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Este trabajo busca indagar características y prácticas comunicacionales particulares de radios comunitarias, alternativas y populares (CAP) en la provincia de San Luis (Argentina) en el período 20102020, de acuerdo con la normativa vigente desde la sanción de la Ley 26.522. En San Luis se pueden reconocer tres radios CAP: La Bulla, Radio Masi y Radio Rebelde, todas ellas surgieron después de la sanción de la ley. La metodología es cualitativa e incluye consulta de registros, relevamientos previos, publicaciones académicas, entrevistas y conversaciones informales con miembros de los medios. Se propone analizar qué prácticas comunicacionales se despliegan a fin de construir sostenibilidad y en qué medida lo consiguen. También se incluye el estudio respecto a cómo relacionan con otros actores sociales relevantes como el Estado, en sus tres niveles, medios, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y la comunidad, en un sistema infocomunicacional caracterizado por la concentración y centralización. Las radios comunitarias de San Luis sintieron las repercusiones de los cambios de gestión a nivel nacional, y la parálisis en las políticas de comunicación de la provincia, pero aun así continúan al aire. Sin embargo, la falta de nuevas experiencias de comunicación comunitaria invitan a reflexionar sobre las condiciones sociopolíticas que contribuyen a perpetuar su marginalidad en el ecosistema de medios de la provincia.
This article aims to describe characteristics andcommunicational practices of community, alternative, and popular radio stations in San Luis Province, Argentina, between 2010 and 2020, considering the latest regulation in force: LSCA law 26.522, 2009. In San Luis, there are three radio stations that fall under the categories of community, alternative, and popular, according to the law: La Bulla, Masi Radio, and Radio Rebelde, all of them born after the law was sanctioned. The methodology is qualitative, and the analysis is based on empirical research that includes official registries, previous research, academic papers, interviews, and informal conversations with media members. The study analyzes the practices that these radio stations develop to build sustainability, and whether or not they achieve it. Their relationship to other socially relevant actors, such as the State in its three levels, other civil organizations, within a concentrated and centralized media system, is also considered, reflecting those characteristics from the province's political power configuration. Community radios in San Luis suffered the consequences of the national government changes and the paralysis in local communication policies, nevertheless, they are still operative. However, the lack of new community experiences requires further thoughts about how social and political conditions contribute to its marginal position in the communicational system of the province.
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Cardiometabolic diseases are a group of interrelated diseases that pose greater burden among socially vulnerable communities. The social vulnerability index (SVI) identifies communities vulnerable to emergencies and may also help determine communities at risk of adverse chronic health outcomes. However, no studies have examined the relationship between the SVI and cardiometabolic health outcomes in Colorado or focused on rural settings. The aim of this ecological study was to determine whether the county-level SVI is associated with county-level cardiometabolic health indicators with a particular focus on rurality and racial/ethnic diversity. We obtained 2014 SVI scores from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (scored 0-1; higher = more vulnerable) and 2013-2015 cardiometabolic health estimates from the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. The distribution of social determinants of health was spatially evaluated. Bivariate relationships between the SVI and cardiometabolic indicators were estimated using simple linear regression models. The highest SVI scores were observed in rural areas, including the San Luis Valley (mean: 0.78, median: 0.91), Southeast (mean: 0.72, median: 0.73), and Northeast (mean: 0.66, median: 0.76) regions. Across Colorado, the SVI accounted for 41% of the variability in overweight and obesity prevalence (p < 0.001), 17% of the variability in diabetes prevalence (p = 0.001), and 58% of the age-adjusted myocardial infarction hospitalization rate (p < 0.001). SVI values may be useful in determining a community's burden of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Vulnerabilidad Social , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Colorado/epidemiología , Etnicidad , Humanos , Grupos RacialesRESUMEN
Introducción: Constantin von Economo reportó en 1917 múltiples casos de manifestaciones neurológicas secundarias a la pandemia de la gripe española, clasificándolos en tres grandes grupos: forma somnolienta-oftalmopléjica, mutismo y la hipercinética, con secuelas similares a la enfermedad de Parkinson. Objetivo: presentar un caso de reciente aparición de patología rara en Cali, Colombia con manejo adecuado en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Presentación del caso: paciente de 9 años con disminución de la fuerza en extremidades, disartria y somnolencia, que inició deterioro neurológico progresivo requiriendo manejo en UCI. El equipo multidisciplinario diagnosticó encefalitis letárgica e iniciaron manejo con plasmaféresis e inmunosupresión con mejoría significativa. Discusión y conclusiones: como la prevalencia es escasa, el diagnóstico exige un alto índice de sospecha como la ocurrencia de un cuadro infeccioso previo al inicio de los síntomas, ya que se considera una reacción autoinmune cruzada contra antígenos de la sustancia nigra. En algunos casos hay alteraciones en los estudios imagenológicos o en citoquímico de líquido cefalorraquídeo. El manejo con pulsos de metilprednisolona y filtración de plasma con plasmaféresis brinda mejoría significativa con disminución de las secuelas a futuro.
Introduction: In 1917, Constantin von Economo reported multiple cases of neurological manifestations secondary to the Spanish flu pandemic. He classified them into three main clinical forms: somnolent-ophthalmoplegic, mutism and hyperkinetic, causing sequelae resembling Parkinson Ìs disease. Objective: to present a case of a recent appearance rare disease entity, in Cali Colombia, receiving appropriate management in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Case presentation: 9-year-old patient presenting with limb muscle weakness, dysarthria and somnolence, evidencing progressive neurological deterioration requiring admission to the ICU for management. A diagnosis of encephalitis lethargica (EL) was made by the attending multidisciplinary team and management with plasmapheresis and immunosuppression was started, obtaining significant improvement. Discussion and conclusions: as the prevalence is low, the diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion in cases presenting with infectious conditions prior to the development of symptoms, since it is considered an autoimmune cross-reaction against substantia nigra antigens. Alterations in brain imaging or in cerebrospinal fluid cytometry may be found in some cases. Management with methylprednisolone pulse therapy and filtration plasmapheresis provides significant improvement with a decrease in future sequelae.
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Humanos , Femenino , Niño , Enfermedad de Parkinson Posencefalítica , Encefalitis de San Luis , Fiebre , Autoinmunidad , Gripe HumanaRESUMEN
Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar la concordancia diagnóstica entre la citología y la colposcopia respecto del diagnóstico histopatológico de cáncer cervicouterino en mujeres del estado de San Luis Potosí que acudieron a un hospital de segundo nivel de atención. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio correlacional efectuado en un hospital de segundo nivel de atención del Municipio de San Luis Potosí, entre 2015 y 2017. Criterios de inclusión: reunir tres reportes de las pruebas de Papanicolaou, colposcopia e histopatología basados en la clasificación de Richart, ser usuarias de la clínica de colposcopia del hospital y haber firmado el consentimiento informado. Para evaluar la concordancia diagnóstica, tomando como referencia el resultado histopatológico, se realizó la prueba de Kappa. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 379 pacientes con media de edad de 34.61 años. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de la prueba de Papanicolaou fueron: 95.60, 6.60, 96.13 y 5.82%, respectivamente. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de la colposcopia fueron: 95.98, 33.33, 98.90 y 11.76%, respectivamente. Al hacer la prueba de Kappa el desenlace para el Papanicolaou fue: 0.021 (p = 0.677) y para la colposcopia 0.154 (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: La sensibilidad de la prueba diagnóstica de Papanicolaou y la colposcopia fue alta al igual que el valor predictivo positivo. Es importante analizar las variables que pudieran estar ocasionando la discordancia diagnóstica entre Papanicolaou-colposcopia-histopatología.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic concordance between cytology and colposcopy with respect to the histopathological diagnosis of cervical cancer in women from the state of San Luis Potosí who attended a second-level care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Correlational study performed in a second-level care hospital in the municipality of San Luis Potosí, between 2015 and 2017. Inclusion criteria: to gather three reports of Papanicolaou, colposcopy and histopathology tests based on Richart's classification, to be users of the hospital's colposcopy clinic and to have signed the informed consent. To evaluate the diagnostic concordance, taking the histopathological result as a reference, the Kappa test was performed. RESULTS: We studied 379 patients with a mean age of 34.61 years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the Papanicolaou test were: 95.60, 6.60, 96.13 and 5.82%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of colposcopy were: 95.98, 33.33, 98.90 and 11.76%, respectively. When doing the Kappa test the outcome for Papanicolaou was: 0.021 (p = 0.677) and for colposcopy 0.154 (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of the Papanicolaou diagnostic test and colposcopy was high as was the positive predictive value. It is important to analyze the variables that could be causing the diagnostic discordance between Papanicolaou-colposcopy-histopathology.
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Resumen La promulgación de leyes en Argentina sobre garantías jurídicas a personas con identidad de género disidente incentivaron en la academia el interés por esta temática. El trabajo se enmarca en el Proyecto de Investigación Derechos Humanos, Control Social y Sectores Vulnerables de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional de San Luisy promueve la difusión de resultados sobre las representaciones sociales de la comunidad de San Luis, Argentina acerca de las personas trans. Se utilizó el paradigma hermenéutico para alcanzar una interpretación a partir del análisis del contenido de la información. Los resultados expresan representaciones referidas a que las personas trans se adecúen a las normas desde un enfoque binario, que adapten su identidad al modelo heterosexual evitando su presencia en el espacio social por la incomodidad que despiertan y algunas personas manifiestan su aceptación y reconocen a las personas sin marcar diferencias por su sexualidad, valorizando su condición humana. De esta manera se concluye una fuerte presencia de patrones tradicionales que no dejan margen para las libertades individuales, referidas sobre todo a lo que respecta a la identidad de género auto percibida.
Abstract The enactment of laws in Argentina on legal guarantees for people with gender dissident identity has stimulated academic interest in this topic. This article is part of the Human Rights Research Project, Social Control and Vulnerable Sectors of the faculty of Psychology at the Universidad Nacional de San Luis and promotes the dissemination of results on the social representations of the community of San Luis, Argentina on transgender people. The hermeneutical paradigm was used to reach an interpretation from the analysis of the information content. The results show representations referred to transgender people adapting to the standards from a binary approach, adapting their identity to the heterosexual model, avoiding their presence in the social space due to the discomfort they awaken, and some people express their acceptance and recognize people without making any differences due to their sexuality, valuing their human condition. In this way, we conclude a strong presence of traditional patterns that leave no room for individual freedoms, especially with regard to self-perceived gender identity.
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BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a cause of global morbidity and mortality in agricultural communities. The San Luis Valley (SLV) is a rural agricultural community in southern Colorado with geographic and sociodemographic risk factors for CKD, including a water supply contaminated by heavy metals. METHODS: We obtained pre-existing sociodemographic, clinical, and urine trace metal data for 1659 subjects from the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study, a prospective cohort study. We assessed prospective associations between urine tungsten (W) and time-to-CKD using accelerated failure time models (n = 1659). Additionally, logistic models were used to assess relationships between urine W and renal injury markers (NGAL, KIM1) using Tobit regression (n = 816), as well as epidemiologically-defined CKD of unknown origin (CKDu) using multiple logistic regression (n = 620). RESULTS: Elevated urine W was strongly associated with decreased time-to-CKD, even after controlling for hypertension and diabetes. Depending on how CKD was defined, a doubling of urine W was associated with a 27% (95% CI 11%, 46%) to 31% (14%, 51%) higher odds of developing CKD within 5 years. The relationship between urine W and select renal injury markers was not significant, although urine NGAL was modified by diabetes status. Elevated (>95%ile) urinary W was significantly associated with CKDu (OR 5.93, 1.83, 19.21) while adjusting for known CKD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that increased exposure to W is associated with decreased time-to-CKD and may be associated with CKDu. Given persistence of associations after controlling for diabetes and hypertension, W may exert a primary effect on the kidney, although this needs to be evaluated further in future studies.
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Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Tungsteno , Colorado/epidemiología , Humanos , Riñón , Estudios Prospectivos , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/epidemiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Abstract: Studies on biological diversity are essential to generate baseline information in natural protected areas. In the present study, we developed a multi-taxonomic inventory in the Sierra del Abra Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve, located northeast of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Systematic samplings were performed between January 2017 to May 2018, for the taxonomic groups of flora, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. A total of 3 730 records of 683 species were obtained, corresponding to 427 species of flora, 10 of amphibians, 20 of reptiles, 192 of birds, and 34 of mammals, from which 47 species are threatened. The results obtained represent the critical biodiversity that can be found in this natural protected area. The information will be useful for decision-making on the management and conservation of biodiversity in the Sierra Madre Oriental's ecological corridor.
Resumo: Los estudios sobre biodiversidad son fundamentales para generar información de línea base para las áreas naturales protegidas. En el presente estudio se desarrolló un inventario multitaxonómico de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa, ubicada al noreste del estado de San Luis Potosí, México. Se realizaron muestreos sistemáticos para los grupos taxonómicos de flora, anfibios, reptiles, aves y mamíferos y se construyó una base de datos donde se incluyeron todos los registros por grupo taxonómico. Se obtuvieron un total de 3 730 registros de 683 especies, que corresponden a 427 especies de flora, 10 especies de anfibios, 20 especies de reptiles, 192 especies de aves y 34 especies de mamíferos; de las que 47 especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo. Los resultados obtenidos son una muestra representativa de la importante biodiversidad que es posible encontrar en esta Área Natural Protegida. La información será útil para la toma de decisiones sobre las acciones de manejo y conservación de la biodiversidad en el Corredor Ecológico de la Sierra Madre Oriental.
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Los flavivirus transmitidos por mosquitos son una amenaza actual y emergente en todo el mundo. Dentro de este género, el virus Encefalitis San Luis (VESL) causa una forma severa de enfermedad neuroinvasiva donde la respuesta inmune es un componente crucial de la defensa del huésped. En este trabajo se investigó la interacción entre VESL y células de la inmunidad innata, en un modelo de infección in vitro de monocitos humanos (células U937) con cepas de distinta virulencia y condiciones epidemiológicas de aislamiento (CbaAr-4005 y 78V-6507). Se evaluó la capacidad de infectar y replicar del virus, como también el efecto citopático y la cinética de viabilidad de monocitos durante la infección. Los resultados demostraron la susceptibilidad de los monocitos a la infección, replicación y muerte por ambas cepas virales. Sin embargo, se hallaron diferencias significativas entre ellas. La cepa epidémica y de mayor virulencia CbaAr-4005 registró una tasa de infección y replicación superior a la de la cepa endémica y de menor virulencia 78V-6507. Se comprobó también que el VESL indujo la muerte de monocitos humanos, dependiendo del tiempo post-infección (pi) y de la cepa. Así, CbaAr-4005 provocó a partir del día 3 pi el doble de mortalidad celular que 78V-6507. Además, en los monocitos infectados se observaron alteraciones de parámetros morfológicos que podrían relacionarse con el tipo de mecanismo de muerte celular asociado a la infección por VESL.
Mosquitoes borne Flavivirus infections are an actual and emergent worldwide threat to human health. Within this genus, Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLEV) causes a severe neuroinvasive disease where immune response is crucial for host survival. In this study the interaction between SLEV and innate immune cells was evaluated. An in vitro infection model with human monocytes (U937 cells) and strains with variations in virulence and isolation conditions (CbaAr-4005 and 78V-6507) were used. Infection capacity, replication capacity, cytopathic effect and monocyte viability kinetics were measured. The results showed susceptibility to infection and replication to both strains. However, significant differences were found among them. CbaAr-4005, the epidemic and more virulent strain, showed higher infection and replication ratios compared to 78V-6507. SLEV infection that induces cell death of human monocytes was also found in a post-infection time and in a strain dependent manner. Since day 3 post-infection, twice the mortality in CbaAr-4005 infected cells was observed. Furthermore, infected monocytes showed alterations in morphologic parameters that could be related with apoptosis mechanisms associated to SLEV infections.
Os Flavivírus transmitidos por mosquitos são uma ameaça atual e emergente no mundo todo. Nesse gênero, o vírus Encefalite Saint Louis (VESL) causa uma forma grave de doença neuroinvasiva onde a resposta imune é um componente crucial da defesa do hospedeiro. Neste trabalho nos investigamos a interação entre VESL e células de imunidade inata em um modelo de infecção in vitro de monócitos humanos (células U937) com estirpe de diferentes virulências e condições epidemiológicas de isolamento (CbaAr-4005 e 78V-6507). Foi avaliada a capacidade do vírus de infectar e replicar , assim como o efeito citopático e a viabilidade cinética dos monócitos durante a infecção. Os resultados demonstraram a suscetibilidade dos monócitos à infecção, replicação e morte por ambas as estirpes virais. No entanto, foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre eles. A estirpe epidémica e de maior virulenta CbaAr-4005 teve uma maior taxa de infecção e replicação do que a estirpe endémica e menos virulenta 78V-6507. Foi comprovado também que o VESL induziu a morte de monócitos humanos, dependendo do tempo pós-infecção (pi) e da estirpe. Assim, a CbaAr-4005 causou a partir do dia 3 pi o dobro da mortalidade celular o que a 78V- 6507. Além disso, alterações nos parâmetros morfológicos foram observadas nos monócitos infectados que poderiam estar relacionadas ao tipo de mecanismo de morte celular associado à infecção pelo VESL.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Virulencia , Infecciones por Flavivirus , Células U937 , Encefalitis , Virus de la Encefalitis de San Luis , Virus de la Encefalitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flavivirus , Aislamiento de Pacientes , Virus , Técnicas In Vitro , Cinética , Células , Enfermedad , Incidencia , Causalidad , Mortalidad , Apoptosis , CulicidaeRESUMEN
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 117 Mexicans from the state of San Luis Potosí living in the city of San Luis Potosí (Nâ¯=â¯30) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯87), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state include 13 Native American, six European, two African and two Asian haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components are Native American (52.72⯱â¯0.66% by ML; 48.29% of Native American haplotypes) and European (34.62⯱â¯4.28% by ML; 32.48% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (12.66⯱â¯4.61% by ML; 10.26% of African haplotypes).
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Etnicidad/genética , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frecuencia de los Genes , Geografía , Haplotipos , Humanos , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , México , Población RuralRESUMEN
Proctoporus machupicchu es una especie de lagartija semifosorial que fue descubierta en dos localidades dentro del Santuario Histórico de Machu Picchu (SHMP), Cusco, Perú. La serie tipo está conformada por dos hembras y un macho, sin embargo, el paratipo macho no posee poros femorales lo cual es incongruente con los machos mencionados en la literatura. En el presente trabajo, reportamos una nueva localidad fuera del SHMP y reexaminamos la serie tipo. Internamente, el paratipo macho no posee vestigios masculinos (testículos y conductos seminíferos) por lo que concluimos que hubo un error en el sexado. Además, reportamos una nueva localidad basado en un macho juvenil colectado en el área de Conservación Privada San Luis (ACP San Luis) de la provincia de La Convención. Este nuevo registro incrementa el rango de distribución de la especie en 20.9 km al noreste y su rango altitudinal de 2760 - 2800 a 2760 - 2966 m de altitud.
Proctoporus machupicchu is a semi-fossorial lizard, which was discovered in two locations in the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu (SHMP), Urubamba province, Cusco, Peru. The type series consists of two females and a male, however, the male paratype does not possess femoral pores which is incongruous with the males mentioned in the literature. In this paper, we report a new location outside the SHMP and re-examine the type series. Internally, the male paratype has no male vestiges (testicles and seminiferous ducts), so we conclude that there was an error in sexing. In addition, we report a new locality based on a juvenile male collected in the San Luis Private Conservation Area (ACP San Luis) of La Convención province. This new record increases the range of distribution of the species by 20.9km to the northeast and its altitudinal range from 2760 - 2800 to 2760 - 2966 m of altitude.
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El objetivo del estudio fue detectar especies del género Rickettsia en garrapatas de la especie Amblyomma tigrinum colectadas sobre carnívoros domésticos y en sangre de caninos domésticos de la provincia de San Luis (Argentina). Entre 2013 y 2015 se colectaron 56 garrapatas adultas de la especie A. tigrinum sobre caninos y felinos domésticos, y se obtuvieron 65 muestras sanguíneas de caninos. Tres garrapatas resultaron positivas mediante la amplificación de un fragmento del espacio intergénico 23S-5S ARNr del género Rickettsia, lográndose secuenciar uno de los productos positivos. La muestra positiva secuenciada también resultó positiva por PCRs de los fragmentos de los genes gltA y ompA. Las secuencias obtenidas resultaron tener una identidad del 100 % de identidad con "Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae". Todas las muestras sanguíneas resultaron negativas. "Ca. R. andeanae" no ha sido asociada con enfermedad en humanos o animales, sin embargo, es necesario realizar nuevas investigaciones para lograr un mayor conocimiento del riesgo potencial de transmisión de rickettsiosis en la región.
The aim of this study was to detect species of Rickettsia in Amblyomma tigrinum ticks collected from domestic carnivores and blood of domestic dogs of San Luis (Argentina). Between 2013 and 2015, 56 adults of A. tigrinum from dogs and cats and 65 blood from dogs were collected. Three ticks were positive by amplification of a 23S-5S rRNA fragment, and the sequence of one of the positive products was obtained. The positive sample sequenced was positive by PCRs of fragments of genes gltA and ompA. The sequences obtained were 100% identical with "Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae". All blood samples were negative. "Ca. R. andeanae" has not been associated with disease in humans or animals; however, further research is necessary to achieve greater awareness of the potential risk of transmission of rickettsial diseases in the region.
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BACKGROUND: Carrizo Plain National Monument (San Joaquin Desert, California, USA) is home to many threatened and endangered species including the blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila). Vegetation is dominated by annual grasses, and shrubs such as Mormon tea (Ephedra californica), which is of relevance to our target species, the federally listed blunt-nosed leopard lizard, and likely also provides key ecosystem services. We used relatively nonintrusive camera traps, or trail cameras, to capture interactions between animals and these shrubs using a paired shrub-open deployment. Cameras were placed within the shrub understory and in open microhabitats at ground level to estimate animal activity and determine species presence. FINDINGS: Twenty cameras were deployed from April 1st, 2015 to July 5th, 2015 at paired shrub-open microsites at three locations. Over 425,000 pictures were taken during this time, of which 0.4 % detected mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles including the blunt-nosed leopard lizard. Trigger rate was very high on the medium sensitivity camera setting in this desert ecosystem, and rates did not differ between microsites. CONCLUSIONS: Camera traps are an effective, less invasive survey method for collecting data on the presence or absence of desert animals in shrub and open microhabitats. A more extensive array of cameras within an arid region would thus be an effective tool to estimate the presence of desert animals and potentially detect habitat use patterns.
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BACKGROUND: Worldwide, Cervical Cancer (CC) is the fourth most common type of cancer and cause of death in women. It is a significant public health problem, especially in low and middle-income/Gross Domestic Product (GDP) countries. In the past decade, several studies of CC have been published, that identify the main modifiable and non-modifiable CC risk factors for Mexican women. However, there are no studies that attempt to explain the residual spatial variation in CC incidence In Mexico, i.e. spatial variation that cannot be ascribed to known, spatially varying risk factors. METHODS: This paper uses a spatial statistical methodology that takes into account spatial variation in socio-economic factors and accessibility to health services, whilst allowing for residual, unexplained spatial variation in risk. To describe residual spatial variations in CC risk, we used generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) with both spatially structured and unstructured random effects, using a Bayesian approach to inference. RESULTS: The highest risk is concentrated in the southeast, where the Matlapa and Aquismón municipalities register excessive risk, with posterior probabilities greater than 0.8. The lack of coverage of Cervical Cancer-Screening Programme (CCSP) (RR 1.17, 95 % CI 1.12-1.22), Marginalisation Index (RR 1.05, 95 % CI 1.03-1.08), and lack of accessibility to health services (RR 1.01, 95 % CI 1.00-1.03) were significant covariates. CONCLUSIONS: There are substantial differences between municipalities, with high-risk areas mainly in low-resource areas lacking accessibility to health services for CC. Our results clearly indicate the presence of spatial patterns, and the relevance of the spatial analysis for public health intervention. Ignoring the spatial variability means to continue a public policy that does not tackle deficiencies in its national CCSP and to keep disadvantaging and disempowering Mexican women in regard to their health care.
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Anaemia in children is a public health concern in Mexico; Federal food assistance programmes are being implemented to prevent it. We undertook this research to investigate the indirect association between food assistance programmes (FAP) and anaemia through dietary and socio-economic conditions of beneficiary children. A structural equation model (SEM) was constructed to assess associations among FAP, dietary and socio-economic conditions, as well as anaemia. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted based on a sample of 1214 households with children <5 years old, beneficiaries of two FAP: Prospera and rescue from malnutrition with amaranth (RMA) and a comparison group in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. The SEM and a decomposition effect analysis revealed the existence of a significant indirect association of FAP on the prevalence of anaemia via dietary and socio-economic conditions in children under 5 years old. The Prospera assistance programme showed a significant indirect positive association with the prevalence of anaemia (standard coefficient=0·027, P<0·031), and the RMA programme showed a significant indirect negative association with the prevalence of anaemia (standard coefficient=-0·029, P=0·047). There was a direct association between FAP and dietary and socio-economic conditions. FAP could indirectly modify the prevalence of anaemia in young children with a direct improvement on dietary and socio-economic conditions. The unexpected finding of the association between RMA, dietary and socio-economic conditions and the prevalence of anaemia reflects differences in the focus of the programmes.
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Anemia/prevención & control , Asistencia Alimentaria/organización & administración , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/prevención & control , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Suplementos Dietéticos , Humanos , México , PobrezaRESUMEN
Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación educativa en la materia de Patrimonio Documental impartida en la Escuela de Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Para la investigación, se siguieron tres momentos. En la primera etapa se investigaron los resultados del uso de las herramientas didácticas como los mapas conceptuales, los estudios de caso y los problemas, entre otros. En la segunda se aplicó un cuestionario sobre el aprendizaje de la asignatura para determinar los temas de interés o los que fueron complicados para estudiantes, y que requirieron de reforzamiento o mayor profundización. En la tercera se elaboró una rúbrica que establece un parámetro de los posibles resultados finales del aprendizaje del grupo. Lo más importante de la aplicación fue la identificación puntual de las barreras de aprendizaje y la realización de acciones para que el alumnado se apropiara del conocimiento. Las partes fuertes del curso se relacionaron con las áreas directamente correspondientes a las Ciencias de la Información Documental y la historia. La parte más débil es la tasación o asignación del valor económico de los bienes bibliográficos y documentales, en virtud de que esta se consolida con un amplio conocimiento del mercado y con la experiencia.
This paper presents the results of educational research in the field of documentary heritage taught at the School of Information Sciences at the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi. For research, three elements are followed. The first element results of the use of teaching tools such as concept maps, case studies and problems, among others that were investigated. The second consists of a questionnaire on learning of the subject he is used to determine the topics of interest or those that were complicated for students and required reinforcement or further explanations. The third one consists on the development of a rubric establishing a parameter of possible final learning outcomes of the group. Regarding the application, the most important was timely identification of students' barriers for learning and performing actions to take ownership of knowledge. The strongest parts of the class directly related to the areas corresponding to Sciences of the Documentary Information and history. The weakest part is pricing or allocation of the economic value of library and documentary goods, due to the fact that this task is consolidated with extensive market knowledge and experience.
RESUMEN
Our goal was to determine the presence of neutralizing antibodies against St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) in sera of wild and domestic birds from Buenos Aires City, Argentina. From October 2012 to April 2013, 180 samples were collected and processed by the microneutralization technique. A 7.2% of the sampled birds were seropositive for SLEV, while no seropositive birds for WNV were detected.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Aves/sangre , Virus de la Encefalitis de San Luis/inmunología , Virus del Nilo Occidental/inmunología , Animales , Argentina , Salud UrbanaRESUMEN
Nuestro objetivo fue conocer la presencia de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus de la encefalitis de San Luis (St. Louis encephalitis virus [SLEV]) y el virus del Nilo Occidental (West Nile virus [WNV]) en sueros de aves silvestres y domésticas de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Desde octubre del 2012 hasta abril del 2013 se colectaron 180 muestras que fueron procesadas por la técnica de microneutralización. El 7,2% de las aves muestreadas resultaron seropositivas para SLEV, mientras que no se detectaron aves seropositivas para WNV
Our goal was to determine the presence of neutralizing antibodies against St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) in sera of wild and domestic birds from Buenos Aires City, Argentina. From October 2012 to April 2013, 180 samples were collected and processed by the microneutralization technique. A 7.2 % of the sampled birds were seropositive for SLEV, while no seropositive birds for WNV were detected
Asunto(s)
Animales , Virus del Nilo Occidental/aislamiento & purificación , Aves/microbiología , Virus de la Encefalitis de San Luis/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/análisis , Pruebas Serológicas/métodosRESUMEN
The population of Argentina has already been studied with regard to several genetic markers, but much more data are needed for the appropriate definition of its genetic profile. This study aimed at investigating the admixture patterns and genetic structure in Central Argentina, using biparental markers and comparing the results with those previously obtained by us with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the same samples. A total of 521 healthy unrelated individuals living in 13 villages of the Córdoba and San Luis provinces were tested. The individuals were genotyped for ten autosomal ancestry informative markers (AIMs). Allele frequencies were compared with those of African, European and Native American populations, chosen to represent parental contributions. The AIM estimates indicated a greater influence of the Native American ancestry as compared to previous studies in the same or other Argentinean regions, but smaller than that observed with the mtDNA tests. These differences can be explained, respectively, by different genetic contributions between rural and urban areas, and asymmetric gene flow occurred in the past. But a most unexpected finding was the marked interpopulation genetic homogeneity found in villages located in diverse geographic environments across a wide territory, suggesting considerable gene flow.
RESUMEN
We compiled a checklist with all known endemic plants occurring in the Sierras of Córdoba and San Luis, an isolated mountainous range located in central Argentina. In order to obtain a better understanding of the evolutionary history, relationships and age of the regional flora, we gathered basic information on the biogeographical and floristic affinities of the endemics, and documented the inclusion of each taxon in molecular phylogenies. We listed 89 taxa (including 69 species and 20 infraspecific taxa) belonging to 53 genera and 29 families. The endemics are not distributed evenly, being more abundant in the lower than in the middle and upper vegetation belts. Thirty-two genera (60.3%) have been included in phylogenetic analyses, but only ten (18.8%) included local endemic taxa. A total of 28 endemic taxa of the Sierras CSL have a clear relationship with a widespread species of the same genus, or with one found close to the area. Available phylogenies for some taxa show divergence times between 7.0 - 1.8 Ma; all endemic taxa are most probably neoendemics sensu Stebbins and Major. Our analysis was specifically aimed at a particular geographic area, but the approach of analyzing phylogenetic patterns together with floristic or biogeographical relationships of the endemic taxa of an area, delimited by clear geomorphological features, could reveal evolutionary trends shaping the area.
ResumenSe presenta una lista comentada de todas las especies endémicas conocidas de las Sierras de Córdoba y San Luis, una región montañosa aislada del centro de Argentina. A fin de obtener una mejor comprensión de la historia evolutiva, relaciones y edad de la flora regional, recopilamos información básica sobre afinidades florísiticas y biogeográficas de las endémicas, y relevamos su inclusión en estudios filogenéticos moleculares. El listado incluye 89 taxones (69 species y 20 taxones infraespecíficos), pertenecientes a 53 géneros y 29 familias. La distribución altitudinal de los endemismos no es uniforme, ya que el piso de vegetación inferior tiene más taxones endémicos que los pisos intermedio y superior. Treinta y dos géneros (60.3%) han sido incluidos en algún análisis filogenético, pero sólo 10 de ellos (18.8%) incluyeron taxones locales. Un total de 28 taxones endémicos de las Sierras CSL tienen una clara relación con una especie de amplia distribución del mismo género, o con una de distribución cercana al área. Las filogenias disponibles para algunos taxones muestran tiempos de divergencia entre 7.0 1.8 Ma; todos los endemismos del área son probablemente neoendemismos sensu Stebbins y Major. Aunque nuestro análisis estaba dirigido específicamente a un área geográfica particular, el enfoque de analizar patrones filogenéticos junto con relaciones florísticas y biogeográficas de los endemismos de un área delimitada por características geomorfológicas, podría revelar las tendencias evolutivas que modelaron el área.
RESUMEN
Miguel Otero y Arce fue uno de los fundadores de la pediatría en San Luis Potosí, y un estudioso acerca del tifo y de la rabia, al grado de que produjo la vacuna antirrábica en aquel Estado. Además, escribió múltiples artículos acerca de temas médicos.
Miguel Otero y Arce was one of the founders of pediatrics in San Luis Potosí, and one studious about typhus and rabies, producing a vaccine against rabies in that state. Moreover, he writed many articles about medical themes.
