Secondary uncovered versus fully-covered metal stents for the management of occluded stent in unresectable distal malignant biliary obstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) have been widely placed for unresectable distal malignant biliary obstruction (UDMBO). However, the dysfunction rate is 19-40% and its treatment is controversial. We aimed asses the efficacy and safety of a secondary biliary stents (uncovered (UC) versus fully-covered (FC) stent) for the management of occluded SEMS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2015 and June 2023, 41 patients with UDMBO underwent secondary biliary stent placement as "stent-in-stent" (20 FCSEMS and 21 UCSEMS). The primary outcomes were technical and clinical success of SEMS placement. Secondary outcomes included adverse events (AEs), patency and survival. Patients were prospectively followed until death or loss of follow-up. RESULTS: Technical (100% vs 85.5%) and clinical (100% vs 95.2%) success rates were similar in FCSEMS and UCSEMS groups. The median follow-up period was 510 days (range 290-630). The median duration of stent patency of FCSEMS (220 days, IQR 137.5-442.5) was longer than UCSEMS (150 days, IQR 110-362.5) (P=0.395), although stent dysfunction within 6 months was not different between groups. Multivariate analysis indicated that sex (HR=0.909, 0.852-0.970), antitumor treatment (HR=0.248, 0.032-0.441), stent patency (HR=0.992, 0.986-0.998) and clinical success (HR=0.133, 0.026-0.690) were significant factors for overall survival. There were no remarkable differences in AEs. CONCLUSIONS: The placement of additional biliary stent using the stent-in-stent method is an effective and safe rescue treatment for patients with UDMBO and occluded stent. In addition, the use of FCSEMS compared UCSEMS has unclear benefits regarding stent patency and overall survival.

Colocación de prótesis esofágica para el fracaso del tratamiento endoscópico / Esophageal stent placement for endoscopic treatment failure

Up until approximately 10 years ago, the treatment for acute refractory esophageal variceal bleeding was balloon tamponading. Esophageal fully covered self-expanding stents are considered as effective as balloons and also much safer. They are kept in situ for longer periods, what eases the access to more definitive treatments with a low complication rate. We present 6 cases of patients with cirrhosis and massive bleeding due to esophageal varices refractory to conventional treatment, successfully treated with an esophageal fully covered self-expanding stent. There were no major complications, achieving an effective bleeding control in all cases.(AU)

Paliación endoscópica con stent duodenal en cáncer gástrico estadio IV complicado con estenosis gastroduodenal / Endoscopic stenting for palliation of Stage IV gastric cancer with malignant gastric outlet obstruction. A clinical case / Paliação endoscópica com stent duodenal em câncer gástrico estágio IV complicado por estenose gastroduodenal. Caso clínico

Resumen: Introducción: el cáncer gástrico es la quinta neoplasia en frecuencia a nivel mundial. Su diagnóstico suele ser tardío. La estenosis gastroduodenal es una complicación frecuente, que condiciona el pronóstico y el tratamiento. Contamos con varias modalidades en cuanto a la paliación de esta complicación. Destacamos el tratamiento quirúrgico mediante derivación digestiva (gastroenteroanastomosis), y el tratamiento endoscópico, mediante colocación de un stent o prótesis metalica autoexpandible (PMA). El objetivo es exponer el caso clínico de una paciente portadora de un cáncer gástrico avanzado complicado con estenosis gastroduodenal en la cual se optó por la colocación de una PMA. La bibliografía comparativa entre ambas técnicas es controvertida. Existen estudios importantes que recomiendan la técnica quirúrgica frente a la endoscópica, y viceversa. Con este fin se han realizado múltiples trabajos. Los posibles beneficios de la paliación endoscópica son: menor estadía hospitalaria, rápido reintegro a la vía oral. El caso clínico expuesto por el contrario no se benefició de la menor estadía hospitalaria, en parte, por ser necesaria su internación por comorbilidades médicas. No presentó complicaciones posteriores relacionadas al procedimiento. Conclusiones: la elección de la técnica a utilizar deberá ser individualizada, teniendo en cuenta el paciente, sus comorbilidades, recursos técnicos, experiencia del personal, y recursos económicos. Se necesitan más estudios para demostrar beneficio de la técnica paliativa más adecuada.

Abstract: Introduction: gastric cancer is the fifth neoplasm in terms of global incidence and its diagnosis often comes late. Gastric outlet obstruction is a frequent complication that influences prognosis and treatment. Among the various modalities available for palliation of this complication, we stand out two: surgical treatment by means of a digestive derivation: gastrojejunostomy and endoscopic treatment, by placing a stent or a steel mesh self-expanding endoprosthesis (EMP). The study aims to present the clinical case of a patient carrier of advanced gastric cancer with gastric outlet obstruction, who was treated by placing a self-expandable metallic stent. Comparative bibliography of both techniques is controversial. A number of important studies recomend the surgical technique instead of endoscopic treatment, and viceversa. For this reason, several studies have been conducted. The potential benefits of endoscopic palliation are the following: shorter hospital stay, fast return to oral intake. However the clinical case presented did not benefit from a shorter hospital stay, since it required longer hospitalization, partly due to medical comorbilities. There were no complications after the procedure. Conclusions: the specific technique to treat the condition needs to be chosen for each individual case, considering the particular patient and his or her comorbilities, technical resources, the experience of the medical staff and economic resources. More studies are necessary to prove the benefits of the most appropriate palliative technique.

Resumo: Introdução: o câncer gástrico é a quinta neoplasia em frequência no mundo. Seu diagnóstico costuma ser tardio. A estenose gastroduodenal é uma complicação frequente, que determina o prognóstico e o tratamento. Existem várias modalidades quanto à paliação desta complicação entre os quais destacamos o tratamento cirúrgico por derivação digestiva: gastro enteroanastomose e o tratamento endoscópico, com colocação de Stent ou Prótese Metálica Autoexpansível (PMA). O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o caso clínico de um paciente com câncer gástrico avançado complicado por estenose gastroduodenal em que se optou pela colocação de PMA. A bibliografia comparativa entre as duas técnicas é controversa. Existem estudos importantes que preconizam a técnica cirúrgica em detrimento da endoscópica e vice-versa. Para isso, vários trabalhos foram realizados. Os possíveis benefícios da paliação endoscópica são: menor tempo de internação, rápida reintrodução à via oral. Neste caso o paciente não se beneficiou do menor tempo de internação, em parte, porque a internação foi necessária por comorbidades médicas. Não foram observadas complicações subsequentes relacionadas ao procedimento. Conclusões: a escolha da técnica a ser utilizada deve ser individualizada, levando em consideração o paciente, suas comorbidades, os recursos técnicos, a experiência da equipe e os recursos econômicos. Mais estudos são necessários para demonstrar o benefício da técnica paliativa mais adequada.

Short- and long-term clinical outcomes of self-expandable metal stents inserted for colorectal obstruction and efficacy of different insertion techniques.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To evaluate the short- and long-term clinical outcomes of patients after colorectal stent placement and (2) to assess the safety and efficacy of the stents for the resolution of colorectal obstruction according to the insertion technique. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study which included 177 patients with colonic obstruction who underwent insertion of a stent. RESULTS: A total of 196 stents were implanted in 177 patients. Overall, the most common cause of obstruction was colorectal cancer (89.3%). Ninety-two stents (47%) were placed by radiologic technique and 104 (53%) by endoscopy under fluoroscopic guidance. Technical success rates were 95% in both groups. Clinical success rates were 77% in the radiological group and 81% in the endoscopic group (p>0.05). The rate of complications was higher in the radiologic group compared with the endoscopic group (38% vs 20%, respectively; p=0.006). Among patients with colorectal cancer (158), 65 stents were placed for palliation but 30% eventually required surgery. The multivariate analysis identified three factors associated with poorer long-term survival: tumor stage IV, comorbidity and onset of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Stents may be an alternative to emergency surgery in colorectal obstruction, but the clinical outcome depends on the tumor stage, comorbidity and stent complications. The rate of definitive palliative stent placement was high; although surgery was eventually required in 30%. Our study suggests that the endoscopic method of stent placement is safer than the radiologic method.

Experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en el manejo de obstrucción del tracto de salida gástrico y del colon con prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles (PMAE) / Experience of the National Institute of Cancer Research in managing obtruccions of the gastric tract outlet and colon with self expanding metal stents (SEMS)

Objetivo: conocer la experiencia en el uso de prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles para el manejo de las obstrucciones malignas del tracto de salida gástrico o del colon, así como describir las características demográficas, clínicas y patológicas de los pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC) durante el periodo comprendido entre enero 1 de 2010 y septiembre 30 de 212. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de serie de casos, que incluyo pacientes con obstrucción del tracto de salida gástrico o colorrectal, donde se analizan las características clínicas y los factores involucrados en el éxito técnico y clínico de la inserción de PMAE, así como la influencia de dichas prótesis en la morbimortalidad. Resultados: se incluyeron 96 pacientes, 73 con PMAE duodenal y 23 con PMAE colorrectal, con edad promedio de 63,7 años. El éxito técnico para la inserción de PMAE duodenal fue del 97,2% y el éxito clínico fue de 93,1%. Para las PMAE colorrectales, el éxito técnico y clínico fueron de 91,3%. Se presentaron 8 complicaciones y 3 pacientes requirieron cirugía para solucionar una complicación. El promedio de vida después del procedimiento fue de 102 días para las PMAE duodenales y 159 días para los colorrectales. No se presento mortalidad secundaria al procedimiento. Conclusiones: la inserción de una PMAE es un procedimiento de mínima invasión que ha demostrado ser un tratamiento paliativo efectivo y una alternativa para reducir la formación de ostomías reduciendo costos y complicaciones.

Prótesis endoluminal autoexpandible en una oclusión aguda por tumor del colon izquierdo / Self-expanding endoluminal prosthesis in an acute occlusion due to left colon tumor

Se describe la utilización endoscópica de prótesis autoexpandibles en dos pacientes con oclusión mecánica aguda del colon izquierdo, tratados en el servicio de urgencias, lo que permitió mejorar el estado hidroelectrolítico y sintomático de los pacientes, así como la preparación del colon. Esto último evitó una cirugía de urgencia y colostomía descompresiva, y la intervención quirúrgica se programó para los 5 posteriores. No hubo complicaciones posoperatorias. El resultado anatomopatológico confirmó sendos adenocarcinomas de colon en anillo de sellos, en un paciente en el colon descendente y en el otro en el colon sigmoides(AU)

Endoscopic use of self-expanding prostheses is described in two patients with acute mechanical occlusion of left colon, treated in the emergence service of our center allowing us to improve the hydroelectric symptomatic status of patients, as well as the colon preparation. This latter avoided an emergence surgery and decompression colostomy; surgery was programmed for the subsequent five ones. Anatomical-pathological results confirmed the presence of large seal-ring colon's adenocarcinomas in the descendent colon in a patient, and in the sigmoid colon in another one(AU)

Prótesis endoluminal autoexpandible en una oclusión aguda por tumor del colon izquierdo / Self-expanding endoluminal prosthesis in an acute occlusion due to left colon tumor

Se describe la utilización endoscópica de prótesis autoexpandibles en dos pacientes con oclusión mecánica aguda del colon izquierdo, tratados en el servicio de urgencias, lo que permitió mejorar el estado hidroelectrolítico y sintomático de los pacientes, así como la preparación del colon. Esto último evitó una cirugía de urgencia y colostomía descompresiva, y la intervención quirúrgica se programó para los 5 posteriores. No hubo complicaciones posoperatorias. El resultado anatomopatológico confirmó sendos adenocarcinomas de colon en anillo de sellos, en un paciente en el colon descendente y en el otro en el colon sigmoides(AU)

Endoscopic use of self-expanding prostheses is described in two patients with acute mechanical occlusion of left colon, treated in the emergence service of our center allowing us to improve the hydroelectric symptomatic status of patients, as well as the colon preparation. This latter avoided an emergence surgery and decompression colostomy; surgery was programmed for the subsequent five ones. Anatomical-pathological results confirmed the presence of large seal-ring colon's adenocarcinomas in the descendent colon in a patient, and in the sigmoid colon in another one(AU)