needs of children with DCD in a variety of contexts.

Objectif: ces directives cliniques visent à fournir des recommandations basées sur les données probantes pour promouvoir et améliorer la participation et l'intégration des enfants ayant un trouble développemental de la coordination (TDC) à des activités physiques qui se déroulent à la maison, à l'école, dans la communauté ou dans des cliniques de réadaptation. Méthodologie: un groupe d'intervenants clés dans ces contextes (parents, entraineurs, professionnels de la réadaptation) a préparé des recommandations fondées sur des données probantes au moyen d'une méthodologie de consensus, après avoir révisé les résultats d'une récente analyse systématique de publications pertinentes. La qualité des données probantes sur laquelle reposent les recommandations a été évaluée (échelle de qualité des preuves de l'Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine de 2011) de même que les catégories des recommandations définitives tirées des directives (échelle des catégories de recommandations de l'American Society of Plastic Surgeons). Résultats: les recommandations (n = 50; 36 % soutenues par des données probantes empiriques vigoureuses) des divers groupes d'intervenants se déclinaient en trois catégories : 1) choisir une activité appropriée pour l'enfant, 2) harmoniser l'activité selon les intérêts et les capacités de l'enfant, 3) aider l'enfant à s'approprier de nouveaux mouvements pour aller vers l'activité. Conclusions: ces directives cliniques complètes fournissent des recommandations concrètes d'après les données probantes disponibles, que peuvent utiliser les intervenants pour aborder la participation à l'activité physique et les besoins d'intégration des enfants ayant un TDC dans divers contextes.

[Update of the recommendations of the Federal Falls Prevention Initiative-Identification and prevention of the risk of falling in older people living at home]. / Update der Empfehlungen der Bundesinitiative Sturzprävention ­ Identifizierung und Prävention des Sturzrisikos bei älteren zu Hause lebenden Menschen.

BACKGROUND: To reduce falls and their consequences, evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations are needed for risk stratification, screening, assessment, and fall prevention as well as treatment. In 2020, the Federal Falls Prevention Initiative (BIS) published recommendations for physical training for falls prevention as a group or individual intervention for older people living at home. In 2022, the world guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults (WFG) were published. OBJECTIVE: To update the recommendations of the BIS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The recommendations of the BIS were compared with those of the WFG and, if necessary, extended by methodological and subject-specific aspects. The following areas were considered: 1) screening and risk stratification, 2) interventions, 3) multifactorial assessment and interventions, and 4) specific target groups. RESULTS: The BIS recommendations are largely consistent with those of the WFG. The main reason for differences is the previous focus of the BIS recommendations on physical training. The multifactorial approach, which is described in detail by the WFG, has so far been mentioned in the recommendation paper on physical training in individual settings but not elaborated in detail. The BIS recommendations are supplemented or clarified in this respect. CONCLUSION: By updating the BIS recommendations, the establishment and promotion of fall prevention services for older people in Germany can be further advanced. The implementation can thus be carried out as consistently and scientifically proven as possible.

Interaction of Kinematic, Kinetic, and Energetic Predictors of Young Swimmers' Speed.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the interaction of kinematic, kinetic, and energetic variables as speed predictors in adolescent swimmers in the front-crawl stroke. DESIGN: Ten boys (mean age [SD] = 16.4 [0.7] y) and 13 girls (mean age [SD] = 14.9 [0.9] y) were assessed. METHODS: The swimming performance indicator was a 25-m sprint. A set of kinematic, kinetic (hydrodynamic and propulsion), and energetic variables was established as a key predictor of swimming performance. Multilevel software was used to model the maximum swimming speed. RESULTS: The final model identified time (estimate = -0.008, P = .044), stroke frequency (estimate = 0.718, P < .001), active drag coefficient (estimate = -0.330, P = .004), lactate concentration (estimate = 0.019, P < .001), and critical speed (estimate = -0.150, P = .035) as significant predictors. Therefore, the interaction of kinematic, hydrodynamic, and energetic variables seems to be the main predictor of speed in adolescent swimmers. CONCLUSIONS: Coaches and practitioners should be aware that improvements in isolated variables may not translate into faster swimming speed. A multilevel evaluation may be required for a more effective assessment of the prediction of swimming speed based on several key variables rather than a single analysis.

Weekly cumulative extracurricular core training time predicts cadet physical performance: A descriptive epidemiological study.

Background: Core training can enhance athletic performance by enhancing core strength and stability. To achieve this outcome, however, a tailored training program is required; the normal military training curriculum is inadequate. The connection between cumulative weekly extracurricular training time, cumulative weekly extracurricular core training time and cadet performance is unknown. Methods: The association between cumulative weekly extracurricular training time, cumulative weekly extracurricular core training time and performance has been discovered using a descriptive epidemiological study methodology. Questionnaires were used to collect information on personal characteristics and weekly cumulative extracurricular (core) training time, as well as the results of the Chinese Army Physical Fitness Test (C-APFT), which included 100-m dash, 5000-m run, 3000-m armed training run, 400-m steeplechase, 800 m breaststroke, horizontal bar pull-ups, 2-min sit-ups, 2-min push-ups, and hand grenade throwing. This study recruited two hundred and twenty male cadets (aged 18 to 23 years, 19.68 ± 0.91) from a military medical university. Results: (a) The correlation between cumulative weekly extracurricular training time and C-APFT score is significant. The 100-m dash, 5000-m run, 3000-m armed training run, 400-m steeplechase, and 2-min push-ups performed the best when participants exercised for 5 to 10 h per week. (b) The number of cadets scoring good or excellent on the C-APFT improves with cumulative weekly extracurricular core training time. The recommended amount of core training for cadets per week is 120 min. (c) The average cumulative weekly extracurricular core training time was a effective predictor of performance on the 400-m steeplechase (R2 = 0.470, F = 10.641, P＜0.01), horizontal bar pull-ups (R2 = 0.238, F = 68.191, P＜0.01), 2-min sit-ups (R2 = 0.280, F = 84.710, P＜0.01), 100-m run (R2 = 0.031, F = 6.920, P＜0.01), 3000-m armed training run (R2 = 0.025, F = 5.603, P＜0.05), 2-min push-ups (R2 = 0.019, F = 4.295, P＜0.05), and hand grenade tossing (R2 = 0.025, F = 5.603, P＜0.05). Conclusions: Active participation in extracurricular core training can improve cadets' C-APFT scores. An average cumulative weekly extracurricular training duration of 5-10 h showed the most progress, and more than 120 min per week was ideal for extracurricular core training. The amount of extracurricular time spent on core training exercises each week can be used as a predictor of the C-APFT.

Análise do Efeito da Idade Relativa e do ano constituinte nas categorias de base do atletismo / Análisis del efecto de la edad relativa y el año constitutivo en las categorías básicas de atletismo / Analysis of the effect of relative age and constituent year on basic athletics categories

El presente estudio buscó analizar el Efecto de la Edad Relativa y el año constituyente en las categorías básicas del atletismo. Se decidió realizar un análisis del ranking general CBAt, tomando como muestra los datos de 2017. El enfoque de análisis consistió en un enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 3.909 deportistas, hombres y mujeres, nacidos en los siguientes años: 1996 (n = 268); 1997 (n = 680); 1998 (n = 630); 1999 (n = 910); 2000 (n = 572); 2001 (n = 612); 2002 (n = 204); y 2003 (n = 33). Además, se entrevistó a seis entrenadores brasileños en la modalidad de atletismo para contribuir a las discusiones. Se puede observar que existe una tendencia a que el ranking deportivo de las categorías del base tenga una mayor sobrerrepresentación de los deportistas nacidos en los primeros meses del año, en relación a los nacidos en los últimos meses. Por otro lado, otro tema observado es que el año constitutivo de las categorías analizadas (16, 18 y 20 años) no tiene la mayoría de los resultados. Por tanto, son cuestiones que deben ser tenidas en cuenta por las personas que trabajan en el proceso de formación deportiva. (AU)

The present study sought to analyze the Effect of Relative Age and the constituent year in the basic categories of athletics. It was decided to carry out an analysis of the general CBAt ranking, taking the 2017 data as a sample. The analysis approach consisted of a quantitative and qualitative approach. The sample included a total of 3,909 athletes, male and female, born in the following years: 1996 (n = 268); 1997 (n = 680); 1998 (n = 630); 1999 (n = 910); 2000 (n = 572); 2001 (n = 612); 2002 (n= 204); and 2003(n = 33). In addition, six Brazilian coaches in the athletics modality were interviewed in order to contribute to the discussions. It is noticed that there was a tendency for the sports ranking of the basic categories to have agreater representation of athletes born in the first months of the year, in relation to those born in the final months. On the other hand, another issue observed is that the constituent year of the analyzed categories (16, 18 and 20 years) does not have the majorityof the results. Thus, these are issues that need to be taken into account by the people who work in the sports training process. (AU)

O presente estudo buscou analisar o Efeito da Idade Relativa e do ano constituinte nas categorias de base do atletismo. Optou-se em fazer uma análise do ranking geral da CBAt, tendo como amostra os dados de 2017. A abordagem de análise consistiu em uma abordagem quanti-qualitativa. Fizeram parte da amostra um total de 3.909 atletas, dos sexos masculino e feminino, nascidos nos seguintes anos: 1996 (n=268); 1997 (n=680); 1998 (n=630); 1999 (n=910); 2000 (n=572); 2001 (n=612); 2002 (n=204); e 2003(n=33). Além disto, seis técnicos brasileiros da modalidade de atletismo foram entrevistados com o intuito de contribuir para as discussões. Percebe-se que houve uma tendência de o ranking esportivo das categorias de base ter uma maior representação de atletas nascidos nos primeiros meses do ano, em relação aos nascidos nos meses finais. Por outro lado, outra questão observada, é que o ano constituinte das categorias analisadas (16, 18 e 20 anos) não possui a maioria dos resultados. Deste modo, essas são questões que precisam ser levadas em consideração pelas pessoasque atuam no processo de formação esportiva. (AU)

Have States Reduced Obesity by Legislating More Physical Activity in Elementary School?

Policy Points Between 1998 and 2016, 24 states and the District of Columbia passed laws meant to increase the time that children spent in physical education (PE) or other school-based physical activity (PA). Schools largely disregarded changes to PE/PA laws, which did not increase the time that children spent in PE or recess and did not reduce body mass index, overweight, or obesity. Closer oversight of schools would be needed to improve compliance with state PE and PA laws. Yet, even with better compliance, we estimate that PE and PA policies would be inadequate to reverse the obesity epidemic. Policies should also address consumption, both inside and outside of school. CONTEXT: To control childhood obesity, leading medical organizations have recommended increasing the time that children spend in physical education (PE) and other school-based physical activity (PA). Yet, it is unknown how many states have passed laws that codify these recommendations, and it is unknown what effect changing state laws has had on obesity or the time that children actually spent in PE and PA. METHODS: We joined state laws to national samples of 13,920 children from two different cohorts of elementary students. One cohort attended kindergarten in 1998; the other attended kindergarten in 2010; both cohorts were followed from kindergarten through fifth grade. We estimated the effects of changes to state laws in a regression with state and year fixed effects. FINDINGS: Twenty-four states and the District of Columbia increased the time that children were recommended or required to spend in PE or PA. These changes in state policies did not increase actual time spent in PE or recess, did not affect average body mass index (BMI) or BMI Z score, and did not affect the prevalence of overweight or obesity. CONCLUSION: Increasing the PE or PA time required or recommended by state laws has not slowed the obesity epidemic. Many schools have failed to comply with state laws. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that, even with better compliance, the legislated changes in PE laws might not have changed energy balance enough to reduce obesity prevalence.

Inserção de profissionais de educação física no Sistema Único de Saúde: análise temporal (2007-2021) / Insertion of physical education professionals in the Unified Health System: temporal analysis (2007-2021)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever e analisar a série temporal da inserção de profissionais de educação física (PEF) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no período de 2007 a 2021, bem como apresentar a distribuição por regiões e estados de profissionais no território brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e de série temporal que utilizou dados secundários oriundos do sistema de consultas do Cadastro Nacional dos Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES). Analisou-se o quantitativo de PEF no SUS nas cinco regiões e nos vinte e seis estados e no Distrito Federal entre 2007 e 2021 e reali-zou-se a análise temporal para verificar a distribuição dos PEF nas regiões brasileiras. Os resultados apontam para um crescimento no número de PEF entre 2007 (n = 22) e 2020 (n = 7.560) em todo o país. Em 2021 observa-se uma redução de 2,8% no quantitativo de PEF. Entre as regiões, os maio-res quantitativos foram observados nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, enquanto nos estados a maior concentração foi em Minas Gerais, seguido de São Paulo, Pernambuco, Bahia e Rio Grande do Sul. Observou-se uma tendência crescente de PEF nas regiões Norte e Sul. Conclui-se que o quantitativo de PEF atuantes no SUS teve um crescimento expressivo durante o período analisado, sendo fruto das políticas públicas e programas voltados à promoção da atividade física constituídos ao longo do tempo. Apesar disso, há importantes disparidades geográficas que não devem ser desconsideradas, reforçando a necessidade de estratégias coletivas e investimentos em políticas públicas que fomentem a inserção dos PEF na rede assistencial e de fortalecimento do SUS

The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the time series of physical education professionals (PEF in Portuguese) in the Unified Health System (SUS in Portuguese) from 2007 to 2021, as well as to present their distribution by Brazilian regions and states. This is a time series study which used secondary data from the Consultation System of the National Registry of Health Establishments (CNES in Portuguese). We analyzed the number of PEF in the country, in the five Regions and in the twenty-six States and the Fed-eral District between 2007 and 2021 and the temporal analysis was carried out to verify the distribution of PEF in the Brazilian regions. The results point to an increase in the number of PEF between 2007 (n = 22) and 2020 (n = 7560). In 2021, there is a 2.8% reduction in the amount of PEF. Among the regions, the highest numbers were observed in the Northeast and Southeast regions, while in the states the highest con-centration was in Minas Gerais, followed by São Paulo, Pernambuco, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul. There was an increasing trend in the distribution of PEF in the North and South regions. The number of PEF working in the SUS had an expressive growth during the analyzed period, being the result of public policies and programs aimed at promoting physical activity constituted over time. Despite this, there are important geographic disparities that should not be disregarded, reinforcing the need for collective strategies and financ-ing in public policies that encourage the insertion of PEFs in the care network and the strengthening of SUS

An overview of injury prevention for soccer players in Pakistan: A sports rehab perspective.

Soccer (football) is one of the most popular weight-bearing sports in the world, which involves activities such as jumping, running and turning. Soccer related injuries have the highest incidence in all sports and are more common in young amateur players. The most important modifiable risk factors include neuromuscular control, postural stability, hamstring strength and core dysfunction. The International Federation of Football Association introduced FIFA 11+; an injury prevention programme for reduction in the rate of injuries in amateur and young soccer players. It focusses on the training of dynamic, static and reactive neuromuscular control, proper posture, balance, agility and control of the body. This training protocol is not being used in Pakistan at amateur level who neither possess the resources, nor the knowledge or proper guidance in risk factor assessment, prevention, and subsequent sport injury management. In addition, the physicians and rehabilitation community are not much familiar with it except for those directly involved in sports rehabilitation. This review highlights the importance of including FIFA 11+ training programme in the curriculum and faculty training.

Narrativas sobre competição esportiva: reflexões e perspectivas / Narratives about sports competition: reflections and perspectives / Narrativas sobre la competición deportiva: reflexiones y perspectivas

Analisar as concepções sobre competição esportiva em publicações acadêmicas brasileiras é o foco deste trabalho. Utilizando-se da revisão sistemática, do tipo estado da arte, foram analisados 175 artigos no recorte temporal 2010-2020 (11 anos) em 14 revistas da área da Educação Física. Há parcimônia dos/as autores/as quanto a complexidade da competição e foram salutares indicativas do rememorar a essência do tema; independente da área de conhecimento específico, foram recorrentes indicativos de um processo respeitoso e pedagógico da competição aos praticantes. Ademais, confirmam que amadores e profissionais; homens e mulheres; idosos e jovens, todos podem (e devem) ter a opção da experiência esportiva no âmbito competitivo (AU).

Analyzing the concepts about sports competition in Brazilian academic publication is the objective of this paper. Using the state-of-art systematic review, 175 articles were considered from 14 Physical Education Journals from 2010 to 2020 (11 years). There is parsimony by the authors regarding the complexity of the competition and greetings indicative of remembering the essence of the theme; regardless of the area of specific knowledge, there were recurrent indicators of a respectful and pedagogical process of the competition for practitioners. Also, it was confirmed that amateurs and professionals; men and women; elderly and young; everyone can (and should) have the possibility of sporting experience in the competitive environment (AU).

Analizar las concepciones sobre la competición deportiva en las publicaciones académicas brasileñas es el foco de este trabajo. Utilizando la revisión sistemática del tipo estado del arte, se buscarán 175 artículos en el período de 2010-2020 en 14 revistas del área de Educación Física. Hay parcimônia a la complejidad de la competición y fueron saludos indicativos de recordar la esencia del tema; independientemente del área de conocimiento específico, fueron recurrentes indicativos para un proceso respetuoso y pedagógico de la competencia por practicantes. También confirman que los atletas aficionados y profesionales; hombres y mujeres; ancianos y jóvenes, todos pueden (y deben) tener la opción de la experiencia deportiva en el entorno competitivo