Trimetallic Ni-CuCoN0.6 Ohmic junction for the enhanced oxidation of methanol and urea.

Methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) can be utilized as effective alternatives to the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in overall water-splitting. Nevertheless, the development of cost-effective, highly efficient and durable electrocatalysts for MOR and UOR remains a significant challenge. Herein, the Ohmic junction (Ni-CuCoN0.6@CC) comprising CuCoN0.6 nanosheets and Ni nanoparticles anchored on carbon cloth (CC) was successfully synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal process followed by pyrolysis. The Ni-CuCoN0.6@CC demonstrates exceptional performance in both MOR (1.334 V@10 mA cm-2) and UOR (1.335 V@10 mA cm-2), coupled with outstanding durability, maintaining 88.70 % current density for MOR and 88.92 % for UOR after a rigorous 50-h stability test. Furthermore, the Ni-CuCoN0.6@CC demonstrates a high selectivity for oxidizing methanol to formic acid, achieving Faraday efficiencies exceeding 90 % at various current densities in the context of MOR. The outstanding performance of Ni-CuCoN0.6@CC in terms of MOR and UOR either surpasses or closely approaches the levels reported in previous literature, primarily due to the synergistic effect resulting from the Ohmic junction: in this system, Ni serves as the principal active component, Co augments catalytic activity and diminishes onset potential, while Cu enhances long-term durability. Moreover, CuCoN0.6 nanosheets effectively modulate electronic structure and optimize the morphology of Ni, leading to the exposure of numerous defects that provide a wealth of active sites for the reaction. Additionally, the exceptional hydrophilic and aerophobic surface promotes enhanced mass transfer. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that Ni-CuCoN0.6@CC enhances reactant adsorption and product desorption, reducing energy barriers and expediting MOR and UOR kinetics.

Asymmetric Modification of Carbazole Based Self-Assembled Monolayers by Hybrid Strategy for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Carbazole-based self-assembled molecules (SAMs) are widely applied in inverted perovskite solar cells (iPSCs) due to their unique molecular properties. However, the symmetrical structure of the carbazole-based SAMs makes it difficult to finely regulate their performance, which impedes the further enhancement of the efficiency and stability of iPSCs. This work shows that by building an asymmetric carbazole core, the crucial properties of SAM molecules can be effectively regulated. It has been confirmed that the hybrid thieno[2,3-b]thiophene unit of this asymmetric core governs the energy level, the surface wettability, and the defect passivation capability of the SAMs, while the substituent of core has a greater impact on the molecular dipole and device stability. The synergistic effects from thieno[2,3-b]thiophene and fluorine lead to the KF-derived iPSC demonstrating a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.17% and excellent operational stability. This hybrid design concept offers a promising approach for the further structural modification of SAMs in iPSCs.

Mono-palmitoyl-N-alkylurea ligands as specific activators of human Toll-like receptor 2/6 heterodimer.

Ligands for Toll-like-receptor 2 (TLR2) have demonstrated significant potential as immune-stimulating components in synthetic vaccines. Activation of TLR2 relies on the formation of dimeric complexes with either TLR1 or TLR6 and the nature of these dimers can impact therapeutic outcomes. The lipopeptide-based TLR2 ligands Pam3CysSK4 and Pam2CysSK4 have been extensively studied, and their recognition by different TLR-receptor heterodimers, TLR2/TLR1 and TLR2/TLR6, respectively, has been established. However, the high lipophilicity of these ligands, containing multiple palmitoyl residues, can result in solubility issues when used as vaccine adjuvants. To address this, we previously synthesized a less lipophilic ligand containing a single palmitoyl chain called mini-UPam, which effectively stimulates human moDC maturation. We here probe the receptor-dimer specificity of several mini-Upam derivatives and reveal that these mini-UPam are hTLR2/TLR6 selective ligands and that the introduction of longer urea alkyl chains does not shift the binding specificity to hTLR2/TLR1 heterodimers, in contrast to their Pam2CysSK4 and Pam3CysSK4 counterparts, pointing to a different binding mode of the UPam ligands.

Interface misfit of conventionally milled and novel hybrid full-arch implant-supported titanium frameworks.

OBJECTIVE: A hybrid manufacturing technique that combines selective laser melting (SLM) and computer numerical control (CNC) has been developed for the fabrication of implant-platform/framework interfaces (PFIs) for mandibular and maxillary full-arch implant-supported titanium frameworks. The aim of this study was to compare the discrepancies in specimens fabricated using the hybrid technique (termed SLM/m hereafter) with those in specimens fabricated by conventional CNC milling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on a mandibular four-PFI CAD model and a maxillary six-PFI CAD model, four groups of titanium frameworks (eight per group, totaling 32) were fabricated according to the fabrication technique (SLM/m or milling) and number of PFIs (four or six). The frameworks were scanned by a structured light scanner and aligned with the CAD model in Geomagic Control X. Discrepancy was defined as the difference between the PFIs of the scanned framework and those of the CAD model. Discrepancies were measured and evaluated by multilevel analysis using a mixed-effects model (α = 0.05), followed by independent samples t-tests (α = 0.0125). Furthermore, the manufacturing times and raw-material costs were recorded and compared. RESULTS: The maximum discrepancy values for the four-PFI and six-PFI hybrid frameworks were 52.2 and 64.3 µm, respectively. Multilevel analysis revealed that the fabrication technique and the number of PFIs had no significant effect on the discrepancy value. However, a significant interaction between the two factors was observed (P = 0.020). The discrepancies for the four-PFI hybrid frameworks were significantly lower than those for the four-PFI milled frameworks (P = 0.001). No significant difference in discrepancies between the six-PFI hybrid frameworks and six-PFI milled frameworks was observed (P = 0.697). Furthermore, the hybrid frameworks required only 11% of the raw materials and 25% of the milling time required for the conventionally milled frameworks. CONCLUSION: SLM/m hybrid frameworks are viable, accurate alternatives to CNC-milled frameworks, with the added benefit of substantial cost reduction.

Simplified Lipid Nanoparticles for Tissue- And Cell-Targeted mRNA Delivery Facilitate Precision Tumor Therapy in a Lung Metastasis Mouse Model.

mRNA-based applications have achieved remarkable success in the development of next-generation vaccines and the treatment of diverse liver diseases. Overcoming the challenge of delivering mRNA to extrahepatic tissues, especially specific cells within tissues, is crucial for precision therapy. In this study, a platform is developed for selective mRNA delivery to desired cells within tissues by combining lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based targeted delivery with mRNA sequence-controlled expression. Through systematic optimization, a three-component LNP platform is developed, enabling targeted mRNA delivery to the lung, liver, and spleen. The incorporation of unique microRNA target sites into the mRNA scaffold further enhances control over protein translation in specific cells within the target tissue. This combined strategy, named SELECT (Simplified LNP with Engineered mRNA for Cell-type Targeting), demonstrates its efficacy in distinguishing mRNA expression between tumor and normal cells based on intracellular microRNA abundance. SELECT encapsulating mRNA encoding a tumor-specific cytotoxic protein, human ELANE, exhibits selective mRNA delivery to tumor lesions and significant inhibition of tumor growth in a mouse model of melanoma lung metastasis. Overall, SELECT has great potential as a new precision tumor treatment approach and also offers promising prospects for other mRNA therapies targeting specific cell types.

Combination makes strength: a narrative review of transarterial radioembolization plus immune checkpoint inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) are now regarded as promising and versatile therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Combining TARE and ICIs may offer synergistic antineoplastic effects by integrating local and systemic tumor control. This review critically discusses recent preclinical evidence supporting the TARE-ICI combination strategy, completed and ongoing clinical trials, and the challenges in identifying optimal target populations and treatment protocols. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in multiple electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) from January 1999 to January 2024. The first part of the search was directed at identifying concluded studies regarding the TARE-ICIs combination. The second part aimed at identifying ongoing clinical trials exploring the Clinicaltrials.gov database. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS: The combination of TARE and ICIs is a promising strategy, supported by preclinical evidence of immune activation post-TARE and potential synergies with ICIs. Early-phase clinical trials have reported encouraging efficacy. However, significant heterogeneity exists among these studies, particularly concerning target populations and treatment schedules. CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence on TARE-ICI is favorable and promising in improving outcomes of patients with HCC. Further conclusive and higher levels of evidence are pending.

A Two-Step Dry Etching Model for Non-Uniform Etching Profile in Gate-All-Around Field-Effect Transistor Manufacturing.

The Gate-All-Around Field-Effect Transistor (GAAFET) is proposed as a successor to Fin Field-Effect Transistor (FinFET) technology to increase channel length and improve the device performance. The GAAFET features a complex multilayer structure, which complicates the manufacturing process. One of the most critical steps in GAAFET fabrication is the selective lateral etching of the SiGe layers, essential for forming the inner-spacer. Industry commonly encounters a non-uniform etching profile during this step. In this paper, a continuous two-step dry etching model is proposed to investigate the mechanism behind the formation of the non-uniform profiles. The model consists of four modules: anisotropic etching simulation, Ge atom diffusion simulation, Si/SiGe etch selectivity calculation and SiGe selective etching simulation. By calibrating and verifying this model with experimental data, the edge rounding and gradient etching rates along the sidewall surface are successfully simulated. Based on further examination of the influence of chamber pressure on the profile using this model, the inner-spacer shape is improved experimentally by appropriately reducing the chamber pressure. This work aims to provide valuable insights for etching process recipes in advanced GAAFETs manufacturing.

Balancing Function and Proprioception: A Case Report Featuring Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-Fabricated Marburg Denture System.

The ultimate purpose of a partial prosthetic denture is to protect the rest of the teeth as their discarded functionality is being put back together. A Marburg double crown is a form of retainer that works well by providing splinting action between many abutment teeth as well as retention and support. Compared to traditional clasp-retained removable partial dentures (RPDs), the Marburg double crown transfers load to the abutment teeth's long axis. The Marburg double crown system fabricated efficiently using the computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system for treating partially edentulous patients is highlighted in this case report.

An action-observation method for studying social perception: a mini-review.

An important aspect of any social interaction involves inferring other people's mental states, intentions, and their likely next actions, by way of facial expression, body posture, eye gaze, and limb movements. An actor's production of actions during social interactions and the observer's perception of these actions are thus closely linked. In this review, we outline an action-observation methodology, which not only allows for separate analyses of production and perception, but also promotes the study of the dynamic interaction between these two sides of every social exchange. We review two lines of research that have benefited from its application. The first line focuses on individuals performing tasks alone and the observation of their actions by other individuals in order to make inferences about their attentional states. The second line of study focused on pairs of individuals performing collaborative tasks in naturalistic settings and the observation of these performances by other individuals. We offer several suggestions for how this methodology can be extended to improve on the limitations of the present studies, as well as some suggestions of how to use this methodology to venture into new territory. Our aim is to inspire future research applications of this methodology in order to advance our understanding of social action production and perception.

DNA methylation of serotonin genes as predictive biomarkers of antidepressant treatment response.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are frequently ineffective in treating depressive episodes and biomarkers are needed to optimize antidepressant treatment outcomes. DNA methylation levels of serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 genes (TPH2) have been suggested to predict antidepressant clinical outcomes but their applicability remains uncertain. In this study, we: 1) evaluated SLC6A4/TPH2 methylation biomarker potential for predicting clinical outcomes after escitalopram treatment; 2) evaluated whether changes in SLC6A4/TPH2 methylation are informative of treatment mechanisms. We used a cohort of 90 unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder that were part of a 12-week open-label longitudinal trial and compared our observations with previous findings. Depressive symptoms were measured at baseline and after 8 and 12 weeks of treatment using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD6/17). We found an association between baseline TPH2 methylation and both clinical response (ß:3.43; p = 0.01; 95 % CI:[0.80; 6.06]) and change in depressive symptoms after 8 weeks (ß:-45.44; p = 0.01; 95 %CI:[- -78.58; -12.30]). However, we found no evidence for predictive value of any gene (TPH2 AUC: 0.74 95 % CI:[0.42;0.79]; SLC6A4: AUC: 0.61; 95 % CI: [0.48-0.78]). Methylation levels changed at the trend level for CpG sites of SLC6A4 and TPH2 over the course of 12 weeks of treatment. In addition, similar to previous observations, we found a trend for an association between methylation of SLC6A4 CpG2 (chr17:30,236,083) and HAMD17 change after 12 weeks. Our findings suggest that although TPH2 and SLC6A4 methylation may be informative of antidepressant treatment outcome, they are unlikely to prove useful as clinical predictor tools.

Selective separation of light and heavy rare earth elements from acidic mine waters by integration of chelating ion exchange and ligand impregnated resin.

This study addresses the potential of sourcing Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) using Acidic Mine Waters (AMWs) as a secondary resource. AMWs, often viewed as waste, contain valuable metals like zinc and copper, as well as critical metals like magnesium and cobalt. Moreover, recent studies also reported the presence of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) at concentrations (mg/L) that make their extraction both technically and economically viable. The research focuses on a circular process to recover these metals from AMWs, specifically from the Aznalcóllar open-pit mine, which contains 216 mg/L of Al, 47 mg/L of Fe, 547 mg/L of Zn, and 18.56 mg/L of REEs. The proposed method involves pre-treating the AMW to remove Fe and Al, achieving removals of over 99.9 % and 90 %, respectively, at pH 4.5. Following this, transition metals like Zn, Cd, and Cu were removed as sulphides with a removal efficiency exceeding 99 %. This pre-treatment step reduced the concentration of competing metals in the ion-exchange process, thereby enhancing the recovery and purity of REEs. To separate heavy and light REEs, two types of resins in series were used: an impregnated resin (TP272) and a chelating resin (S930), which can be regenerated using sulphuric acid (H2SO4). The final recovery of REEs as oxalates was achieved using oxalic acid and ammonia at pH 1, with further optimization of the elution process to minimize ammonia consumption and undesired precipitation of other oxalates. Finally, REE oxalates with purities exceeding 90 % were obtained. This research demonstrates a sustainable method for efficiently recovering valuable REEs from AMWs, while also addressing environmental concerns related to hazardous sludge generation.

Eliminating the effect of pH: Dual-matrix modulation adsorbent enables efficient lithium extraction from concentrated seawater.

Lithium ion sieve adsorbents frequently extract liquid lithium resources due to their adsorption effect and cost advantages. However, the adsorption effect is significantly influenced by the ambient pH. The pH effects on the adsorption process can be categorized into two main areas: the competition adsorption of impurity ions and the difference in surface zeta potential. A dual-matrix modulation adsorbent was prepared, comprising a carrier matrix modified with zwitterionic quaternary ammonium bases and an adsorption matrix modified with carboxylation. The zwitterionic quaternary ammonium base groups were employed to mitigate the competitive adsorption of impurity ions by acid-base neutralization. Furthermore, the negative charge of carboxyl groups was employed to diminish the discrepancy in surface zeta potential. The adsorption effect of the ion sieve adsorbent under natural conditions appeared to be significantly enhanced by the dual-matrix modulation, with the saturated adsorption capacity (28 mg/g) and adsorption selectivity (α(Li+/Mg2+)=24.23) being 6.3 and 7.8 times higher than that of the manganese-based adsorbent (HMO) under the same conditions, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption effect was found to be consistent with HMO under alkaline conditions. The results demonstrate that by optimizing the adsorption conditions of the adsorbent, the detrimental impact of pH on the adsorption process of lithium ion sieves can be eliminated.

Selective adsorption of cationic dye by κ-carrageenan-potato starch bio-hydrogel: Kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies.

An eco-friendly κ-carrageenan/potato starch bio-hydrogel is designed for the efficient removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water. The incorporation of potato starch was successfully confirmed through XRD, FT-IR, and SEM analysis, while TGA highlighted the hydrogel's thermal stability. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated excellent MB removal efficiency, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 116.1 mg/g under optimal conditions (initial dye concentration: 100 mg/L, contact time: 180 min, temperature: 20 °C, adsorbent dosage: 1.6 g/L, and pH: 11). FT-IR analysis indicated that electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding primarily govern the adsorption process. The adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous. A key feature of this bio hydrogel is its selective affinity for the cationic dye MB, in a mixture with Acid Orange (AO) and other cationic dyes (Rhodamine B (Rh B) and crystal violet (CV)). The adsorbent also demonstrated impressive reusability, maintaining 93 % of its efficiency after five cycles, highlighting its potential for sustainable and cost-effective water treatment.

Selective hydrogenation of furfural under mild conditions over single-atom Pd1/α-MoC catalyst.

The selective activation of C=O bonds was the key challenge in the field of biomass utilization. Researchers worked on this purpose by developing high-active and high-selective catalysts. In this study, a Pd1/α-MoC single-atom catalyst was synthesized and applied in selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived furfural with 96.7% conversion and 92.4% selectivity under a near-room temperature. With various characterizations, the formation of Pd single-atom sites over the surface of α-MoC was confirmed. Then, the dominant structure of Pd single-atom site and the reaction pathway were proposed with experimental and Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies. Compared with undecorated α-MoC, the introduction of Pd single-atom species significantly altered the reaction mechanism from Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) process. Moreover, the Pd single-atoms loading on α-MoC(111) surface notably reduced the energy barriers of H2 activation and C=O bond hydrogenation, which may lead to the improving catalytic performance of α-MoC based catalyst. Hence, this investigation could provide a new strategy and understanding for the development of high-active and low-cost catalysts.

Clonal expansion of cancer driver gene mutants investigated using advanced sequencing technologies.

Advanced sequencing technologies (ASTs) have revolutionized the quantitation of cancer driver mutations (CDMs) as rare events, which has utility in clinical oncology, cancer research, and cancer risk assessment. This review focuses on studies that have used ASTs to characterize clonal expansion (CE) of cells carrying CDMs and to explicate the selective pressures that shape CE. Importantly, high-sensitivity ASTs have made possible the characterization of mutant clones and CE in histologically normal tissue samples, providing the means to investigate nascent tumor development. Some ASTs can identify mutant clones in a spatially defined context; others enable integration of mutant data with analyses of gene expression, thereby elaborating immune, inflammatory, metabolic, and/or stromal microenvironmental impacts on CE. As a whole, these studies make it clear that a startlingly large fraction of cells in histologically normal tissues carry CDMs, CDMs may confer a context-specific selective advantage leading to CE, and only a small fraction of cells carrying CDMs eventually result in neoplasia. These observations were integrated with available literature regarding the mechanisms underlying clonal selection to interpret how measurements of CDMs and CE can be interpreted as biomarkers of cancer risk. Given the stochastic nature of carcinogenesis, the potential functional latency of driver mutations, the complexity of potential mutational and microenvironmental interactions, and involvement of other types of genetic and epigenetic changes, it is concluded that CDM-based measurements should be viewed as probabilistic rather than deterministic biomarkers. Increasing inter-sample variability in CDM levels (as a consequence of CE) may be interpretable as a shift away from normal tissue homeostasis and an indication of increased future cancer risk, a process that may reflect normal aging or carcinogen exposure. Consequently, analyses of variability in levels of CDMs have the potential to bolster existing approaches for carcinogenicity testing.

Prevalence of Misophonia in Adolescents and Adults Across the Globe: A Systematic Review.

misophonia is a sound tolerance disorder which disturbs the emotions of people when exposed to specific triggers. Studies have shown that visual triggers alone can cause misophonia in affected individuals in the absence of auditory triggers. It is also said to affect people's quality of lives affecting social life, work life and personal relationships. Different studies on misophonia indicate that it is prevalent between 5% and 34.67%. These studies help us understand the existence of misophonia across different parts of the world. Studies report factors like gender, age, socioeconomic status, etc. play significant roles in impacting the prevalence of disorder. This study aims to review 12 such English articles available online, to get a comprehensive set of data to make it easy for readers and researchers. Results of the review indicate that not many countries have their prevalence rates established which could be indicating the lack of awareness. In countries that have carried out the study, clinically significant misophonia exists in many individuals with various degrees with multiple factors affecting it.

Children's Selective Teaching and Informing: A Meta-Analysis.

Empirical studies on selective teaching and informing indicate that children may vary what they teach depending on whom they are teaching, taking into account how helpful the information is for a given audience. The current meta-analysis quantifies the effect of selective informing and teaching in 2-7-year-olds by examining the relationship between the helpfulness of the information and the frequency of information transmission. Through a systematic search that yielded 1483 results, 28 studies (104 effect sizes, N = 2716) met the inclusion criteria. Using robust variance estimation, we found a medium average effect, Hedges' g = 0.578, 95% CI (0.331, 0.825), suggesting that children selectively share information based on its perceived helpfulness to the listener. Moderator analyses revealed that age and communicative context were significant factors. Children were more informative in their communication when asked to teach compared to other nonpedagogical prompts. This finding supports and extends natural pedagogy theory-young children not only interpret pedagogical information differently than information acquired through other means, but they are more selective in their informing when teaching. Additionally, we observed a key developmental progression at age 4. Four- to 7-year-olds, but not 2-3-year-olds, selectively shared information that was most helpful for a given learner. This coincides with the development of false-belief understanding, which undergoes significant development at around age 4. Taken together, the present synthesis suggests that young children actively engage in selective social learning from both sides, that of beneficiaries and benefactors of valuable information.

New frontiers in radioembolization.

Radioembolization is a locoregional transarterial therapy that combines radionuclide and micron-sized beads to deliver radiation internally to the target tumors based on the arterial blood flow. While initially developed as a palliative treatment option, radioembolization is now used for curative intent treatment, neoadjuvant therapy, and method to downstage or bridge for liver transplant. Radioembolization has become increasingly utilized and is an important therapeutic option for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastasis. This article provides an overview of the techniques, challenges, and novel developments in radioembolization, including new dosimetry techniques, radionuclides, and new target tumors.

Watershed regions are more susceptible to tissue microstructural injury in multiple sclerosis.

Histopathologic studies report higher concentrations of multiple sclerosis white matter lesions in watershed areas of the brain, suggesting that areas with relatively lower oxygen levels may be more vulnerable to disease. However, it is unknown at what point in the disease course lesion predilection for watershed territories begins. Accordingly, we studied a cohort of people with newly diagnosed disease and asked whether (1) white matter lesions disproportionally localize to watershed-regions and (2) the degree of microstructural injury in watershed-lesions is more severe. Fifty-four participants, i.e. 38 newly diagnosed people with multiple sclerosis, clinically isolated syndrome or radiologically isolated syndrome, and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. T1-weighted and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences, selective inversion recovery quantitative magnetisation transfer images, and the multi-compartment diffusion imaging with the spherical mean technique were acquired. We computed the macromolecular-to-free pool size ratio, and the apparent axonal volume fraction maps to indirectly estimate myelin and axonal integrity, respectively. We produced a flow territory atlas in each subject's native T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images using a T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging template in the Montreal Neurological Institute 152 space. Lesion location relative to the watershed, non-watershed and mixed brain vascular territories was annotated. The same process was performed on the T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images of the healthy controls using 294 regions of interest. Generalized linear mixed models for continuous outcomes were used to assess differences in size, pool size ratio and axonal volume fraction between lesions/regions of interests (in healthy controls) situated in different vascular territories. In patients, we assessed 758 T2-lesions and 356 chronic black holes (cBHs). The watershed-territories had higher relative and absolute concentrations of T2-lesions (P≤0.041) and cBHs (P≤0.036) compared to either non-watershed- or mixed-zones. T2-lesions in watershed-areas also had lower pool size ratio relative to T2-lesions in either non-watershed- or mixed-zones (P = 0.039). These results retained significance in the sub-cohort of people without vascular comorbidities and when accounting for periventricular lesions. In healthy controls, axonal volume fraction was higher only in mixed-areas regions of interest compared to non-watershed-ones (P = 0.008). No differences in pool size ratio were seen. We provide in vivo evidence that there is an association between arterial vascularisation of the brain and multiple sclerosis-induced tissue injury as early as the time of disease diagnosis. Our findings underline the importance of oxygen delivery and healthy arterial vascularisation to prevent lesion formation and foster a better outcome in multiple sclerosis.