Utilization of the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change to explain health behaviors: A systematic review.

Background: The utilization of a theoretical framework is vital in health promotion research, particularly when endeavoring to modify health behaviors. This systematic review aimed at evaluating and synthesizing evidence through studies conducted using the fourth-generation multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change for its effectiveness. Methods: A comprehensive article search was performed across MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Academic Search Premier. The search focused on studies utilizing MTM from 2016 to December 2023, following the PRISMA guidelines for systemic reviews. Results: An initial pool of 7583 articles was narrowed down through screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts. A total of 69 articles met the inclusion criteria. These studies, encompassing a global range of diverse target groups and health behaviors, were categorized as qualitative, cross-sectional, or experimental. The six qualitative studies revealed MTM themes for diverse health behaviors. The fifty-six cross-sectional studies showed MTM constructs effectively predicting behavior change, albeit with varying statistical significance. The seven experiments demonstrated MTM's role in initiating and sustaining change. For the initiation model, operationalized by 49 studies, the mean adjusted R2 was 38.4% (SD=16.4%). For the sustenance model, operationalized by 45 studies, the mean adjusted R2 was 38.9% (SD=15.5%). Conclusion: This systematic review corroborates the MTM as a potent framework for understanding, predicting, and facilitating health behavior changes. Its universal applicability and effectiveness underscore the model's potential as a foundational tool in designing future health promotion strategies and interventions aimed at positive and enduring behavior modifications.

Context-sensitivity and context-productivity: notions of "practice" and "practicality" in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis.

The text reconstructs the concepts of practice and practicality used in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis and examines their internal similarities and differences as well as similarities and differences to other practice theories. After a description of the characteristics of practice theories, the ethnomethodological perspective on practice and practicality is presented. Then, the use of the terms in conversation analysis is examined. Ethnomethodology uses the notions of "practice" and "practicality" to outline a non-metaphysical theory of social order in which the sharedness of rules or meanings is not presupposed. "Practical" here means that social action, and social order more generally, are practically grounded as well as temporally and situationally constrained. The fact that practical action is fundamentally situated and can only be understood "from within" establishes an essentially indexical character of practical action. In conversation analysis, "practices" are viewed as "context-free" but "context-sensitive" components that constitute action and as such become the objects of investigation. While some have diagnosed a departure of conversation analysis from its ethnomethodological roots, I argue that "context-freeness" and "context-sensitivity" should be complemented by "context-productivity" by reference to Garfinkel's interpretation of Aron Gurwitsch's gestalt phenomenology in order to formulate a more encompassing concept of practice.

A confirmation of the predictive utility of the Antibiotic Use Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The change in the efficacy of antimicrobial agents due to their misuse is implicated in extensive health and mortality related concerns. The Antibiotics Use Questionnaire (AUQ) is a theory driven measure based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TpB) factors that is designed to investigate drivers of antibiotic use behaviour. The objective of this study is to replicate the factor structure from the pilot study within a similar Australian confirmation cohort, and to extend this through investigating if the factor structure holds in a Chinese-identifying cohort. METHODS: The AUQ was disseminated to two cohorts: a confirmation cohort similar to the original study, and a Chinese identifying cohort. Data analysis was completed on the two data sets independently, and on a combined data set. An orthogonal principal components analysis with varimax rotation was used to assess the factor structure, followed by general linear models to determine the influence of the TpB factors on reported antibiotic use. RESULTS: 370 participant responses from the confirmation cohort, and 384 responses from the Chinese-identifying cohort were retained for analysis following review of the data. Results showed modest but acceptable levels of internal reliability across both cohorts. Social norms, and the interaction between attitudes and beliefs and knowledge were significant predictors of self-reported antibiotic use in both cohorts. In the confirmation cohort healthcare training was a significant predictor, and in the Chinese-identifying cohort education was a significant predictor. All other predictors tested produced a nonsignificant relationship with the outcome variable of self-reported antibiotic use. CONCLUSIONS: This study successfully replicated the factor structure of the AUQ in a confirmation cohort, as well as a cohort that identified as culturally or legally Chinese, determining that the factor structure is retained when investigated across cultures. The research additionally highlights the need for a measure such as the AUQ, which can identify how differing social, cultural, and community factors can influence what predicts indiscriminate antibiotic use. Future research will be required to determine the full extent to which this tool can be used to guide bespoke community level interventions to assist in the management of antimicrobial resistance.

Optimization of implementation strategies using the Multiphase Optimization STratgey (MOST) framework: Practical guidance using the factorial design.

The Multiphase Optimization STrategy (MOST) is a framework that uses three phases-preparation, optimization, and evaluation-to develop multicomponent interventions that achieve intervention EASE by strategically balancing Effectiveness, Affordability, Scalability, and Efficiency. In implementation science, optimization of the intervention requires focus on the implementation strategies-things that we do to deliver the intervention-and implementation outcomes. MOST has been primarily used to optimize the components of the intervention related to behavioral or health outcomes. However, innovative opportunities to optimize discrete (i.e. single strategy) and multifaceted (i.e. multiple strategies) implementation strategies exist and can be done independently, or in conjunction with, intervention optimization. This article details four scenarios where the MOST framework and the factorial design can be used in the optimization of implementation strategies: (i) the development of new multifaceted implementation strategies; (ii) evaluating interactions between program components and a discrete or multifaceted implementation strategies; (iii) evaluating the independent effects of several discrete strategies that have been previously evaluated as a multifaceted implementation strategy; and (iv) modification of a discrete or multifaceted implementation strategy for the local context. We supply hypothetical school-based physical activity examples to illustrate these four scenarios, and we provide hypothetical data that can help readers make informed decisions derived from their trial data. This manuscript offers a blueprint for implementation scientists such that not only is the field using MOST to optimize the effectiveness of an intervention on a behavioral or health outcome, but also that the implementation of that intervention is optimized.

The Multiphase Optimization STrategy (MOST) is a method used to create interventions that work well, are cost-effective, and can be used widely. Normally, MOST focuses on making interventions better at improving health or behaviors. This article demonstrates that MOST can also improve how interventions are implemented and provide four examples: (i) the development of a new multipart implementation plan; (ii) evaluating how different parts of an intervention and its implementation plan work together; (iii) evaluating how different parts of a multipart implementation plan work alone and in combination; and (iv) modification of an implementation plan for local context. This article is meant to help scientists who work on putting interventions into practice. It shows how MOST can make interventions better and make sure they are used well in different places. By focusing on both the intervention and the implementation plan, we can do a better job of using interventions that have been proven to work in real life.

Robots as addressable non-persons: an analysis of categorial work at the boundaries of the social world.

Prompted by the material turn in the social sciences and the development of novel interaction technologies, lively debates in social theory have arisen regarding the agency of non-human entities. While these debates primarily involve exchanging theoretical arguments against the background of different theoretical positions, ethnomethodological membership categorization analysis (MCA) provides an empirical approach to questions of non-human agency. The article discusses the debate on non-human agency, demonstrates how MCA can be used to investigate categorial work at the boundaries of the social, and presents the example of an encounter between two museum visitors and a humanoid robot to show how the robot is categorized in a specific way as an 'addressable non-person.' In this way, it becomes clear that social-theoretical debates and empirically oriented MCA can mutually inspire each other and how the 'basic categorization apparatus' addresses new alterities.

Applying Social Practice Theory to Explore Australian Preschool Children's Oral Health.

INTRODUCTION: Despite substantial research and provision of dental care, significant morbidity remains for children's oral health. Guided by social practice theory (SPT), this research moves away from the often-ineffective focus on changing individual behavior to rethinking the centrality of the social world in promoting or undermining oral health outcomes. We define social practice as a routinized relational activity linking and integrating certain elements (competence, materials, and meanings) into the performance of a practice that is reproduced across time and space. OBJECTIVE: To investigate oral health in preschool children in Perth, Western Australia, using social practice theory. METHODS: With no definitive methodology for investigating SPT, we chose focused ethnography as a problem-focused, context-specific approach using mainly interviews to investigate participants' experience caring for their children's oral health. The focus of analysis was the practice of oral health care, not individual behavior, where themes identified from participants' transcripts were organized into categories of elements and performance. RESULTS: Eleven parents, all of whom were married or partnered, were interviewed in 2021. Findings identified social practices relevant to oral health within parenting and family relations linked to routine daily activities, including shopping, consumption of food and beverages, and toothbrushing. Oral health literacy was reflected in integrating competence, materials, and meanings into performing oral health care, notably preferences for children to drink water over sugary beverages and information often being sourced from social media and mothers' groups rather than health providers. CONCLUSION: Focusing on social practices as the unit of analysis offers a more layered understanding of elements in young children's oral health care that can indicate where the problem may lie. Findings provide an opportunity to consider future research and policy directions in children's oral health. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: Examining social practices related to young children's oral health care identifies parents/carers' knowledge about, for example, toothbrushing, the resources required, and why toothbrushing is important. Analyzing these separate elements can reveal both enablers and barriers to oral health care. This provides researchers, clinicians and policymakers an opportunity to focus on not changing individual behavior but understanding how social context impacts parents/carers' capacity to make optimum decisions around young children's oral health.

Becoming a doctor: using social constructivism and situated learning to understand the clinical clerkship experiences of undergraduate medical students.

BACKGROUND: Despite the emphasis on the uniqueness and educational importance of clinical clerkships in medical education, there is a lack of deep understanding of their educational process and outcomes. Especially due to an inherent trait of clinical clerkships which requires participation in the workplace outside the classroom, it is difficult to fully comprehend their educational potential using traditional learning perspectives such as imbibing outside knowledge. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the experiences of a rotation-based clerkship of medical school students from the perspective of social constructivism of learning, which can empirically examine what and how medical students learn during clinical clerkship in South Korea. By providing an insight into the workings of the clerkship process, this study contributes to a better understanding of how a learning-friendly environment can be cultivated at clinical clerkships. METHODS: The study utilized a basic qualitative study to understand what and how medical students learn during their clinical clerkships. Semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with eight sixth-graders who had experienced a two-year clerkship at Ajou University Medical School. Data were analyzed based on Lave and Wenger's situated learning theory and Wenger's social theory in learning. RESULTS: We found that the medical students had developed different aspects of their professional identities such as values, functionality, career decisions, sociality, and situating during their clinical clerkships. Further, professional identity was formed through a combination of participation and reification-the processes involved in the negotiation of meaning. This combination was facilitated by the students' first experience and relationships with professors, classmates, and patients. Finally, non-learning occurred in the context of over-participation (learning anxiety and alienation) or over-reification (evaluation and e-portfolio). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed five sub-professional identities and their formation process from the learners' perspective, thereby uncovering the unique learning characteristics and advantages of rotated-based clerkship and contributing to a further understanding of how gradual improvements can be made to the traditional clerkship education of medical students.

Social theory and science diplomacy.

This essay discusses the relationship between social theory and science diplomacy for both academic and policy application. This discussion is based on workpackage 2 Power with Science Diplomacy of H2020 Inventing a shared Science Diplomacy for Europe (InsSciDE) and consortium-wide discussions. The outcome of the discussions on theory of science diplomacy is that it is unfeasible to develop one theory of science diplomacy. Science diplomacy practice is rich and wide-ranging. Science diplomacy as a concept continues to be contested and there is no consensus on a definition, which makes for dynamic research and debate. The conceptual instability of science diplomacy complicates defining it. After defining science diplomacy, it remains unclear what about science diplomacy to theorize. Ideal types of science diplomacy practices address the definitional challenge for the time being and allow theorizing which brings order to rich empirical material and links science diplomacy practices to diplomacy analytically rather than normatively. Looking at science diplomacy as an independent, intermediary, or dependent variable contributes to theorizing it.

Countering 'the moral science of biopolitics': Understanding hepatitis C treatment 'non-compliance' in the antiviral era.

Although new hepatitis C treatments are a vast improvement on older, interferon-based regimens, there are those who have not taken up treatment, as well as those who have begun but not completed treatment. In this article, we analyse 50 interviews conducted for an Australian research project on treatment uptake. We draw on Berlant's (2007, Critical Inquiry, 33) work on 'slow death' to analyse so-called 'non-compliant' cases, that is, those who begin but do not complete treatment or who do not take antiviral treatment as directed. Approached from a biomedical perspective, such activity does not align with the neoliberal values of progress, self-improvement and rational accumulation that pervade health discourses. However, we argue that it is more illuminating to understand them as cases in which sovereignty and agency are neither simplistically individualised nor denied, and where 'modes of incoherence, distractedness, and habituation' are understood to co-exist alongside 'deliberate and deliberative activity […] in the reproduction of predictable life' (Berlant, 2007, p. 754). The analysed accounts highlight multiple direct and indirect forces of attrition and powerfully demonstrate the socially produced character of agency, a capacity that takes shape through the constraining and exhausting dynamics of life in conditions of significant disadvantage.

Women on the frontline: exploring the gendered experience for Pacific healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Women comprise 90% of patient-facing global healthcare workers (HCWs), yet remain underpaid, undervalued, and under-represented in leadership and decision-making positions, particularly across the Pacific region. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these health workplace inequalities. We sought to understand Pacific women HCWs experience from the COVID-19 frontline to contribute to policies aimed at addressing gendered gaps in regional health systems. Methods: Our interpretative phenomenological study used critical feminist and social theory, and a gendered health systems analytical framework. Data were collected using online focus groups and in-depth interviews with 36 Pacific regional participants between March 2020 and July 2021. Gender-specific content and women's voices were privileged for inductive analysis by Pacific and Australian women researchers with COVID-19 frontline lived experience. Findings: Pacific women HCWs have authority and responsibility resulting from their familial, biological, and cultural status, but are often subordinate to men. They were emancipatory leaders during COVID-19, and as HCWs demonstrated compassion, situational awareness, and concern for staff welfare. Pacific women HCWs also faced ethical challenges to prioritise family or work responsibilities, safely negotiate childbearing, and maintain economic security. Interpretation: Despite enhanced gendered power differentials during COVID-19, Pacific women HCWs used their symbolic capital to positively influence health system performance. Gender-transformative policies are urgently required to address disproportionate clinical and community care burdens and to protect and support the Pacific female health workforce. Funding: Epidemic Ethics/World Health Organization (WHO), Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office/Wellcome Grant 214711/Z/18/Z. Co-funding: Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation, International Development Fund Grant.

Nasce um corpo: transformações contemporâneas no conhecimento produzido entre a Sociologia e a Saúde / A body is born: contemporary transformations in the knowledge produced between Sociology and Health / Nace un cuerpo: transformaciones contemporáneas en el conocimiento generado entre Sociología y Salud

Resumo: De que modo os fenômenos sociais entendidos como pertencentes à esfera da saúde provocaram a Sociologia nas últimas décadas? Este estudo parte dessa pergunta para articular Sociologia e Saúde, propondo uma reflexão sobre a maneira como o conhecimento pode avançar na interseção entre essas duas áreas. O texto é organizado em três seções: na primeira, oferece uma breve reflexão sobre a noção de "problema sociológico contemporâneo", indicando as questões da Sociologia da Saúde que podem ser tomadas como vetores para essa indagação; na segunda, examina algumas contribuições da Sociologia da Saúde, sobretudo a partir da segunda metade do século XX, pontuando a maneira como essa área precisou organizar soluções e reconfigurar problemas sociológicos para dar conta de fenômenos contemporâneos; e por fim, na terceira seção, o texto propõe novas perguntas para pensar a saúde como problema sociológico contemporâneo no contexto político atual.

Abstract: In what ways have the social phenomena understood as belonging to the sphere of "health" provoked Sociology in recent decades? This essay takes this question as a starting point for linking Sociology and Health, proposing a reflection on how knowledge can advance at the intersection between these two fields of knowledge. The article is structured in three sections: in the first, a brief reflection on the notion of "contemporary sociological problems" will be presented, indicating the questions of the Sociology of Health that can be taken as a vector for this inquiry; in the second, it examines some contributions of the Sociology of Health, especially from the late 20th century, indicating how this area has had to organize solutions and reconfigure sociological problems to deal with contemporary phenomena; and in the last section, it proposes new questions for thinking about health as a sociological problem in the contemporary political context.

Resumen: ¿De qué manera los fenómenos sociales entendidos como pertenecientes al campo de la "salud" han provocado la Sociología en las últimas décadas? Este ensayo parte de este interrogante para articular Sociología y Salud en una reflexión sobre cómo el conocimiento puede avanzar en la intersección entre estas dos áreas del conocimiento. Este texto se organiza en tres apartados. En el primer apartado se reflexiona brevemente sobre la noción de "problema sociológico contemporáneo" indicando las cuestiones de la Sociología de la Salud que pueden considerarse como motor para esta cuestión; en el segundo, se examinan algunas aportaciones de la Sociología de la Salud, especialmente de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, en las cuales señala cómo el área necesitaba organizar soluciones y reconfigurar los problemas sociológicos para abarcar los fenómenos contemporáneos; y, en el tercer apartado, se plantean nuevos interrogantes para pensar la salud como un problema sociológico contemporáneo en el contexto político actual.

Health policy counterpublics: Enacting collective resistances to US molecular HIV surveillance and cluster detection and response programs.

Health policies and the problems they constitute are deeply shaped by multiple publics. In this article we conceptualize health policy counterpublics: temporally bounded socio-political forms that aim to cultivate particular modes of conduct, generally to resist trajectories set by arms of the state. These counterpublics often emerge from existing social movements and involve varied forms of activism and advocacy. We examine a health policy counterpublic that has arisen in response to new forms of HIV public health surveillance by drawing on public documents and interview data from 2021 with 26 stakeholders who were critical of key policy developments. Since 2018, the national rollout of molecular HIV surveillance (MHS) and cluster detection and response (CDR) programs in the United States has produced sustained controversies among HIV stakeholders, including among organized networks of people living with HIV. This article focuses on how a health policy counterpublic formed around MHS/CDR and how constituents problematized the policy agenda set in motion by federal health agencies, including in relation to data ethics, the meaningful involvement of affected communities, informed consent, the digitization of health systems, and HIV criminalization. Although familiar problems in HIV policymaking, concerns about these issues have been reconfigured in response to the new sociotechnical milieu proffered by MHS/CDR, generating new critical positions aiming to remake public health. Critical attention to the scenes within which health policy controversies play out ought to consider how (counter)publics are made, how problems are constituted, and the broader social movement dynamics and activist resources drawn upon to contest and reimagine policymaking in public life.

Conversation Analysis and genre theory.

Since its genesis in the 1960s, Conversation Analysis (CA) has noticeably developed further in terms of its subjects and methods. Its analyses, today, not only focus on conversations in the original sense, but also on visual elements such as gazes in interactions and the role of bodies. However, it also analyzes especially larger communicative units, e.g., in institutionalized settings and it addresses larger sequences of action. One of these approaches is the theory and analysis of communicative genres. Communicative genres are to be understood as consolidated forms of communication. The theory of communicative genres understands these forms as solutions to communicative problems. Genre analysis is methodologically grounded in CA; however, it exceeds it conceptually and theoretically, thus anchoring its questions clearly within sociology. The paper starts out by outlining the concepts and theory of communicative genres. The article discusses the empirical contribution of genre analysis using the example of three so-called "families of genres" families. The examples discussed are reconstructive genres (speaking about the past), genres of moral communication (speaking about other people's behavior), and projective genres (speaking about the future). Using examples from empirical research, it is shown which communicative problems these genres solve. The paper finally considers the insights to be gained from genre analysis for sociology and CA.

The idea of society: the Spoken World Theory and the ontological conceptualization of society.

This article presents a new conceptualization of society with the ambition to sharpen thinking about social reality and to better understand how society relates to personhood. This exercise is framed in an attempt to develop the Spoken World Theory, inspired by the thinking of Rom Harré. It involves a radical rethink of the social ontology and is to be seen as an alternative to the traditional conceptualization of society as a social structure that is opposed to individual agency. The proposed alternative is based upon the disentanglement of four aspects of society along the Vygotskian public/private and individual/collective axes. As such, society can be said to manifest itself in four realms: (i) the world as we hear it: a worldwide and history-long ongoing web of conversations; (ii) the world as we see it: a set of materialized social artifacts, including a set of institutional facts; (iii) the world as we imagine it: individual umwelts or worldviews for each person based on appropriated knowledge and moral frameworks; and (iv) the world as we shape it: persons have the power to formulate intentions that they can bring to the conversational space or the space of artifacts. A major consequence of this conceptualization is that it no longer puts society outside human beings, nor that personality is only to be located inside persons. The proposed ontological framework allows us to speak in much clearer terms about how persons and society are entangled with each other in the sense that without the personhood of people, there can be no society, and that without society, people cannot have personhood. Both personhood and society are to be seen as two intertwined mechanisms that allow the individuals of the human species to complement the genetic basis of survival with a system of cultural resources that can be used for coping with everyday life. The article ends with a discussion of the practical implications of social theorizing.

The Relationship Between Critical Social Theory and Interpretive Description in Nursing Research.

This paper is an examination of the methodological and theoretical perspectives of a study with an inquiry focus on the experiences and perspectives of staff who worked at an injectable opiate assisted (iOAT) clinic. Twenty-two staff members, including nurses, social workers, and peer support workers, were interviewed. The goal of the study was to uncover how the clinic staff provided care to the clients who attend the clinic, their perspectives on how the clinic program impacted both them and their clients, and their experiences with the program itself. This interpretive descriptive study was underpinned by critical social theory. Thematic analysis was undertaken to identify recurring, converging, and contradictory patterns of interaction, key concepts and emerging themes. In this paper we examine and discuss how the relationship between critical social theory and interpretive description enhanced the study. Examples from the study are presented to provide insight into the relationship.

Feminism Is for Everyone: Scientists, Too.

Critically informed engagement in politics and the knowledge of social theory help democratize knowledge production, and redress power asymmetries in science and society. A feminist lens is one of the many ways in which power asymmetries in science can be critically unpacked and interrupted. There are many strands of feminism and feminist theory that differ in their approaches to resist patriarchy and injustices in science and society. As an example, I adopt here the definition of feminism of the late cultural critic bell hooks because her works underscore that feminism is an intersectional liberatory methodology for everyone to resist multiple forms of oppression simultaneously. Queer theory is a strand of social theory that came to prominence since the 1990s in particular. Queer feminism continues to shape feminist writing on science cultures and the knowledge-based innovations contemporary science strives to accomplish. Systems science brings about systems thinking, and that includes rethinking science as culture beyond a narrow realm of technology, and being cognizant of the broader social, feminist, queer, and political contexts of science around the world.

Critical physiotherapy: a ten-year retrospective.

Critical physiotherapy has been a rapidly expanding field over the last decade and could now justifiably be called a professional sub-discipline. In this paper we define three different but somewhat interconnected critical positions that have emerged over the last decade that share a critique of physiotherapy's historical approach to health and illness, while also diverging in the possibilities for new forms of practice and thinking. These three positions broadly align with three distinctive philosophies: approaches that emphasize lived experience, social theory, and a range of philosophies increasingly referred to as the "posts". In this paper we discuss the origins of these approaches, exploring the ways they critique contemporary physiotherapy thinking and practice. We offer an overview of the key principles of each approach and, for each in turn, suggest readings from key authors. We conclude each section by discussing the limits of these various approaches, but also indicate ways in which they might inform future thinking and practice. We end the paper by arguing that the various approaches that now fall under the rubric of critical physiotherapy represent some of the most exciting and opportune ways we might (re)think the future for the physiotherapy profession and the physical therapies more generally.

Theories of disorder and order, energy and information, in sociological thought.

There has always been a close relation between thermodynamic theory and sociological theory, although they repeatedly part company and later rejoin. I discuss some of the most important ways in which the two have been in contact, focusing on the potential passage from theories of energy to theories of information and vice versa. I close by discussing how a closer engagement with classic thermodynamics may continue to be fruitful for sociological theorizing. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thermodynamics 2.0: Bridging the natural and social sciences (Part 2)'.

Pathways and processes to the embodiment of historical trauma secondary to settler colonialism.

AIM(S): This discursive article aims to examine how systemic factors of settler colonialism influence health outcomes among Indigenous peoples in the United States through pathways and processes that may lead to the embodiment of historical trauma. DESIGN: Discursive paper. METHODS: We completed a comprehensive search of empirical and grey literature between September 2022 and January 2023 in PubMed, CINAHL and Google Scholar. Using these articles as a foundation, we explored factors related to the pathways and processes leading to the embodiment of historical trauma rooted in settler colonialism. RESULTS: A conceptual framework of the pathways and processes of the embodiment of historical trauma secondary to settler colonialism was developed, and is presented. CONCLUSION: The societal and historical context for Indigenous peoples includes harmful settler colonial structures and ideologies, resulting in stressors and historical trauma that impact health outcomes and disparities through the phenomenon of the process of embodiment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: To provide holistic nursing care, nurses must be aware of settler colonialism as a determinant of health. They must be attuned to the pathways and processes through which settler colonial exposures may impact health among Indigenous peoples. Nurses must challenge existing structural inequities to advance health equity and social justice.