Online Human-Centered Design Methods are Acceptable, Appropriate, and Feasible for Generating Adolescent Relationship Abuse Intervention Ideas With Sexual and Gender Diverse Youth.

PURPOSE: Sexual and gender diverse youth (SGDY) are at greater risk for adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) than cisgender heterosexual youth, but there are not enough evidence-based interventions for reducing ARA among SGDY. We piloted online human-centered design (HCD) methodology to engage SGDY in generating ARA intervention ideas. This study evaluated the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of the online methods and identified SGDY-derived intervention ideas for reducing ARA. METHODS: From August 2020 through March 2021, we conducted a longitudinal online HCD study with 46 SGDY (aged 14-18 years) recruited via social media from across the United States. SGDY completed HCD activities using MURAL (collaborative digital whiteboard) in four group-based sessions (1.5 hours each) and a follow-up survey with validated measures of acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility (a priori success benchmarks: means > 3.75 on each five-point scale). RESULTS: SGDY in the sample were 41% racial/ethnic minorities. SGDY rated the online HCD methods as highly acceptable, appropriate, and feasible (means ≥ 4.29). SGDY co-created a breadth of ARA intervention concepts across all social-ecological levels, including commonplace ideas (e.g., curriculum for schools) and novel ideas, such as social media-based interventions to foster healthy relationships, incentivization interventions for performing social justice work, and school plays with SGDY storylines. DISCUSSION: Online HCD methods are acceptable, appropriate, and feasible for designing ARA intervention ideas. The intervention ideas generated in this study can help catalyze ARA intervention research for SGDY. Our method can be transported to other populations and health topics to help advance adolescent health and equity.

Synthesis, evaluation and structure-activity relationship studies of pterodontic acid acylated derivatives with anti-flu A virus (H1N1) activity in vitro.

In order to develop antiviral drugs, we utilized pterodontic acid (Poa-1) as a lead compound and conducted various modifications, including oxidation, reduction, addition, esterification, and acylation, resulting in the synthesis of 29 derivatives, of which 25 were novel acylation derivatives. Cell-level validation demonstrated that 4 derivatives exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the influenza A virus (H1N1), with an IC50 = 4.04-36.13 µM. Notably, four acylation derivatives (compounds IIE5, IIE6, IIE9, and IIE17) exhibited specific antiviral activities against influenza A virus (H1N1) with low cytotoxicity, indicating favorable therapeutic indices (SI = 3.5-11.9). Structure-activity relationship studies indicated that C5-C6 olefins are essential groups for antiviral activity, C11-C12 conjugated olefins will not interfere with antiviral activity. Carboxylic acid is an essential group for activity. Moreover，Carboxylic acid acylation can improve antiviral activity, and the inclusion of guanidine, cyclic amine, and phenyl groups with electron-donating substituents could enhance the antiviral activity of the lead compound. Natural products structural modifications are capable of improving the biological activity of lead compounds, offering a rapid pathway for the development of potent new structures.

Mothers with a history of trauma and their children: a systematic review of treatment interventions.

Introduction: Mothers with a history of trauma frequently face significant challenges in their relationships with their children. Therefore, it is crucial for trauma-exposed mothers and their young children to receive adequate trauma-informed treatment. This review aimed to examine the effects of trauma-informed interventions on improving the mother-child relationship among mothers with a history of trauma and their young children under 6 years old. Methods: The study analyzed 15 articles that met the eligibility criteria, encompassing a sample size of 1,321 mothers. The systematic GRADE approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence in this systematic review. Results: The study found that while some interventions demonstrated small to large effects, the quality of evidence was only moderate. The most promising interventions were Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP), and Maternal Empowerment Program (MEP), which all included elements of psychotherapy, psychoeducation, and skills training. Discussion: The study underscores the importance of understanding the needs of mother-child dyads affected by trauma and tailoring interventions to meet those needs. Overall, the literature suggests that interventions combining psychotherapeutic, psychoeducational, and skills-training components are most effective in improving mother and child-related outcomes for mothers with a history of trauma and their young children. The review provides recommendations for future research and emphasizes the importance of considering the mother-child relationship in trauma-informed interventions.

Machine Learning-Based Approach to Identify Inhibitors of Sterol-14-Alpha Demethylase: A Study on Chagas Disease.

Objectives: Chagas Disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a significant public health concern, particularly in Latin America. The current standard treatment for Chagas Disease, benznidazole, is associated with various side effects, necessitating the search for alternative therapeutic options. In this study, we aimed to identify potential therapeutics for Chagas Disease through a comprehensive computational analysis. Methods: A library of compounds derived from Cananga odorata was screened using a combination of pharmacophore modeling, structure-based screening, and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. The pharmacophore model facilitated the efficient screening of the compound library, while the structure-based screening identified hit compounds with promising inhibitory potential against the target enzyme, sterol-14-alpha demethylase. Results: The QSAR model predicted the bioactivity of the hit compounds, revealing one compound to exhibit superior activity compared to benznidazole. Evaluation of the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and medicinal chemistry properties of the hit compounds indicated their drug-like characteristics, oral bioavailability, ease of synthesis, and reduced toxicity profiles. Conclusion: Overall, our findings present a promising avenue for the discovery of novel therapeutics for Chagas Disease. The identified hit compounds possess favorable drug-like properties and demonstrate potent inhibitory effects against the target enzyme. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are warranted to validate their efficacy and safety profiles.

Population pharmacokinetics and exposure-response analyses of SAF-189s in Chinese patients with ALK+/ROS1+ non-small cell lung cancer.

Objective: SAF-189s is a potent ALK/ROS1 inhibitor that is currently in clinical development for treating advanced ALK+/ROS1+ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Comprehensive population pharmacokinetics (PopPK) and exposure-response models were developed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SAF-189s by integrating data from two clinical studies. Methods: The PopPK model was developed using plasma concentration data collected from patients with ALK+/ROS1+ advanced NSCLC (n = 299) and healthy subjects (n = 24). The covariates (demographics, laboratory values, subject types, and concomitant medications) were evaluated to determine their potential influence on the between-patient variability in the pharmacokinetics of SAF-189s. Individual exposure values were then used to investigate the relationships with the efficacy endpoints (overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and duration of response (DOR)) and key safety endpoints (adverse events of interest). Results: The final PopPK model of SAF-189s was described by a one-compartment model with delayed first-order absorption and time-dependent elimination by allowing the clearance to decrease stepwise over time. Age was included as a covariate for apparent clearance (CL/F), while prior anti-cancer therapy in ALK+ patients (ALKPOT) was included for apparent volume of distribution (V/F). There were no apparent exposure-response relationships for any of the efficacy endpoints at doses of 80-210 mg. The relationship between exposure and safety suggested that a higher steady-state exposure was associated with more frequent incidences of hyperglycemia and proteinuria; the 210-mg dose group was also less tolerated than the other low-dose groups. Conclusion: PopPK and exposure-response models were developed for SAF-189s, and their results demonstrate that SAF-189s exposures are at the plateau of exposure-response for efficacy. The 210-mg dose group had a significantly higher safety risk, while the 160-mg dose group was well-tolerated. Thus, 160 mg of SAF-189s once daily was selected as the recommended phase III dose for the ALK+/ROS1+ or ROS1+ NSCLC patients.

Dual-target EZH2 inhibitor: latest advances in medicinal chemistry.

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase, plays a crucial role in tumor progression by regulating gene expression. EZH2 inhibitors have emerged as promising anti-tumor agents due to their potential in cancer treatment strategies. However, single-target inhibitors often face limitations such as drug resistance and side effects. Dual-target inhibitors, exemplified by EZH1/2 inhibitor HH-2853(28), offer enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects. This review highlights recent advancements in dual inhibitors targeting EZH2 and other proteins like BRD4, PARP1, and EHMT2, emphasizing rational design, structure-activity relationships, and safety profiles, suggesting their potential in clinical applications.

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Ambivalent Feelings and Relationship Quality in Dementia Family Caregivers: Associations with Depressive Symptomatology.

OBJECTIVES: Ambivalent feelings in dementia family caregivers have been found to be related to caregivers´ stress associated with the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD-related stress), and depressive symptoms. Ambivalent feelings may also affect caregivers´ perceived quality of the relationship with the person living with dementia (PLwD), but this variable has been scarcely studied. This study analyzes the role of ambivalent feelings in the association between caregivers' BPSD-related stress, perceived quality of the relationship with the PLwD, and depressive symptomatology. METHODS: A theoretical model was developed and tested in a sample of 390 family caregivers. RESULTS: The obtained tested model had an excellent fit to the data, explaining 24% of the variance of depressive symptomatology. A significant association was found between caregivers' BPSD-related stress, ambivalent feelings, and depressive symptomatology. Also, an indirect effect in the association between ambivalent feelings and depressive symptomatology was found through the perceived quality of the relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Ambivalent feelings in dementia family caregivers are associated with caregivers' BPSD-related stress, perception of a lower relationship quality, and higher depressive symptomatology. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Targeting caregivers' ambivalent feelings and the quality of the relationship in interventions for dementia family caregivers may decrease their distress.

Scaffolds imparting anthelmintic activity: recent advancements and SAR studies.

Helminthiasis, affecting billions globally, poses a significant health concern, especially in impoverished regions with inadequate sanitation. The intricate anatomical complexity of helminths requires specialized treatment approaches. There is currently no effective vaccine against helminth infections. Anthelmintics, crucial for combating these infections, target neuromuscular functions in parasites without harming the host. However, the emergence of resistance to existing anthelmintics, notably benzimidazoles, presents a growing global challenge. This review delves into the structure-activity relationship of previously synthesized core anthelmintic scaffolds-Benzimidazole, coumarin, pyrazoline, triazole, and others-to elucidate their promising anthelmintic activities. Understanding the structure-activity relationship of these novel benzimidazole derivatives, Coumarin derivatives, and others is crucial in designing potent anthelmintics, overcoming resistance, and optimizing efficacy to combat the escalating global burden of helminth infections. In the present review, we cover recently studied compounds (from the year 2019 to till date) which have promising anthelmintic activity. This review will be useful for the pharmacology and medicinal chemistry researchers working in the area anthelmintics with various scaffolds like aminobenzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, coumarin, chromene, spiroketal, pyrazoline, triazole, etc. to design novel potent anthelmintic compound.

Changes in Mechanism and Transition State Structure for Solvolysis Reactions of Ring Substituted Benzyl Chlorides in Aqueous Solution.

Rate and product data are reported for the solvolysis reactions of twenty-seven mono, di (3,4) and tri (3,4,5) ring-substituted benzyl chlorides. The first order rate constant for solvolysis in 20% acetonitrile in water decrease from k solv = 2.2 s-1 for 4-methoxybenzyl chloride to 1.1 x 10-8 s-1 for 3,4-dinitrobenzyl chloride. The product rate constant ratios k MeOH/k TFE for solvolysis in 70/27/3 (v/v/v) HOH/TFE/MeOH range from a minimum of k MeOH/k TFE = 8 to a maximum of 110. The rate data were fit to a four-parameter Hammett equation that separates the resonance ρ r σ r and polar ρ n σ n effects of the aromatic ring substituents on the reaction rate. Increases in the values of the Hammett reaction constants ρ r and ρ n are observed as the substituent constants σ r or σ n are increased. A sharp decrease in the product selectivity k MeOH/k TFE = 26 for stepwise solvolysis of 4-methoxybenzyl chloride is observed as electron-withdrawing meta-substituents are added to 4-methoxybenzyl ring due to a Hammond-effect on the position of the transition state for solvent addition to the substituted 4-methoxybenzyl carbocation reaction intermediates. Sharp increases in the selectivity k MeOH/k TFE are observed with decreasing reactivity of other 3,4,5-subsituted benzyl chlorides due to anti-Hammond shifts on a two-dimensional More-O'Ferrall reaction coordinate diagram in the position of the transition state for a concerted solvolysis reaction.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of Carpesium lipskyi (Asteraceae, Inuleae).

The species of Carpesium lipskyi C.Winkl. 1998 is an important traditional Chinese medicine in China. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of C. lipskyi was determined and analyzed. The result showed that the complete cp genome of C. lipskyi was 151,244 bp in length, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,908 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,430 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 24,953 bp. The overall GC content of the C. lipskyi is 37.68%. The species of C. lipskyi possessed 127 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 36 transfer RNA genes, and eight ribosomal RNA genes. The present study found that Inula is sister groups with the closest genetic relationship. The obtained knowledge could provide useful information for future phylogenetic, taxonomic, and evolutionary studies on Inuleae.

Predictors of Couple Burnout among Turkish Married Individuals.

Couple burnout has been linked to several negative consequences for both individuals and couples. Identifying the factors that predict couple burnout is essential for developing effective interventions to prevent or lessen its detrimental impact on marital relationships. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate sociodemographic factors, relationship self-efficacy, happiness, and self-compassion as predictors of couple burnout in Turkish married individuals. A convenient sample of 401 married individuals completed a questionnaire that comprised a Personal Information Form, Couple Burnout Measure-Short Version, Relationship Self-Efficacy Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, and Single-Item Happiness Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis, linear multiple regression analysis, and relative importance analyses. The results of this study suggest that being women, having a higher number of offspring, and lower levels of relationship self-efficacy, self-compassion, and happiness were significant positive predictors of couple burnout among married individuals. The type of marriage, monthly income, and duration of marriage were not significant predictors of couple burnout. Moreover, the results of the relative importance analyses consistently demonstrated that happiness was the strongest predictor of couple burnout among married individuals. The research findings demonstrate the multidimensional nature of couple burnout and provide a more nuanced understanding of its predictive factors. These results have potential implications for the development of evidence-based and targeted interventions in relationship education programs.

The Effect of Coach-Athlete Relationships on Motor Behaviour in College Athletes-Mediating Effects of Psychological Needs.

This study explored the effect of the coach-athlete relationship perceived by college athletes on athletic behaviour, examining the mediating effect of psychological needs. This study was conducted with 254 college athletes using questionnaires, and the research instruments included the Coach-Athlete Relationship Scale, the Psychological Needs Scale, and the Athletic Behaviour Scale. The results of the study were as follows: (1) the coach-athlete relationship perceived by student-athletes had a direct positive and significant effect on athletic behaviours (ß = 0.268, p < 0.001, and direct effect = 0.0344); and (2) psychological needs had a significant mediating effect between the coach-athlete relationship and athletic behaviours (indirect effect = 0.2433), and the mediating effect percentage was 41.56%. The overall mediation effect value was 0.5854. The findings of the study emphasized that, by improving the coach-athlete relationship, it could help to improve the psychological needs of college athletes and, thus, promote their positive motor behaviours. In the coach-athlete relationship, the effect of closeness on the promotion of motor behaviour was particularly significant, in which special attention and emphasis should be given to the closeness between coaches and athletes in a practical implementation. Subsequently, coaches should focus their training on enhancing the coach-athlete relationship as a crucial part of training in order to perform well in competitions.

Exploring Sibling Relationship Quality among Latinx Siblings: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review addresses the gap in the literature regarding sibling relationship quality among Latinx families, a topic that has not been comprehensively examined to date. This study aimed to synthesize current research on sibling relationship quality in Latinx families, focusing on the influence of cultural factors, identifying key variables associated with sibling relationship quality, and evaluating the methodological approaches used. This paper is a systematic review based on a recently published evidence and gap map (EGM) that identified and visually presented all published studies investigating sibling relationship quality. Additional inclusion criteria were applied to select articles that specifically examined sibling relationship quality in the United States samples with at least 50% Latinx participants. The review included 12 articles representing 6 distinct studies, revealing significant findings on the roles of familism, simpatía, and gender in shaping sibling dynamics. Results indicated that cultural values such as familism and simpatía positively influence sibling intimacy and warmth, while gender dynamics further moderate these relationships. Methodologically, the articles employed longitudinal and cross-sectional designs, utilizing various quantitative measures. The findings underscore the importance of culturally sensitive approaches in studying sibling relationships and highlight the need for further research to explore these dynamics in diverse Latinx subgroups.

Not attending preschool was linked to challenges in peer relationships.

AIM: There is limited research on the impact of preschool attendance on socio-emotional problems. This study aimed to investigate the association between not attending preschool and emotional and behavioural problems among children aged 3-5 years in Sweden. METHODS: We analysed cross-sectional data from 9395 children, rated by both parents or by one parent. The dependent variable, emotional and behavioural problems, was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Preschool attendance served as the independent variable. Single and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Only 1.2% of children did not attend preschool. Single logistic regression models, using SDQ subscales with scores at or above the cut-off point as outcomes, showed that not attending preschool was associated with peer relationship problems, rated by mothers, and with peer relationship problems and overall difficulties, rated by fathers. These associations remained significant when controlling for covariates. Children with parents born outside Sweden or with lower educational levels had higher odds of experiencing peer relationship problems and overall difficulties. CONCLUSION: Children who do not attend preschool are at heightened risk of experiencing peer relationship problems. It is important to ensure that children who may benefit most from preschool education receive adequate support.

Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with colorectal polyps/adenomas: A single-center cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection may be associated with colorectal polyps/adenomas, but the current evidence remains controversial. METHODS: We retrospectively screened the medical records of 655 participants who underwent both colonoscopy and H. pylori test from June 15, 2020 to April 30, 2023. The number, size, location, and pathological type of colorectal polyps/adenomas were compared between H. pylori positive and negative groups. Adjusting for age, gender, smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes, fatty liver, body mass index, and inflammatory and metabolic indicators, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of H. pylori infection with the number, size, location, and pathological type of colorectal polyps/adenomas, where no polyp/adenoma was used as reference. RESULTS: Overall, 508 participants were included, of whom 154 and 354 were divided into H. pylori positive and negative groups, respectively. H. pylori positive group had significantly higher colorectal polyps/adenomas (74.7 % vs. 65.8 %, P=0.048), low-grade adenomas (55.7 % vs. 47.6 %, P=0.026), advanced adenomas (22.6 % vs. 13.3 %, P=0.008), and colorectal polyps/adenomas with sizes of ≥6 mm (61.7 % vs. 48.5 %, P=0.002) and ≥10 mm (25.2 % vs. 14.6 %, P=0.004) than H. pylori negative group. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, H. pylori infection was independently associated with low-grade adenomas (OR=2.677, 95 %CI=1.283-5.587, P=0.009), advanced adenomas (OR=3.017, 95 %CI=1.007-9.036, P=0.049), right-side colon polyps/adenomas (OR=5.553, 95 %CI=1.679-18.360, P=0.005), and colorectal polyps/adenomas with sizes of ≥10 mm (OR=4.436, 95 %CI=1.478-13.310, P=0.008), but not number of colorectal polyps/adenomas. CONCLUSION: H. pylori infection is associated with increased risk of colorectal polyps/adenomas, especially low-grade adenomas, advanced adenomas, right-side colon polyps/adenomas, and large colorectal polyps/adenomas.

How the size and structure of egocentric networks change during a life transition.

While social networks are typically relatively stable in size over time, major changes in life circumstances can result in opportunities to acquire new friends. How young adults manage their relationships with their wider network of friends and family during such transitions is, however, not well understood. Using a prospective longitudinal design, we investigate changes in the size and composition of complete egocentric networks of two cohorts of young adults moving away from home to college. We show that, although networks grow rapidly due to an influx of new friends made at college, the social overload that would result is partially mitigated through the progressive loss of pre-transition friendships (but not family relationships). In addition, most of the new relationships are placed in the outermost, emotionally less close network layers that are less costly to maintain. In contrast, the more intimate inner layers of the network remain stable in size, with efforts being made to conserve these relationships. The overriding importance of face-to-face interaction in creating and maintaining ties (compared to digital media) results in the emotional quality of a tie being traded off against the constraints imposed by physical distance. The most reliable predictor of the proportion of original members with whom relationships were maintained post-transition was pre-transition network size, with weaker effects due to geographical proximity and personal popularity in the new social context. These findings have implications for managing transitions to a new environment at any life stage.

Brushing rams before and during electroejaculation improves sperm motility and kinetics with slight changes in stress biomarkers.

The aim of this study was to determine whether brushing rams before and during electroejaculation (EE) reduces their stress response and improves the characteristics of the ejaculate. A single person brushed each ram for 5 min daily, for 15 days, in an individual pen. Semen was collected from five rams brushed before and during EE by the same brusher, while the other five were electroejaculated without being brushed. The treatments were exchanged three days later, so semen was collected from all the rams with both treatments. Brushing increased mass motility (P = 0.05), and curvilinear (P = 0.001), linear (P = 0.02), and average path (P = 0.01) velocities of sperm, as well as the average amplitude of lateral displacement of the sperm head (P = 0.05), and tended to increase sperm concentration (P = 0.09). Brushing tended to reduce the cortisol concentration (P = 0.06) and the duration of head movements when 2 V pulse series V was applied (P = 0.1). Brushing increased creatine kinase concentration (P = 0.04) and tended to increase rectal (P = 0.06) and maximum eye surface temperatures (P = 0.1), total time, and number of electrical pulses administered (P = 0.07 for both variables), as well as the sum of pulses per voltage applied during EE (P = 0.06). In rams accustomed to being brushed by the same person, brushing them before and during EE improved semen quality, with slight changes in the stress responses.

Molecular identification and phylogenetic relationship of fishes belonging to the Family Danionidae from Brahmaputra Basin, Assam, Northeast India.

BACKGROUD: The Northeast India, being part of two global biodiversity hotspot namely the Indo-Burma and Eastern Himalayan Hotspots supports a wide variety of rich aquatic biodiversity including fishes. The family Danionidae is a widely diverse group inhabiting the upper colder stretches of river although few are abundant in the lower stretches. The persisting similarity in the morphological appearance and body colouration within the members of this family seeks an integrated method to identify the species correctly. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study, the mt-DNA barcode was generated for correct identification and confirmation of the species. A total of nine mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences were generated for each species under the study. The pairwise distance values ranged from 0.09 to 9.11% within species and 9.06-32.71% between species. A neighbour-joining tree was constructed based on the Kimura 2 parameter model. Two major groups were observed where Danioninae formed a sister group to the Chedrinae and Rasborinae. CONCLUSION: The present study is a preliminary work to document and identify the species under the family Danionidae from Brahmaputra basin, Assam, using molecular tools and establish the phylogenetic relationship.

Optimizing the Intermediates Adsorption by Manipulating the Second Coordination Shell of Ir Single Atoms for Efficient Water Oxidation.

The precise regulation of single-atom catalysts (SACs) with the desired local chemical environment is vital to elucidate the relationship between the SACs structure and the catalytic performance. The debate on the effect of the local coordination environment is quite complicated even for the SACs with the same composition and chemical nature, calling for increased attention on the regulation of second coordination shell. For oxide-supported SACs, it remains a significant challenge to precisely manipulate the second coordination shell of single atoms supported on oxides due to the structural robustness of oxides. Here, Ir single atoms are anchored on NiO supports via different bonding strategies, resulting in the diverse Ir-O-Ni coordination numbers for Ir sites. Specifically, Ir1/NiO, Ir1-NiO, and Ir1@NiO SACs with increasing Ir-O-Ni coordination numbers of 3, 4, and 5 were synthesized, respectively. We found that the activity of the three samples towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) exhibited a volcano-shaped relationship with the Ir-O-Ni coordination number, with Ir1-NiO showing the lowest overpotential of 225 mV at 10 mA cm-2. Mechanism investigations indicate that the moderate coordination number of Ir-O-Ni in Ir1-NiO creates the higher occupied Ir dz2 orbital, weakening the adsorption strength for *OOH intermediates and thereby enhancing the OER activity.

Couple relationship education content: What we have and what we are missing.

Couple relationship education (CRE) has decades of research showing mixed results for participants. Various competing frameworks for CRE content have emerged in the development of the field, yet content has not been systematically investigated. Through an inductive content analysis of 15 different CRE programs, this study explored content themes and categories that are common across programs. Analysis found four themes throughout the programs: interactional skills, the self in the relationship, partner bonding, and relationship motivations. Categories for each theme were identified and are presented and discussed. Findings validate the primacy of teaching interactional skills within CRE including consistency in topics (e.g., communication training, conflict management). Other themes were also common (e.g., self in the relationship), though their categories were more diverse (e.g., self-care, expectations, personality). Several factors that have emerged as more significant in relationship theory and research were not well-represented in the content analysis (e.g., socioecological contexts, systemic patterns).