COVID-19 and zoonoses in Brazil: Environmental scan of one health preparedness and response.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic reinforced the central role of the One Health (OH) approach, as a multisectoral and multidisciplinary perspective, to tackle health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. This study assessed Brazilian preparedness and response to COVID-19 and zoonoses with a focus on the OH approach and equity dimensions. We conducted an environmental scan using a protocol developed as part of a multi-country study. The article selection process resulted in 45 documents: 79 files and 112 references on OH; 41 files and 81 references on equity. The OH and equity aspects are poorly represented in the official documents regarding the COVID-19 response, either at the federal and state levels. Brazil has a governance infrastructure that allows for the response to infectious diseases, including zoonoses, as well as the fight against antimicrobial resistance through the OH approach. However, the response to the pandemic did not fully utilize the resources of the Brazilian state, due to the lack of central coordination and articulation among the sectors involved. Brazil is considered an area of high risk for emergence of zoonoses mainly due to climate change, large-scale deforestation and urbanization, high wildlife biodiversity, wide dry frontier, and poor control of wild animals' traffic. Therefore, encouraging existing mechanisms for collaboration across sectors and disciplines, with the inclusion of vulnerable populations, is required for making a multisectoral OH approach successful in the country.

[Determination of quinoxalines veterinary drug residues in food products of animal origin by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)method for simultaneous determination of olaquindox, quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid, 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid in food products of animal origin. METHODS: Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate-0.1 mol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate(1∶9, V/V) solution in water bath at 40 ℃, purified by solid phase extraction column(olaquindox uses HLB SPE cartridge, quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid use MAX SPE cartridge), evaporated by concentrator, and dissolved by mobile phase. The supernatant was separated on Agilent ZORBAX SB-C_(18) column(2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8 m), using 0.2% formic acid solution methanol solution as mobile phase, and then detected by HPLC-MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) in positive ionization mode. RESULTS: The linear range for olaquindox、quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid were 2.5-100 µg/L, r & gt; 0.9990.The average recoveries were 72.6%-90.5% and the precisions were 3.2%-13.1%(n=6). The detection limits for olaquindox、quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid were 0.08 µg/kg. CONCLUSION: The method is specific, sensitive, easy, fast and suitable for the confirmation and quantification of olaquindox、quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid、3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid in food products of animal origin.

Setting of import tolerances for flonicamid in various crops and products of animal origin.

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant ISK Biosciences Europe N.V. submitted a request to the competent national authority in Finland to set an import tolerance for the active substance flonicamid in various crops and products of animal origin on the basis of the authorised use of flonicamid in the USA. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive maximum residue level (MRL) proposals for all crops under assessment. Based on the results of the feeding studies and the updated animal burden calculations, no need for new MRL proposals on products of animal origin was identified. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of flonicamid in plant and animal matrices. EFSA updated the most recent consumer risk assessment for flonicamid and concluded that the authorised USA uses of flonicamid will not result in acute or chronic consumer exposure exceeding the toxicological reference values and, therefore, is unlikely to pose a risk to consumers' health.

Setting of import tolerances for lufenuron in various commodities of plant and animal origin.

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Syngenta Crop Protection AG submitted a request to the competent national authority in Portugal to set import tolerances for the active substance lufenuron in grapefruits, oranges, limes, pome fruits, peppers, coffee, sugar canes, muscle, fat, liver and kidney on the basis of the authorised uses of lufenuron in Brazil, Chile and Morocco. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive maximum residue level (MRL) proposals for all commodities under assessment. For oranges, limes, pome fruits, peppers and coffee beans and commodities of animal origin, the submitted data indicated no need to modify the existing EU MRLs. For grapefruits and sugar cane, the residue data indicated that higher MRLs would be needed. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of lufenuron in plant and animal matrices. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the existing EU uses and the authorised uses of lufenuron in Brazil, Chile and Morocco will not result in chronic consumer exposure exceeding the toxicological reference value. Considering, however, that the estimated exposure is close to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and in the light of the expiry of the approval of the active substance, EFSA recommends the review of the existing MRLs taking into account that the MRLs based on the EU uses will become obsolete.

Assessment of Microbial Contamination in Products of Animal Origin: Stretched-curd Cheese, Yogurt and Fresh Sausage

Abstract Animal products are sources of microbiological contamination when the process has hygienic-sanitary control fails. Therefore, this work aims the evaluation of the pathogenic microorganisms presented in samples from the Brazil southern region of yogurt (N = 101), stretched curd cheese (N = 31), fresh sausage (N = 22) and processing water (N = 63). Analyses of coliforms at 45 °C, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli were performed. Analysis indicated processing water is an important contamination source to be monitored, because the majority of samples presented results above the regulation limits. Thermal treatment and fermentation such as stretched curd cheese and yogurt appeared to be more stable against contamination during processing. In this study, for coliforms at 45 °C, only one cheese sample and 12% of total yogurt samples exceeded the Brazilian legislation limit. None of sausage samples presented any contamination. On the other hand, values found in both processing water and dairy products indicated failures in application and monitoring of good manufactured practices.

Long-Length Fiber Optic Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy Probes for On-Line Quality Control of Processed Land Animal Proteins.

This research was conducted using a spectral database comprising 346 samples of processed animal proteins (PAPs) with a range of compositions, analyzed using a Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy multichannel instrument (Matrix-F, Bruker Optics) coupled to a 100 m fiber optic cable. Using both its static and dynamic operating modes (on a conveyor belt), simulating the movement of the product in the plant, the predictive capabilities of both modes of analysis were assessed and compared, for the purposes of predicting moisture, protein, and ashes. The results show that both exhibit highly similar degrees of precision and accuracy for predicting these parameters. This research provides a foundation of scientific-technical knowledge, hitherto unknown, regarding the "on-line" incorporation of an instrument (equipped with a 100 m fiber optic cable) into a processing plant of by-products of animal origin.

Trends in monitoring residues of pharmacologically active group B substances in products of animal origin in Lithuania from 1999 to 2008.

Monitoring data of group B pharmacologically active substances in the Republic of Lithuania during the period 1999-2008 are presented. Peer review is based on data taken from residue-monitoring plans of the years 1999-2008 and the National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute reports on analyses performed in various foods. The data were analysed with the SPSS statistical package. Analysis of group B pharmacologically active substances residues monitoring results from the years 1999-2008 revealed that 25,030 samples were tested to detect 421 (1.68%) non-compliant samples in three groups of substances: antibacterials, anthelmintics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Most residues (88.3%) were found in milk, and were far less in beef, pork, sheep and goat meat.

Trends in monitoring residues of prohibited pharmacologically active substances in primary products of animal origin in Lithuania and the European Union from 1999 to 2008.

Group A pharmacologically active substances monitoring data in the Republic of Lithuania (LR) during the period 1999-2008 are presented. Peer review is based on data taken from residue monitoring plans of the years 1999-2008 and the National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI) reports on analyses performed in various foods. The data were analysed with the SPSS statistical package, using descriptive statistics and generalised linear modelling methods. Retrospective analysis of residue monitoring results showed that food processed from animal products presented no risk to consumers as regards to substances of Group A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5. One substance of Group A6 (chloramphenicol) was detected in bovine milk in 2003 (9%), 2006 (2%) and 2008 (1.4%). The decreasing trend is confirmed by statistical data analyses, where year of monitoring (P ≤ 0.0001), product (P ≤ 0.1) and their interaction (P ≤ 0.0001) proved the positive effect of the monitoring system.