La Apropiación Social del Conocimiento y su articulación con la cultura científico-tecnológica desde la perspectiva epistemológica de León Olivé

León Olivé es considerado uno de los filósofos de la ciencia e investigadores contemporáneos más importantes de México e Iberoamérica. Su pensamiento se distingue por las aportaciones realizadas en ámbitos de investigación como: la epistemología y la filosofía de las ciencias, el análisis de las relaciones interculturales y el estudio de las relaciones entre ciencia, tecnología y sociedad. Recurrió al pluralismo como enfoque epistémico para examinar los contextos multiculturales latinoamericanos donde coexisten conocimientos científico-tecnológicos con conocimientos tradicionales; ello le permitió desarrollar una concepción novedosa de la innovación a través de las Redes Sociales de Innovación (RSI). Sustentado en estos argumentos el presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la articulación entre las categorías de Apropiación Social del Conocimiento (ASC) y cultura científico-tecnológica desde la perspectiva epistemológica pluralista de dicho autor. El análisis de documentos constituyó el método principal para la reconstrucción sintética del contenido objeto de estudio.

León Olivé is considered one of the most important contemporary philosophers of science and researchers in Mexico and Latin America. His epistemology is distinguished by the contributions made in research areas such as: epistemology and philosophy of science, the analysis of intercultural relations and the study of the relationship between science, technology and society. He resorted to pluralism as an epistemic approach to examine Latin American multicultural contexts, where scientific-technological knowledge coexists with traditional knowledge; this allowed him to develop a novel conception of innovation through Social Innovation Networks (SIN). Based on these arguments, the aim of this article is to analyze the articulation between the categories of Social Appropriation of Knowledge (ASC) and scientific-technological culture from a pluralist epistemological perspective. Document analysis constituted the main method for the synthetic reconstruction of the content under study.

"Depressão, transtorno do pânico e fobia social são reais!". Notas sobre essencialismo, pragmatismo e psicopatologia / "Depression, panic disorder and social phobia are real!". Notes on Essentialism, Pragmatism and Psychopathology / "La dépression, le trouble panique et la phobie sociale sont réels!": Notes sur l'essentialisme, le pragmatisme et la psychopathologie / "¡La depresión, el trastorno de pánico y la fobia social son reales!": Notas sobre esencialismo, pragmatismo y psicopatología

O artigo tematiza a noção de validade diagnóstica na nosologia psicopatológica, de um ponto de vista epistemológico. Argumenta-se que a crise dos modelos operacionais, representados pelos DSMs, se aprofundou nas últimas décadas em virtude da adoção de uma concepção literal de validade, entendida como correspondência entre classificações diagnósticas e propriedades intrínsecas. Tal concepção relega as categorias diagnósticas ao estatuto de tipos artificiais sem substrato ontológico. A partir de autores como Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar, Agich etc., sugere-se uma recolocação do problema em termos de um nominalismo pragmático. Além de nos deslocar da dicotomia natural/artificial, uma postura nominalista pragmática teria a vantagem adicional de admitir um pluralismo nosológico, que tende a ser incompatível com sistemas classificatórios literais, com pretensões essencialistas.

This article discusses the notion of diagnostic validity in psychopathological nosology, from an epistemological perspective. The crisis of operational models, represented by the DSM, has deepened in recent decades due to the adoption of a literal conception of validity, understood as correspondence between diagnostic classifications and intrinsic properties. Such conception relegates the diagnostic categories to the status of artificial types devoid of ontological substrate. Based on authors such as Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar, Agich, etc., it suggests reframing the problem in terms of a pragmatic nominalism. Besides shifting us from the natural/artificial dichotomy, a pragmatic nominalist stance would admit a nosological pluralism, usually incompatible with essentialist classificatory systems.

Cet article traite de la notion de validité diagnostique en nosologie psychopathologique, dans une perspective épistémologique. La crise des modèles opérationnels, représentés par les DSM, s'est aggravé au cours des dernières décennies en raison de l'adoption d'une conception littérale de la validité, comprise comme une correspondance entre les classifications diagnostiques et les propriétés intrinsèques. Une telle conception relègue les catégories diagnostiques au statut de types artificiels dépourvus de substrat ontologique. S'appuyant sur des auteurs tels que Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar, Agich, etc., on suggère de recadrer le problème en termes de nominalisme pragmatique. En plus de nous éloigner de la dichotomie naturel/artificiel, cette position admettrait un pluralisme nosologique, généralement incompatible avec les systèmes classificatoires essentialistes.

Este artículo aborda la noción de validez diagnóstica en la nosología psicopatológica desde un punto de vista epistemológico. Se argumenta que la crisis de los modelos operativos, representada por los DSM, se ha profundizado en las últimas décadas debido a la adopción de una concepción literal de validez, entendida como una correspondencia entre clasificaciones diagnósticas y propiedades intrínsecas. Esta concepción relega las categorías diagnósticas al estatus de tipos artificiales sin sustrato ontológico. A partir de autores como Dupré, Rorty, Goodman, Zachar y Agich, se sugiere reposicionar el problema en términos de nominalismo pragmático. Además de desplazarnos de la dicotomía natural/artificial, una postura pragmática nominalista tendría la ventaja adicional de admitir un pluralismo nosológico, que tiende a ser incompatible con los sistemas clasificatorios literales de pretensiones esencialistas.

Do racional desregramento de todos os sentidos de Rimbaud ao sentimento de racionalidade em James / From Rimbaud's rational derangement of all the senses to James' sentiment of rationality / Du raisonné dérèglement de tous les sens chez Rimbaud au sentiment de rationalité chez James / Del razonado desarreglo de todos los sentidos de Rimbaud al sentimiento de racionalidad en James

Resumo Este ensaio traz o método do racional desregramento de todos os sentidos, do poeta Arthur Rimbaud, como ponto de partida para uma reflexão sobre a relação entre razão e afeto e para um possível diálogo com a noção de sentimento de racionalidade, do psicólogo e filósofo William James, sob a perspectiva teórico-metodológica do construtivismo semiótico-cultural em psicologia. Aborda-se o experimento de inalação do óxido nitroso de James como uma experiência de desregramento dos sentidos que proporcionou a ele uma compreensão sobre a questão da unidade e da variedade, ajudando a enriquecer sua cosmovisão empirista e pluralista, em oposição ao racionalismo monista de Hegel.

Abstract This essay uses Rimbaud's rational derangement of all the senses as a starting point for its reflection on the relationship between reason and affection, and for possible dialogues with psychologist and philosopher William James' sentiment of rationality, from the perspective of semiotic-cultural constructivism in psychology. James' experiment of nitrous oxide inhalation is seen as an experience of derangement of the senses that gave him insight on the question of unity and variety, thus enriching his empiricist and pluralist worldview opposed to Hegel' s monistic rationalism.

Résumé Cet essai utilise le raisonné dérèglement de tous les sens de Arthur Rimbaud comme point de départ de sa réflexion sur la relation entre raison et l'affection, et des dialogues possibles avec le sentiment de rationalité du psychologue et philosophe William James, dans la perspective du constructivisme sémiotique-culturel en psychologie. L'expérience d'inhalation d'oxide nitreux de James est considérée comme une expérience du dérèglement des sens qui lui a donné un aperçu de la question de l'unité et de la variété, enrichissant ainsi sa vision empiriste et pluraliste du monde, opposée au rationalisme moniste de Hegel.

Resumen Este ensayo toma el método del racional desarreglo de todos los sentidos del poeta Arthur Rimbaud como punto de partida para una reflexión sobre la relación entre la razón y el afecto, y un posible diálogo con la noción del sentimiento de la racionalidad del psicólogo y filósofo William James, bajo la perspectiva teórico-metodológica del constructivismo semiótico-cultural en psicología. El experimento de la inhalación de óxido nitroso de James se aborda como una experiencia de desarreglo de los sentidos que le proporcionó una comprensión de la unidad y la variedad, contribuyendo a enriquecer su cosmovisión empirista y pluralista en oposición al racionalismo monista de Hegel.

Pluralismo evolutivo e o ideal de unificação da biologia / Evolutionary pluralism and the ideal of a unified biology

Resumo A evolução biológica é frequentemente considerada um eixo central e unificador da biologia. O artigo discute aspectos históricos desse ideal de unificação, bem como os seus sinais de desintegração entre os anos 1960 e 1980. Argumentamos que apesar das novas propostas de síntese do conhecimento biológico, a biologia evolutiva contemporânea é caracterizada por um pluralismo. Os principais pontos a favor do pluralismo evolutivo são discutidos, e algumas consequências dessa perspectiva são apresentadas, particularmente em relação ao ideal de unificação da biologia. Por fim, defendemos um pluralismo evolutivo crítico do ideal de unificação como um objetivo da ciência, mas ainda favorável a integrações locais.

Abstract Biological evolution is often regarded as a central and unifying axis of biology. This article discusses historical aspects of this ideal of unification, as well as signs of its disintegration from the 1960s to 1980s. We argue that despite new proposals for the synthesis of biological knowledge, contemporary evolutionary biology is characterized by pluralism. The main points in favor of evolutionary pluralism are discussed and some consequences of this perspective are presented, particularly in terms of the ideal of a unified biology. Finally, we defend an evolutionary pluralism that critiques the ideal of unification as a scientific objective, but still favors local integrations.

Adapting participatory processes to fine-tune conservation approaches in multiactor decision settings.

Conservation decisions are typically made in complex, dynamic, and uncertain settings, where multiple actors raise diverse and potentially conflicting claims, champion different and sometimes contradictory values, and enjoy varying degrees of freedom and power to act and influence collective decisions. Therefore, effective conservation actions require conservation scientists and practitioners to take into account the complexity of multiactor settings. We devised a framework to help conservation biologists and practitioners in this task. Institutional economic theories, which are insufficiently cited in the conservation literature, contain useful insights for conservation. Among these theories, the economies of worth can significantly contribute to conservation because it can be used to classify the types of values peoples or groups refer to when they interact during the elaboration and implementation of conservation projects. Refining this approach, we designed a framework to help conservation professionals grasp the relevant differences among settings in which decisions related to conservation actions are to be made, so that they can adapt their approaches to the features of the settings they encounter. This framework distinguishes 6 types of agreements and disagreements that can occur between actors involved in a conservation project (harmony, stricto sensu arrangement, deliberated arrangement, unilateral and reciprocal compromise, and locked-in), depending on whether they disagree on values or on their applications and on whether they can converge toward common values by working together. We identified key questions that conservationists should answer to adapt their strategy to the disagreements they encounter and identified relevant participatory processes to complete the adaptation.

Adaptación de los Procesos Participativos para Ajustar las Estrategias de Conservación en Entornos con Decisiones de Actores Múltiples Resumen Típicamente, las decisiones de conservación se toman en entornos complejos, dinámicos e inciertos. En estos entornos, los diferentes actores presentan alegaciones diversas y potencialmente conflictivas, defienden valores diferentes y a veces contradictorios y gozan de grados variantes de libertad y poder para actuar e influir sobre las decisiones colectivas. Por lo tanto, las acciones efectivas de conservación requieren que los científicos y practicantes de la conservación consideren la complejidad de los entornos con actores múltiples. Diseñamos un marco de trabajo para ayudar a los biólogos de la conservación y a los practicantes de la conservación con esta tarea. Las teorías de la economía institucional, las cuales están citadas de manera insuficiente en la literatura de la conservación, contienen conocimientos útiles para la conservación. Entre estas teorías, las de economía del valor pueden contribuir significativamente a la conservación porque pueden usarse para clasificar los tipos de valores, personas o grupos a los que se refieren cuando interactúan durante la elaboración e implementación de los proyectos de conservación. Con el refinado de esta estrategia diseñamos un marco de trabajo para ayudar a los profesionales de la conservación a entender las diferencias relevantes entre los entornos en los cuales se deben tomar decisiones relacionadas con las acciones de conservación, de tal manera que puedan adaptar sus estrategias a los rasgos de los entornos con los que se encuentren. Este marco de trabajo distingue seis tipos de acuerdos y desacuerdos que pueden ocurrir entre los actores involucrados en un proyecto de conservación (harmonía, acuerdo stricto sensu, acuerdo deliberado, compromiso unilateral y recíproco, y bloqueado), dependiendo de si hay discrepancias en torno a los valores o sus aplicaciones y si pueden converger hacia valores comunes mediante el trabajo conjunto. Identificamos preguntas clave que los conservacionistas deberían responder para adaptar su estrategia a los desacuerdos que encuentren e identificamos procesos relevantes de participación para completar esta adaptación.

Autocuidado y prevención del cáncer: de los nahuas prehispánicos a los nutracéuticos contemporáneos / Self-care and cancer prevention: from pre-Hispanic Nahuas to contemporary nutraceuticals

RESUMEN Hace unos cuantos siglos, en la materia médica de los nahuas prehispánicos se incluían alimentos curativos. En la actualidad, legitimado por las ciencias experimentales, nace el nutracéutico como un alimento con propiedades curativas que se utiliza en los modelos de salud preventivos del cáncer. En este artículo, comienzo por proponer que el conocimiento prehispánico puede ser validado epistémica y metodológicamente, si se apela al particular marco conceptual de los prehispánicos. Después, arguyo que el consumo de nutracéticos, como anticancerígenos, puede pensarse como parte de medidas preventivas primarias y secundarias, así como en la comprensión de las prácticas de autocuidado en el marco de la ética contemporánea del cáncer. Concretamente, que el consumo de nutracéticos y los alimentos prehispánicos mexicanos pueden legitimarse como prácticas de bienestar y prevención cada vez más pertinentes, en la intersección de la experiencia del enfermo y de su contexto. La responsabilidad de quien padece, dentro de un contexto sociopolítico cada vez más estructurado por las exigencias de vulnerabilidad del mercado terapéutico y de las estrategias confesionarias que otorgan verdad y validez a las figuras de autoridad, se gana en la práctica de conocerse y entenderse a sí mismo en la intersubjetividad contextual.(AU)

ABSTRACT The pre-Hispanic Nahuas had a medical system that included healing foods among their therapeutic practices. Nowadays, a new knowledge is born, legitimated by experimental sciences: the nutraceutical, a food with curative properties used in cancer preventive health models. In this article, I begin by proposing that pre-Hispanic knowledge can be validated epistemically and methodologically, if we appeal to the particular conceptual framework of the pre-Hispanic. Later, that the consumption of nutraceuticals, as anti-cancer drugs, can be thought of as part of primary and secondary preventive measures, as well as in the understanding of self-care practices in the framework of contemporary cancer bioethics. Specifically, that the consumption of nutraceuticals and Mexican pre-Hispanic foods can be legitimized as increasingly relevant wellness and prevention practices, at the intersection of the patient's experience and his or her context. The responsibility of those who suffer, within a sociopolitical context that is increasingly structured by the demands of vulnerability of the therapeutic market and the confessional strategies that give truth and validity to the figures of authority over whom they suffer, is gained in the practice of knowing and understanding oneself within contextual intersubjetivity.(AU)

Pluralismo e dissensão: o magnetismo animal em debate no Portugal de meados de Oitocentos / Pluralism and dissent: animal magnetism in debate in Portugal in the mid-nineteenth century

Resumo Em meados do século XIX, em Portugal, discutiu-se, com relativa intensidade, medicina e sistemas médicos alternativos e complementares, quer na imprensa periódica especializada, quer em alguns jornais de cunho generalista. Desses sistemas médicos, que emergiram com vigor no Portugal do Romantismo, um parece ter gerado especial debate: o magnetismo animal. O presente artigo, em perspectiva comparada, visa resgatar o alcance histórico desse sistema clínico, analisando a curiosidade popular e especializada em torno dessa terapia. Finalmente, contextualizar-se-ão as querelas literárias e institucionais que o magnetismo animal desencadeou no período.

Abstract In mid-nineteenth century Portugal, alternative and complementary medical systems and medicine were discussed with relative intensity in the specialized press and in some mainstream newspapers. One of these medical systems, which gained ground during Portugal's romantic era, seems to have sparked particular debate: animal magnetism. A comparative approach is taken to review the historical scope of this healing system, analyzing popular and specialized curiosity regarding this therapy. Finally, the literary and institutional disagreements that animal magnetism unleashed during the period are contextualized.

Psicopatologia e absolutismos: universalismo, objetivismo e fundacionalismo na saúde mental / Psicopatología y absolutismos: universalismo, objetivismo y fundacionalismo en la salud mental / Psychopathology and absolutisms: universalism, objectivism and foundationalism in mental health

RESUMO. A área da psicopatologia -, aquela que contém o conjunto de conhecimentos referentes ao adoecimento mental - é permeada por diversas controvérsias de âmbito teórico, prático, ético e metodológico. A grande diversidade de modelos explicativos é uma das características da psicopatologia que contribuem para a criação e manutenção dessas controvérsias existentes, ao mesmo tempo em que estabelece desafios para o profissional dedicado a essa área do saber. Nesse artigo aborda-se a concepção de a existência de absolutismos tais como universalismo, objetivismo e fundacionalismo contribuir para as dificuldades de diálogo entre profissionais adeptos dos diferentes modelos explicativos existentes na psicopatologia. Tais dificuldades prejudicam tanto a pesquisa científica como o próprio tratamento de pacientes e, portanto, faz-se urgente um melhor entendimento dessas formas de absolutismo para que seja possível superá-las, sendo esse o principal objetivo desse artigo. Como alternativa aos absolutismos defende-se tanto o pluralismo em todos os âmbitos referidos anteriormente como o diálogo no sentido proposto por Hans-Georg Gadamer. Isso favorece a existência democrática da diversidade de modelos explicativos sem incorrer em dogmatismos que dificultem ou mesmo impeçam o diálogo interprofissional.

RESUMEN. El área de la psicopatología -, aquella que contiene el conjunto de conocimientos referentes a la enfermedad mental - está impregnada por diversas controversias de ámbito teórico, práctico, ético y metodológico. La gran diversidad de modelos explicativos es una de las características de la psicopatología que contribuyen a la creación y mantenimiento de esas controversias existentes, al mismo tiempo que establece desafíos para el profesional que se dedica a esa área del saber. En este artículo abordamos la concepción de la existencia de absolutismos tales como universalismo, objetivismo y fundacionalismo contribuyeren a las dificultades de diálogo entre profesionales adeptos de los diferentes modelos explicativos existentes en la psicopatología. Tales dificultades dificultan tanto la investigación científica como el propio tratamiento de pacientes y, por lo tanto, se hace urgente un mejor entendimiento de los absolutismos para que sea posible superarlos, y es ese el principal objetivo de ese artículo. Como alternativa a los absolutismos defendemos tanto el pluralismo en todos los ámbitos mencionados anteriormente como el diálogo en el sentido propuesto por Hans-Georg Gadamer. Eso favorece la existencia democrática de la diversidad de modelos explicativos sin que se incurra en dogmatismos que dificultan o incluso impidan el diálogo interprofesional.

ABSTRACT. The area of psychopathology -, that which contains the set of knowledge related to mental illness - is permeated by several controversies of theoretical, practical, ethical and methodological scope. The great diversity of explanatory models is one of the characteristics of psychopathology that contributes to the creation and maintenance of these existent controversies, while at the same time establishing challenges for the professional that is dedicated to this área of knowledge. In this article we defend the conception of ​​the existence of absolutisms such as universalism, objectivism and foundationalism contribute to the difficulties of dialogue between professionals who are adept of the different explanatory models existing in psychopathology. Such difficulties undermine both scientific research and the treatment of patients themselves and, therefore, a better understanding of absolutisms is urgently needed in order to overcome them, which is the main objective of this article. As an alternative to absolutisms we defend both pluralism in all the areas referred above and dialogue in the sense proposed by Hans-Georg Gadamer. This favors the democratic existence of the diversity of explanatory models without incurring in dogmatisms that hinder or even impede interprofessional dialogue.

George Deacon and the circulation of homeopathic therapies in Lima (1880-1915) / George Deacon e a circulação de tratamentos homeopáticos em Lima (1880-1915)

Abstract Homeopathy arrived from the United States to Peruvian soil in the last decades of the nineteenth century, broadening the repertoire of existing medical knowledge, which included an emerging medical profession, Chinese herbalists, and indigenous practitioners. This article examines the circulation and use of homeopathic therapies and medicines in Lima from the time when the American homeopath George Deacon initiated his practice, in the 1880s, until his death, in 1915. Although homeopathy was not the most widely used medical therapy in the country, it nevertheless posed a threat to professional medicine and the School of Medicine's desired monopoly of the field of medicine.

Resumo A homeopatia originária dos EUA adentrou solo peruano nas últimas décadas do século XIX, ampliando o repertório de conhecimento médico existente até então, o qual incluía uma profissão médica em ascensão, herbolários chineses e médicos locais. Este artigo analisa a circulação e o uso de tratamentos e medicamentos homeopáticos em Lima desde o período em que o homeopata norte-americano George Deacon iniciou sua prática, nos anos 1880, até sua morte, em 1915. Embora a homeopatia não fosse o tratamento médico mais disseminada no país, ela representou uma ameaça à medicina profissional e ao monopólio do campo da medicina almejado pela escola tradicional.

Pluralismo moral e raciocínio prático / Moral pluralism and practical reasoning

Procuro esclarecer e precisar o que seria o pluralismo moral com base em uma caracterização do que julgo ser a forma mais profunda e radical de conflito moral: o conflito entre valores incomensuráveis. A seguir, lido com os limites do papel da sensibilidade moral nos cenários de conflitos práticos. Por fim, introduzo um modelo de racionalidade prática consistente com o pluralismo moral mais radical. Concluo que, longe de significar a abdicação da racionalidade no domínio prático, o pluralismo, uma vez absorvido pela nossa cultura moral e política, traria importantes lições de tolerância para nossa época.

My aim is to clarify and specify what is moral pluralism. My starting point is what I consider the deepest and most radical type of moral conflict: the conflict between incommensurable values. Next, I deal with moral sensibility and the limits of its role in scenarios of practical conflict. Last, I introduce a model of practical rationality consistent with the most radical form of moral pluralism. My conclusion is that, rather than signifying the abdication of rationality in the practical domain, pluralism, once integrated in our moral and political culture, brings relevant lessons of tolerance to our age.

George Deacon and the circulation of homeopathic therapiesin Lima (1880-1915)

Homeopathy arrived from the United States to Peruvian soil in the last decades of the nineteenth century, broadening the repertoire of existing medical knowledge, which included an emerging medical profession, Chinese herbalists, and indigenous practitioners. This article examines the circulation and use of homeopathic therapies and medicines in Lima from the time when the American homeopath George Deacon initiated his practice, in the 1880s, until his death, in 1915. Although homeopathy was not the most widely used medical therapy in the country, it nevertheless posed a threat to professional medicine and the School of Medicine’s desired monopoly of the field of medicine.

Aporías entre pluralismo y justicia en la legalización de la eutanasia en Colombia / Aporias between pluralism and justice in the legalization of euthanasia in Colombia / Aporias entre o pluralismo e a justiça na legalização da eutanásia na Colômbia

Este artículo propone reflexionar sobre la dificultad de determinar la reivindicación del derecho a morir con dignidad en la forma de eutanasia. Se discuten los conflictos éticos que surgen al ser defendido este derecho en aquellas personas que son incapaces de brindar su consentimiento de manera directa ­por su edad o condición­ y lo hacen a través de la figura ética y jurídica del "consentimiento por sustitución". Se analizan cuatro valores que suelen estar en conflicto en estos casos: entre quienes propenden por extremar las medidas terapéuticas ­aplicar una tecnología para postergar la muerte­ en oposición a quienes consideran que lo mejor sería suspender dichas medidas ­permitir el desenlace natural de la muerte­; entre quienes reclaman ser escuchados en calidad de sustitutos ­libertad­, frente a quienes atribuyen una serie de consecuencias desafortunadas si se respeta esta solicitud y consideran que lo justo sería hacer un control social al respecto ­justicia­. Las tesis para dar solución a tales conflictos son controvertibles y contradictorias en su raciocinio. Se plantea una aproximación metodológica para resolver esta aporía mediante la comprensión de los valores en conflicto y el intercambio que puede hacerse entre ellos. Con esto en mente, se propone una perspectiva bioética sustentada en capacidades críticas de origen dialéctico.

This article suggests reflecting on the difficulty to determine the assertion of the right to die with dignity through euthanasia. It discusses the ethical conflicts that arise when defending this right for those people that are unable to give their consent directly ­due to their age or condition­ and they do so by the ethical and legal figure of "consent by substitution". Four values that are often in conflict in such cases are analyzed: between those who favor the ultimate therapeutic measures ­the use of technology to delay death­ as opposed to those who consider that it would be best to suspend such measures ­allow the natural outcome of death­; between those who demand to be heard as substitutes ­freedom­ against those who claim there would be a of unfortunate consequences if this request is granted and consider it to be fair to exercise social control in this respect ­justice­. The reasoning behind the theses to solve such conflicts are both controversial and contradictory. To settle this aporia, a methodological approach is proposed to understand the conflicting values, as well as the exchange that can be made between them. With this in mind, a bioethical perspective based on critical abilities of dialectical origin is proposed.

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a dificuldade de determinar a reivindicação do direito a morrer com dignidade sob a forma de eutanásia. São discutidos os conflitos éticos que surgem ao defender-se este direito para aquelas pessoas que são incapazes de dar seu consentimento de maneira direta ­ por sua idade ou condição ­ e o fazem por meio da figura ética e jurídica do "consentimento por substituição". São analisados quatro valores que costumam estar em conflito nestes casos: entre aqueles que tendem por maximizar as medidas terapêuticas ­fazer uso da tecnologia para postergar a morte­ em oposição àqueles que consideram que o melhor seria suspender tais medidas ­permitir o desenlace natural da morte­; entre aqueles que reivindicam ser escutados na qualidade de substitutos ­liberdade­ frente àqueles que atribuem uma série de consequências infelizes ao respeitar-se esta solicitação e consideram que o justo seria fazer um controle social sobre o assunto ­justiça­. As teses que buscam soluções para tais conflitos são controvertíveis e contraditórias em seu raciocínio. Sugere-se uma aproximação metodológica para resolver esta aporia mediante a compreensão dos valores em conflito e o intercambio que se pode fazer entre eles. Com isto em mente, se propõe uma perspectiva bioética sustentada em capacidades críticas de origem dialética.

Contribuição da bioética de intervenção à releitura do conceito de "princípio" / A contribution of the Bioethics of Intervention to rethinking the concept of "principle" / Una contribución de la Bioética de Intervención a la relectura del concepto de "principio"

Resumo O vocábulo "princípio" adquiriu crescente carga semântica durante os séculos, e hoje é utilizado na busca de solução para conflitos morais. Este estudo se inicia com a análise de diferentes conceitos de princípio na filosofia e no direito. Além desses campos, a pesquisa buscou estudar a interpretação da bioética sobre a ideia de princípio, especialmente no caso do principialismo. Observou-se que a noção básica de princípio tem sido utilizada nos três campos de modo verticalizado. Depois de apresentados, esses diferentes conceitos (relativos e absolutos) são discutidos a partir de perspectiva crítico-comparativa e cotejados com a noção presumivelmente universal de moralidade comum. Finalmente, explora-se a possibilidade de estabelecer abordagem horizontal dos princípios, tendo como referência o respeito ao pluralismo moral, na linha teórico-aplicada proposta pela bioética de intervenção.

Abstract The word "principle" has acquired an increasing semantic range over the centuries and continues to be used today in the search for the solution of moral conflicts. The present study begins by analyzing the different concepts of principle in Philosophy and Law. In addition to these fields, the research sought to study the interpretation of bioethics about the idea of principle, especially in the case of principlism. It was observed that the basic notion of principle has been used in the three fields analyzed - philosophy, law and bioethics - in a vertical way. Having presented the different concepts of principle (relative and absolute), these are discussed in a critical comparative way, and compared with the presumably universal notion of common morality. Finally, the text discusses the possibility of constructing a horizontal approach to these principles, using as reference the respect for moral pluralism, in the theoretical-applied line proposed by the Bioethics of Intervention.

Resumen El vocablo "principio" fue adquiriendo una creciente carga semántica a lo largo de los siglos y hoy sigue siendo utilizado en la búsqueda de la resolución de conflictos morales. El presente estudio comienza por el análisis de los diferentes conceptos de principio trabajados en filosofía y derecho. Con la inclusión de los principios en el contexto de la bioética, la investigación procuró estudiar la interpretación que se les atribuye en ese campo, especialmente en el caso del principialismo. Se observó que la noción básica de principio ha sido utilizada, en los tres campos analizados - filosofía, derecho y bioética - de modo verticalizado. Presentados los diferentes conceptos de principio (relativos y absolutos), son discutidos en el sentido crítico comparativo con la noción supuestamente universal de moralidad común. Finalmente, el texto aborda la posibilidad de construir un abordaje horizontal de los principios, teniendo como referencia el respeto al pluralismo moral, en la línea teórico-aplicada propuesta por la Bioética de Intervención.

Etnias amazônicas: confrontos culturais e intercorrências no campo jurídico / Amazon ethnics: cultural confronts and intercorrences in the legal field

Resumo: O artigo trata da relação jurídica entre a ordem legal oficial brasileira e as não oficiais, surgidas do confronto entre a sociedade nacional e as etnias indígenas do território pátrio. No interior dessa conflituosa relação, o pluralismo jurídico, entendido como a coexistência de dois ou mais sistemas jurídicos, surge, a partir da Constituição brasileira de 1988. Não obstante os avanços, o pluralismo não tem dado conta de assegurar às etnias indígenas da Amazônia a garantia de seus direitos.

Abstract: The article deals with the legal relationship between the official Brazilian legal order and the unofficial ones, arising from the confrontation between the national society and the indigenous ethnic groups of the country. Within this conflictive relationship, legal Pluralism, understood as the coexistence of two or more legal systems that are effective, concomitantly in the same space-time, arises, starting from the Brazilian Constitution of 1988. Despite the constitutional advances, the underlying pluralism, has not taken into account the assurance to the indigenous peoples of the Amazon of the guarantee of their rights.

Equity trade-offs in conservation decision making.

Conservation decisions increasingly involve multiple environmental and social objectives, which result in complex decision contexts with high potential for trade-offs. Improving social equity is one such objective that is often considered an enabler of successful outcomes and a virtuous ideal in itself. Despite its idealized importance in conservation policy, social equity is often highly simplified or ill-defined and is applied uncritically. What constitutes equitable outcomes and processes is highly normative and subject to ethical deliberation. Different ethical frameworks may lead to different conceptions of equity through alternative perspectives of what is good or right. This can lead to different and potentially conflicting equity objectives in practice. We promote a more transparent, nuanced, and pluralistic conceptualization of equity in conservation decision making that particularly recognizes where multidimensional equity objectives may conflict. To help identify and mitigate ethical conflicts and avoid cases of good intentions producing bad outcomes, we encourage a more analytical incorporation of equity into conservation decision making particularly during mechanistic integration of equity objectives. We recommend that in conservation planning motivations and objectives for equity be made explicit within the problem context, methods used to incorporate equity objectives be applied with respect to stated objectives, and, should objectives dictate, evaluation of equity outcomes and adaptation of strategies be employed during policy implementation.

Bridging worlds: participatory thinking in Jungian context.

Introducing the 'participatory' paradigm associated with the work of transpersonalists Richard Tarnas and Jorge Ferrer, the author outlines an approach to Jung's archetypal thinking that might offer a more adequate basis in which to ground a non-reductive approach to practice. In order to demonstrate the relevance of this outlook at the present time, the author begins by examining recent debates concerning the nature of 'truth' in the clinical setting. Reflecting on the difficulties analysts face in attempting to maintain professional authority without falling into an implicit authoritarianism, it is argued that any approach to therapy seeking to orient itself towards 'the unconscious' must posit the challenges of pluralism as a central concern for practice. With reference to the relationship between analytical psychology and the psychoanalytic mainstream, attention is drawn to the theoretical problems raised by the relational commitment to constructivist epistemologies, and a consequent tendency towards biological reductionism. Turning to the Jungian literature, similar tensions are observed at play in the present state of analytical psychology. Drawing attention to the process-oriented qualities of Jung's work, it is suggested that the speculative nature of Jung's psychology offers a more adequate basis for contemporary practice than might be assumed.

Del control (los castigos insurgentes) a la autonomía (las sanciones comunitarias): elementos para la transición de la Justicia local en la Sierra de La Macarena / From control (insurgent punishments) to autonomy (community sanctions): elements for the transition of the local justice in la Sierra de la Macarena

El Sistema Jurídico Local de la Sierra de la Macarena se enfrenta al reto de la transición política en la postguerra colombiana. Puesto que este Sistema Jurídico integra prácticas de justicia insurgente, comunitaria y estatal, tras la dejación de armas que haga la insurgencia la capacidad de coerciónque integra la justicia local cesará. Esto implica que las sanciones dispuestas por los Manuales de Convivencia de las comunidades (multas, confiscaciones y trabajos comunitarios) deberán reforzarsu legitimidad; así mismo, las sanciones impuestas por la guerrilla para castigar la violación de sus regulaciones y/o mantener el orden (trabajos forzados, destierros, ejecuciones) han de ser superadas. Puesto que tal superación implica una transformación territorial, para hacerla es necesario reconocerlas condiciones sociales actuales. En este orden de ideas, se ofrece una caracterización del carácter penal del Sistema Jurídico Local y expone los principales elementos de sus sanciones. El texto se apoya en una etnografía socio jurídica de larga duración realizada en la zona.

The Local Legal System in La Sierra de la Macarena is facing the challenge of the political transition in the Colombian post war. Since this Legal System integrates insurgent, community, and state practices, after the abandonment of weapons that the insurgency makes, the ability of coercion that integratesthe local justice shall cease. This implies that sanctions provided by the Manuals of Coexistence of the communities (fines, confiscations, and community work) should strengthen their legitimacy. Likewise, the sanctions imposed by the guerrillas to punish the violation of its regulations and/orto maintain order (forced labor, exile, executions) have to be overcome. Since such an improvement implies a territorial transformation, in order to make it, it is necessary to recognize the current social conditions. In this order of ideas, a characterization of the criminal nature of the Local Legal System is provided and the main elements of its sanctions are set out. The text is supported by a long-standingsocial and legal ethnography, in the zone.

Entre vecinos: Retos de la justicia transicional a nivel local: el caso de la sierra de la Macarena, Colombia / Between neighbors: challenges in the local transitional justice: the case of the “ la sierra de la macarena, ” colombia

El actual proceso de paz entre el Gobierno Colombiano y las FARC- EP en la Habana ha reavivado el debate en torno a los límites y alcances de la justicia transicional. Fenómenos como la victimización horizontal, consecuencia de la participación indirecta de los civiles en el conflicto, plantea una serie de retos para el modelo de justicia transicional que sedefina en la mesa; en particular cómo proceder cuando la violencia ha sido utilizada entre vecinos. Este artículo se centra en esta tensión y para ello presenta una caracterización de los límites de la justicia transicional y analiza los contextos de oportunidad donde la victimización horizontal ha tenido lugar en una región colombiana fuertemente afectada por el conflicto armado, la Sierra de La Macarena. El artículo concluye con la formulación de una hipótesis orientada a proponer una posible alternativa para superar la violencia horizontal en el post conflicto: la posible complementariedad entre los mecanismos de transición y las experiencias locales de justicia comunitaria.

The current peace process between the Colombian Government and FARC - EP in Havana has rekindled the debate over the limits and scope of transitional justice. Phenomena suchas horizontal victimization, result of the indirect participation of civilians in the conflict, poses a number of challenges for the transitional justice model, which is defined at the table; in particular how to proceed when violence has been used among neighbors. This article focuses on this tension and, for that, this presents a description of the boundariesof transitional justice and discusses the contexts of opportunity where the horizontal victimization has taken place in a Colombian region strongly affected by the armed conflict, la Sierra de La Macarena. The article concludes with the formulation of a hypothesis aimedat proposing a possible alternative in order to overcome the horizontal violence in the post conflict:, which is the possible complementarity between transitional mechanisms and thelocal experiences of community justice.

Las prácticas comunitarias de justicia local en la sierra de la Macarena: el pluralismo jurídico de cara a la reconstrucción del país en el post conflicto colombiano / Community practices of the local justice in “la sierra de la macarena: ”the juridical pluralism with an eye to the country reconstruction in the colombian post conflict

Este artículo presenta una caracterización de las instancias comunitarias de resolución deconflictos que desde hace más de una década son las encargadas de tramitar conflictos en la región de la Sierra de La Macarena, Colombia. El texto propone que la Justicia Local de esta región integra una serie de condiciones sociales que no solo podrán apoyar la transición sociopolítica de la región, en caso de llegarse a un acuerdo entre el estado colombiano y la insurgencia, sino que además vale la pena su sostenimiento en el tiempo por la apuesta de paz que representan. Para tal efecto, el artículo presenta un balance analítico del trabajoadelantado por Comités de Conciliación a partir de su caracterización y ofrece elementos claves para comprender la lógica y naturaleza de la justicia comunitaria de La Macarena.

This article presents a characterization of the community agencies in the resolution of conflicts, which over one decade are in charge of dealing with conflicts in the region of theSierra de La Macarena, Colombia. The text proposes that the local Justice in this region integrates a series of social conditions that not only be able to support the socio-political transition of the region, in case of reaching an agreement between the Colombian State and the insurgency, but it is also worth supporting it in time for the bet of peace that they represent. For this purpose, the article introduces an analytical balance of the work carriedout by the Conciliation Committees from its characterization and it provides key elements to understand the logic and nature of the community justice in La Macarena.

Medical pluralism among indigenous peoples in northeast India - implications for health policy.

OBJECTIVES: The government of India is promoting and increasing investment in the traditional medicine systems of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH) in the northeast region of India. But there are few empirical data that support this policy decision. This study estimates the awareness and use of the different medical systems in rural Meghalaya, a state in north-east India with a predominantly ethnic tribal population. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional multistage random sample household survey across all districts of Meghalaya. To enable appropriate estimates for the whole of rural Meghalaya, the data were weighted to allow for the probability of selection of households at each stage of the sampling process. RESULTS: Both local tribal medicine and biomedicine were widely accepted and used, but the majority (68.7%, 95% CI: 51.9-81.7) had not heard of AYUSH and even fewer had used it. Tribal medicine was used (79.1%, 95% CI 66.3-88.0), thought to be effective (87.5%, 95% CI: 74.2-94.1) and given in a variety of disorders, including both minor and major diseases. In the 3 months prior to the survey, 46.2% (95% CI: 30.5-62.8) had used tribal medicine. Only 10.5% (95% CI: 6.1-17.6) reported ever using any of the AYUSH systems. CONCLUSION: Our comparative estimates of the awareness and use of tribal medicine, different systems of AYUSH and of biomedicine among indigenous populations of India question the basis on which AYUSH is promoted in the northeast region of India and in the state of Meghalaya in particular.