The BET PROTAC inhibitor GNE-987 displays anti-tumor effects by targeting super-enhancers regulated gene in osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common primary malignant tumors of bone in children, which develops from osteoblasts and typically occurs during the rapid growth phase of the bone. Recently, Super-Enhancers(SEs)have been reported to play a crucial role in osteosarcoma growth and metastasis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify specific targeted inhibitors of SEs to assist clinical therapy. This study aimed to elucidate the role of BRD4 inhibitor GNE-987 targeting SEs in OS and preliminarily explore its mechanism. METHODS: We evaluated changes in osteosarcoma cells following treatment with a BRD4 inhibitor GNE-987. We assessed the anti-tumor effect of GNE-987 in vitro and in vivo by Western blot, CCK8, flow cytometry detection, clone formation, xenograft tumor size measurements, and Ki67 immunohistochemical staining, and combined ChIP-seq with RNA-seq techniques to find its anti-tumor mechanism. RESULTS: In this study, we found that extremely low concentrations of GNE-987(2-10 nM) significantly reduced the proliferation and survival of OS cells by degrading BRD4. In addition, we found that GNE-987 markedly induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in OS cells. Further study indicated that VHL was critical for GNE-987 to exert its antitumor effect in OS cells. Consistent with in vitro results, GNE-987 administration significantly reduced tumor size in xenograft models with minimal toxicity, and partially degraded the BRD4 protein. KRT80 was identified through analysis of the RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data. U2OS HiC analysis suggested a higher frequency of chromatin interactions near the KRT80 binding site. The enrichment of H3K27ac modification at KRT80 was significantly reduced after GNE-987 treatment. KRT80 was identified as playing an important role in OS occurrence and development. CONCLUSIONS: This research revealed that GNE-987 selectively degraded BRD4 and disrupted the transcriptional regulation of oncogenes in OS. GNE-987 has the potential to affect KRT80 against OS.

Relationship between exposure to fine particulate matter and cardiovascular risk factors and the modifying effect of socioeconomic status: a cross-sectional study in Beijing, China.

Accumulating research suggested that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, evidence regarding the relationship between PM2.5 and CVD risk factors remains inconsistent. We hypothesized that this association may be partially modified by socioeconomic status (SES). To investigate the relationships and to test the modifying effect of SES, we included baseline data for 21,018 adults from September 2017 to May 2018. PM2.5 concentrations were determined by employing an amalgamation of linear measurements obtained from monitoring stations located near the participants' residential and workplace addresses. We assessed SES across several domains, including income, education, and occupation levels, as well as through a composite SES index. The results indicated that for every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure, the risk of hypercholesterolemia, hyperbetalipoproteinemia, diabetes, and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) increased by 7.7% [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.077, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.011, 1.146], 19.6% (OR = 1.196, 95% CI = 1.091, 1.312), 4.2% (OR = 1.042, 95% CI = 1.002, 1.084), and 17.1% (OR = 1.171, 95% CI = 1.133, 1.209), respectively. Compared to the high SES group, those with low SES are more prone to hypercholesterolemia, hyperbetalipoproteinemia, diabetes, and HHcy. Notably, the disparities in SES appear significant in the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and hypercholesterolemia as well as hyperbetalipoproteinemia. But for diabetes and HHcy, the modification effect of SES on PM2.5 shows an inconsistent pattern. In conclusion, the results confirm the association between PM2.5 and cardiovascular risk factors and low SES significantly amplified the adverse PM2.5 effect on dyslipidemia. It is crucial to emphasize a need to improve the socioeconomic inequality among adults in Beijing and contribute to the understanding of the urgency in protecting the health of vulnerable groups.

Effects of outdoor activity time, screen time, and family socioeconomic status on physical health of preschool children.

Objective: Experienced 3 years of pandemic-induced home life, in the post-epidemic period, preschoolers in China are falling short of the World Health Organization's standards for screen time and outdoor activities. This notably impacts their physical well-being. The study aims to probe the associations between screen time, outdoor activities, and the physical health of preschoolers, offering insights to shape interventions targeting myopia and obesity prevention in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong Province, involving a representative sample of 23,992 preschoolers and their caregivers recruited through proportional stratified cluster sampling. Data collection utilized the Chinese Early Human Capability Index (CHeHCI, eHCi), a questionnaire on children's media use in daily family life, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Linear regression and binary logistic regression models were employed to analyze the impact of screen time and outdoor activity duration on the physical health of preschoolers. Results: In the high family socioeconomic status (SES) group, children had significantly less screen time compared to those in the medium and low SES groups. Outdoor activity time varied significantly based on SES, with higher SES linked to extended outdoor engagement. Additionally, children's eHCi health dimension score exhibited significant SES-related differences, showcasing higher scores for children in higher SES groups. In terms of gender differences, boys dedicated significantly more time to outdoor activities than girls, yet boys had a notably higher overweight rate. Furthermore, girls demonstrated better health outcomes based on eHCi health scores. A significant association emerged between overweight and screen time in children with high SES, indicating that prolonged screen time was linked to a higher likelihood of overweight based on BMI. Additionally, a substantial negative correlation was observed between children's eHCi health dimension score and screen time. Furthermore, children's outdoor activity time exhibited a significant positive correlation with eHCi health dimension score. Regression analysis revealed that screen time could significantly negatively predict children's physical health score, while outdoor activity time could significantly positively predict children's eHCi physical health score. Conclusion: The current study highlights that family SES, age, and gender play pivotal roles in influencing preschoolers' screen time and outdoor activity duration, with family SES being particularly influential. Higher family SES correlates with reduced screen time, increased outdoor activity, and elevated health levels among children. Importantly, children's screen time negatively predicts their health status, while outdoor time positively predicts their health status.

Parental SES and family support as predictors of educational level: Testing the buffering effect of effortful control and peer support.

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to family risk factors increases adolescents' chances of attaining a lower educational level. However, some adolescents attain a high educational level despite being exposed to family risk factors such as a lower parental socioeconomic status (SES) or receiving less family support. METHOD: Using data from the Dutch TRAILS cohort study (NT1 = 2175; Mage = 11.1, SD = 0.55, 50.8% female), we investigated if higher levels of effortful control and peer support can buffer against the negative effects of a lower parental SES and less family support on educational level. Two multinomial logistic regressions were performed (from early to mid-adolescence and from mid-adolescence to young adulthood) with post hoc tests to contrast four ordinal educational levels: practical vocational, theoretical vocational, higher general, and (pre-)university. RESULTS: Adolescents with a higher parental SES were consistently more likely to end up at a higher educational level, but family support was hardly associated with educational level. Neither effortful control nor peer support buffered the associations of parental SES and family support with educational level. Effortful control did have a positive direct (compensatory) effect on the educational level. CONCLUSION: We conclude that other individual competencies or more structural changes may be more helpful buffers for reducing socioeconomic inequalities in educational attainment.

Social observation modulates the influence of socioeconomic status on pro-environmental behavior: an event-related potential study.

Understanding the psychological antecedents of socioeconomic status (SES) on pro-environmental behavior is crucial for effectively encouraging individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds to address environmental issues. Previous research has separately examined the influence of SES and social observation on pro-environmental behavior. However, little is known about whether social observation moderates the influence of SES on pro-environmental behavior, and the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain uncharacterized. Using event-related potential (ERPs), we adopted the green purchase paradigm and manipulated subjective SES, to examine whether the influence of SES on pro-environmental behavior is moderated by social observation. The behavioral results revealed that individuals of high SES tended to purchase more eco-friendly products under the observable condition than those in the non-observable condition. The ERP results revealed that participants with high SES exhibited more negative N2 and N400 amplitude during environmental decisions in the non-observable condition than in the observable condition, indicating that high SES individuals experience less cognitive conflict during environmental decisions, which may reflect the attenuated cost-benefit trade-off due to reputational incentives in the presence of observers. Additionally, individuals with high SES exhibited greater reputational motivation when observed, as indicated by larger P3 amplitude. However, these differences were not observed among individuals with low SES. These findings suggest that SES is associated with distinct psychological and behavioral differences in pro-environmental behavior, moderated by social observation, evident across both the early and later stages of environmental decisions in the brain.

The Role of Socioeconomic Status in Patients With Cutaneous Melanoma of the Head and Neck.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck. DATA SOURCE: Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. REVIEW METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck from 2006 to 2018, utilizing population-based data including socioeconomic status (SES) assessed by the US-based Yost quintile index. SES quintiles ranged from Group 1 (lowest) to Group 5 (highest). We examined disease severity at diagnosis (stage, Breslow thickness, and spread) and survival outcomes (overall survival, cause-specific survival) to assess the impact of SES. RESULTS: A total of 53,967 melanomas of the head and neck were identified (14,146 females; 39,821 males; 51,890 white; 125 black; 317 other). Group 1 patients had a significantly higher percentage of end-stage disease (stage IV) at diagnosis (n = 101; 3.2% vs. n = 280; 1.9%, respectively) (p < .001), increased Breslow thickness (.80 mm vs .60 mm, respectively) (p < .001), and higher percentage of distant disease (n = 152; 3.6% vs. n = 431; 2.1%, respectively) (p < .001). Group 1 patients experienced a higher death rate from melanoma than group 5 patients (n = 585; 14% vs n = 1,753; 8.6%). Survival increased with SES. CONCLUSIONS: When evaluating cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck, low SES is related to more severe disease at diagnosis and worse survival outcomes. Addressing the underlying causes of this relationship could lead to more equitable management and survival outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III Laryngoscope, 2024.

Disparities in the implantation of secondary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator in the United States.

BACKGROUND: The annual incidence of sudden cardiac death is over 300,000 in the United States (US). Historically, inpatient implantation of secondary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has been variable and subject to healthcare disparities. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate contemporary practice trends of inpatient secondary prevention ICD implants within the US on the basis of race, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS: The study is a retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample from 2016 to 2020 of adult discharges with a primary diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular flutter, and fibrillation (VF). Adjusted ICD implantation rates based on race, sex, and SES and associated temporal trends were calculated using multivariate regression. RESULTS: A total of 193,600 primary VT/VF discharges in the NIS were included in the cohort, of which 57,895 (29.9%) had ICD placement. There was a significant racial and ethnic disparity in ICD placement for Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American patients as compared to White patients; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.86 [p < .01], 0.90 [p  =  .03], 0.81[p < .01], 0.45 [p < .01], respectively. Female patients were also less likely to receive an ICD compared to male patients (aOR: 0.75, p < .01). Disparities in ICD placement remained stable over the study period (ptrend ≥ .05 in all races, both sexes and income categories). CONCLUSION: Racial, sex, and SES disparities persisted for secondary prevention ICD implants in the US. An investigation into contributing factors and subsequent approaches are needed to address the modifiable causes of disparities in ICD implantation as these trends have not improved compared to historic data.

The association of socioeconomic status with the success of chat-based online counseling for children and youth: A latent change score modeling approach.

Children and youth from lower subjective socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds are at a heightened risk of mental disorders. Online counseling is a valuable tool to reach those less likely to seek professional help, but its success across different SES backgrounds remains unclear. This study explores the association between subjective SES and online counseling outcomes. Children and youth (N = 2139) between 10 and 24 years-of-age received chat-based online counseling and reported on SES, negative feelings before and after the chat, and perceived helpfulness of the chat via an online assessment tool. The results of a latent change score model showed a significant association between SES and negative feelings before chatting, indicating that lower SES predicted more negative feelings (r = -0.26, p < .001). Further, SES was indirectly associated with the change in negative feelings from before to after counseling, mediated by the extent of negative feelings before the chat (ß = 0.07, 95%CFI = [0.05-0.10]). Current findings extend research on online counseling programs in the context of SES. Despite higher counseling needs among low SES individuals, they do not benefit proportionally from existing online services in this sample. Future research should investigate barriers to help-seeking and implement specialized counselor training programs.

The relationship between family-school socioeconomic status match and adolescent aggressive behavior.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of the match between family and school socioeconomic status (SES) on adolescents' aggressive behaviors. Additionally, the moderating roles of gender and the parent-child relationship were examined. A total of 2,823 adolescents completed the Aggressive Behavior Scale, the Parent-Child Relationship Scale, and the Family SES Scale. School SES was measured by the average family SES of all students in the school. SES was categorized as high or low based on one standard deviation above or below the mean. The results showed that when there was a match between family and school SES, adolescents with "Low Family-Low School" SES exhibited more aggressive behaviors compared to those with "High Family-High School" SES. When there was a mismatch between family and school SES, adolescents with "High Family-Low School" SES exhibited higher levels of aggressive behaviors than those with "Low Family-High School" SES. Gender did not moderate these effects. Furthermore, when the parent-child relationship was poor, adolescents exhibited higher levels of aggressive behaviors when family SES exceeded school SES. Conversely, the effects of family and school SES on aggressive behavior were not significant when the parent-child relationship was strong. The present study highlights that the match and mismatch between family and school SES significantly influence adolescents' aggressive behaviors and that a strong parent-child relationship has a protective effect.

Impact of class cancellations on parents' and children' adaptation following an outbreak of the Omicron variant during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan in April 2022.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact on Taiwanese parents and children following an outbreak of the Omicron variant during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Data were collected following class cancellations mandated by the Ministry of Education due to an outbreak of the Omicron variant of COVID-19 in April 2022. A national parent organization developed self-report survey questionnaire, "Impact of the Pandemic-related School Closures/Class Cancellations" (IPRSCCC), assessed parents' perceived impact of school cancellations on their child/children' and on their adaptation. The online survey was available between May 4 and May 9, 2022, in 20 districts throughout Taiwan. RESULTS: A total of 2126 parents representing 2592 children responded. Total scores on the IPRSCCC were significantly higher for parents of children whose classes were cancelled (n = 891) compared with parents whose children continued in-person classes (n = 1053). Parents perceived the class cancellations of the child/children disrupted daily routine, learning loss and impacted academic motivation. They also reported emotional stress and no time for rest, which were associated with parental burnout. However for these parents, there were no significant differences in scores between parents living in low and high socioeconomic areas. Only the subscale score for disrupted daily routine was significantly higher for fathers, and emotional stress was significantly higher for parents with two, or ≥ 3 children. When academic impacts were examined using national examination scores for 12th grade students, the percent of students with scores of ≤ 6 in English, Chinese, and mathematics was higher in 2022 than in 2020. CONCLUSIONS: Higher IPRSCCC scores for parents of children whose classes were cancelled provides additional evidence of the impact of disruptions of in-person classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Examination scores confirmed class cancellations impacted academic performance.

Assessing the parental SES gradient in young Britons' partnership expectations, attitudes and its potential mediators.

A well-documented trend in family demography is that young adults from disadvantaged backgrounds tend to enter their first partnership earlier and forego marriage more often than their advantaged counterparts. Yet, limited research has explored whether there is also an association between parental background and expectations for partnership formation, which are considered important precursors of behaviours. Further, few studies have explored the potential mechanisms mediating these differences. This paper uses data from the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society to analyse the relationships between parental socioeconomic status and young Britons' expectations for marriage, cohabitation, and attitudes towards ideal age at marriage. Using the KHB decomposition as a mediation method, we verify whether these relationships are explained by two mechanisms measured during the young adults' adolescence: family structure socialisation and academic socialisation. We find that marriage expectations are socially stratified in the UK. Those from the least advantaged backgrounds have significantly lower expectations for marriage than the most advantaged, but this difference does not hold for cohabitation. Those from the least advantaged backgrounds are also more uncertain about their ideal age at marriage. Academic socialisation mediates these relationships to a limited extent. Family structure socialisation mediates a greater percentage, especially living with a single parent, rather than married parents, during adolescence.

Tailoring Interfacial Structures to Regulate Carrier Transport in Solid-State Batteries.

Solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SSLIBs) have been considered as the priority candidate for next-generation energy storage system, due to their advantages in safety and energy density compare with conventional liquid electrolyte systems. However, the introduction of numerous solid-solid interfaces results in a series of issues, hindering the further development of SSLIBs. Therefore, a thorough understanding on the interfacial issues is essential to promote the practical applications for SSLIBs. In this review, the interface issues are discussed from the perspective of transportation mechanism of electrons and lithium ions, including internal interfaces within cathode/anode composites and solid electrolytes (SEs), as well as the apparent electrode/SEs interfaces. The corresponding interface modification strategies, such as passivation layer design, conductive binders, and thermal sintering methods, are comprehensively summarized. Through establishing the correlation between carrier transport network and corresponding battery electrochemical performance, the design principles for achieving a selective carrier transport network are systematically elucidated. Additionally, the future challenges are speculated and research directions in tailoring interfacial structure for SSLIBs. By providing the insightful review and outlook on interfacial charge transfer, the industrialization of SSLIBs are aimed to promoted.

School socioeconomic status and psychological complaints among adolescents in 44 countries: The mediating role of schoolwork pressure and classmate support and the moderating role of family SES and country-level income inequality.

Previous research has reported both positive and negative associations between school socioeconomic status (SES) and internalizing problems among adolescents. Little is known about cross-national differences in this association, as well as potential mediators and moderators. Therefore, this study investigated this association using representative cross-national samples of adolescents whilst exploring the mediating role of schoolwork pressure and classmate support, and the moderating role of family SES and country-level income inequality. Using data from adolescents aged 11-15 from 44 countries, participating in the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study (N = 202,202), we employed multilevel regression models with cross-level interactions. School SES was operationalized as the average family affluence of adolescents within a school and psychological complaints (e.g., feeling low/depressed) were used as an indication of internalizing problems. On average across countries, adolescents in higher SES schools reported more psychological complaints, with a large effect size. However, differences in this association were observed across countries, with a positive association in 19 out of 44 countries, a negative association in one country, and nonsignificant associations in the remaining countries. Schoolwork pressure partially mediated the average association between school SES and psychological complaints, as school SES was positively associated with schoolwork pressure which was associated with more psychological complaints. Our results did not support the mediating role of classmate support. Also, we found a moderating effect of family SES, indicating a stronger positive association between school SES and psychological complaints for those with a below average family SES compared to those with an average and above average family SES. No moderating effect was observed for country-level income inequality. These findings suggest that adolescents with low family SES attending higher SES schools are especially at risk for psychological complaints, and may therefore require tailored support. A promising strategy to reduce psychological complaints entails addressing schoolwork pressure.

Association between Socioeconomic Status and Vaccination Hesitancy, Reluctancy and Confidence among Asian-Americans Living in the State of New Jersey.

BACKGROUD: Socioeconomic status (SES) plays a vital role in determining vaccination uptake and attitudes. Vaccine hesitancy varies among different communities, yet knowledge of vaccine attitudes among Asian-Americans is limited. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the relationship between SES and vaccine attitudes among Asian-Americans in the State of New Jersey (NJ). METHODS: Asian-Americans aged ≥ 18 years living in NJ were included (N = 157). SES was measured by education level, employment type, employment status, and household income. The primary outcomes were vaccine hesitancy, reluctance, and confidence for COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcal vaccines. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between SES and vaccine hesitancy while controlling for confounders such as age, gender, birthplace, and religion. RESULTS: Among 157 participants, 12.1% reported vaccine hesitancy. There was no statistically significant association between vaccine hesitancy and education level (p = 0.68), employment status (p = 1), employment type (p = 0.48), and household income (p = 0.15). Multivariable logistic regression modeling confirmed that none of the SES predictor variables were associated with vaccine hesitancy. However, as exploratory finding, gender was found to be a significant predictor, with males having lower odds of vaccine hesitancy than females (Adjusted OR = 0.14; p < 0.05). Confidence in influenza and pneumococcal vaccines increased during the pandemic, from 62.34% to 70.13% and from 59.2% to 70.51%, respectively. For the COVID-19 vaccine, 73.1% of participants reported having "a lot of confidence" in taking vaccine. CONCLUSION: Most sampled Asian-Americans in NJ have high confidence in taking COVID-19 vaccines, and there is no significant association between vaccine hesitancy and SES.

Is gender a factor in socioeconomic disparities in undiagnosed, and untreated hypertension in Bangladesh?

Our objectives were to ascertain the following: (1) the prevalence and socioeconomic distribution of hypertension (HTN), undiagnosed for HTN, and untreated cases of HTN-diagnosed individuals; (2) the relationship between SES and the prevalence of HTN, undiagnosed for HTN, and untreated for HTN; and (3) whether sex moderate this association. Data from the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey were used. 11,776 participants who were 18 years of age or older responded to our analysis. The age-adjusted prevalence of HTN, undiagnosed for HTN, and untreated cases was 25.1%, 57.2%, and 12.3%. Compared to females, males were less likely to have HTN but more likely to have undiagnosed HTN. People in the rich SES groups had a higher odd of (adjusted odds ratio [aoR] 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-3.45) of having HTN compared to those in the poor SES group. When compared to individuals in the poor SES group, those in the rich SES group had lower odds of undiagnosed (aoR 0.57; 95% CI 0.44-0.74) and untreated (aoR 0.56; 95% CI 0.31-0.98) for HTN. Sex moderated the association between SES and HTN prevalence, which showed that men from rich SES were more likely to suffer from HTN than men from poor SES. According to this study, the government and other pertinent stakeholders should concentrate more on developing suitable policy measures to reduce the risk of HTN, particularly for men in rich socioeconomic groups. They should also concentrate on screening and diagnosing HTN in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, regardless of sex.

How Subjective Socioeconomic Status Influences Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Mediating Role of Sense of Control and Life History Strategy.

Understanding the psychological drivers of pro-environmental behavior across different socioeconomic statuses (SESs) is crucial for effectively addressing environmental challenges. To assist businesses and management departments in adequately identifying the psychological characteristics of target consumer groups from different SES backgrounds, our research manipulated subjective SES through three experimental studies to investigate the influence of subjective SES on pro-environmental behavior. Studies 1 and 2 adopted online experiments to examine the influence of subjective SES on pro-environmental behavior within the private sphere and the public sphere. Subsequently, Study 3 further investigated the psychological mechanisms through which subjective SES influences pro-environmental behavior. These results indicated that individuals from high SES backgrounds exhibit a greater propensity for green consumption behavior and contribute more financially to environmental organizations than those from low SES backgrounds. In addition, these studies further elucidated that the sense of control and life history strategy sequentially mediate the relationship. These findings provide empirical evidence for understanding whether and how subjective SES influences pro-environmental behavior, and enriching the theoretical framework of the relationship between subjective SES on pro-environmental behavior.

Socioeconomic Inequalities Affect Brain Responses of Infants Growing Up in Germany.

Developmental changes in functional neural networks are sensitive to environmental influences. This EEG study investigated how infant brain responses relate to the social context that their families live in. Event-related potentials of 255 healthy, awake infants between six and fourteen months were measured during a passive auditory oddball paradigm. Infants were presented with 200 standard tones and 48 randomly distributed deviants. All infants are part of a longitudinal study focusing on families with socioeconomic and/or cultural challenges (Bremen Initiative to Foster Early Childhood Development; BRISE; Germany). As part of their familial socioeconomic status (SES), parental level of education and infant's migration background were assessed with questionnaires. For 30.6% of the infants both parents had a low level of education (≤10 years of schooling) and for 43.1% of the infants at least one parent was born abroad. The N2-P3a complex is associated with unintentional directing of attention to deviant stimuli and was analysed in frontocentral brain regions. Age was utilised as a control variable. Our results show that tone deviations in infants trigger an immature N2-P3a complex. Contrary to studies with older children or adults, the N2 amplitude was more positive for deviants than for standards. This may be related to an immature superposition of the N2 with the P3a. For infants whose parents had no high-school degree and were born abroad, this tendency was increased, indicating that facing multiple challenges as a young family impacts on the infant's early neural development. As such, attending to unexpected stimulus changes may be important for early learning processes. Variations of the infant N2-P3a complex may, thus, relate to early changes in attentional capacity and learning experiences due to familial challenges. This points towards the importance of early prevention programs.

Neighborhood Deprivation and Treatment Challenges in Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infections: A Socioeconomic Analysis.

Introduction Musculoskeletal (MSK) infections are prevalent in the pediatric population, with previous research highlighting the significant impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on treatment outcomes. However, the specific link in pediatric cohorts remains poorly understood. The Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a measure of neighborhood-level disadvantage, serves as a crucial marker for SES. This study aims to investigate how ADI influences disease characteristics, treatment delays, and outcomes in pediatric patients with MSK infections. Methods A single-center retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using patient charts from a large urban pediatric hospital over six years from 2017 to 2022. Patients aged 0-18 years with diagnoses of osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, cellulitis, or pyomyositis were identified using the International Classification of Diseases - 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes. Data collection included demographics, disease characteristics, treatment delay intervals, and complications. Patient zip codes were obtained and entered into the Neighborhood Atlas® mapping website to determine their ADI. Patients were then stratified into four groups based on ADI scores: 1-10, 11-20, 21-40, and 41-100. Statistical analysis included the use of the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data and the Chi-square/Fisher's exact test for binary and categorical data comparisons among the ADI groups. Results A total of 121 patients were included. Categorization based on ADI revealed 25 (20.7%) patients in the 1-10 ADI percentile group, 36 (29.8%) in the 11-20 group, 38 (31.4%) in the 21-40 group, and 22 (18.2%) in the 41-100 group. There were no significant differences between ADI and patient demographics, disease characteristics, presentation delay interval, treatment received, and complications. Conclusion The study demonstrates that there was no significant difference between ADI groups regarding demographics, disease characteristics, presentation delay interval, treatment received, and complications in pediatric populations. Despite the lack of evidence for differences in MSK infections attributable to ADI, this does not negate the potential existence of such a relationship.

The association between socioeconomic status perception and mental health among Chinese older adults: the mediating roles of social trust and justice.

BACKGROUND: Mental health is a matter of quality of life among older adults. This study aimed to explore the association between the socioeconomic status (SES) perception and mental health of older adults using data from 2017 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). METHODS: Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to analyse the association between SES perception and mental health, and the substitution model and variable methods were used to check the robustness of the results. Moreover, we adopted the Sobel model to analyse the mediating roles of social trust and justice. RESULTS: SES perception was positively associated with mental health, and this association was mediated by social trust and justice. This kind of positive association was mainly embodied in those groups with the highest or lowest objective SES. In other words, this study confirmed the phenomenon of "a contented mind is a perpetual feast" in Chinese society. CONCLUSIONS: Higher SES perception is associated with improved mental health for Chinese older adults. It is imperative to prioritize efforts to enhance the perceptual abilities of older adults, particularly those with the highest or lowest objective SES, to promote their overall subjective well-being.

The impact of family socioeconomic status on parental involvement and student engagement during COVID-19 in promoting academic achievement: A longitudinal study in Chinese children.

With a three-wave longitudinal design, the current study examined the impact of family socioeconomic status (SES) on parental involvement and student engagement in promoting children's academic achievement during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We recruited data from 246 mother-primary school student dyads, and the mean age of children at Wave 1 was 10.57 ± 0.97 years (range = 9-13 years). The academic achievement of these children was measured both before and after school closures. Family SES, parental involvement, and student engagement were assessed during the school closures. The results indicated that family SES could predict children's later academic achievement after accounting for their prior academic achievement and other demographics (i.e., the significant total effect in the model). Moreover, parental involvement and student engagement played chain-mediating roles in the effect of family SES on children's later academic achievement. Neither parent involvement nor student involvement alone mediated the relationships between family SES and subsequent academic achievement. Suggestions are provided to minimize the negative impact of low family SES on children's academic achievement during pandemics.