RESUMEN
Biochar obtained via microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) at 720 W and 15 min from cocoa pod husk (CPH) is an efficient adsorbent of Cd2+(aq). Biochar of residual biomass of CPH (BCCPH) possesses favorable physicochemical and morphological properties, featuring a modest surface area yet a suitable porous structure. Adsorption, predominantly governed by physisorption, is influenced by the oxygen-containing active sites (-COOR, -C(R)O, and -CH2OR; R = H, alkyl). CdCO3 formation occurs during adsorption. Experimental data were well-fitted into various kinetic models for a broad understanding of the sorption process. Langmuir model indicates a maximum adsorption capacity of 14.694 mg/g. The thermodynamic study confirms the spontaneous and endothermic sorption. Studies at the molecular level have revealed that the Cd2+ ion tends to bind to surface aromatic carbon atoms. This sustainable approach produces BCCPH via MAP as a solution for waste transformation into water-cleaning materials.
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Aluminum (Al)-tolerant phosphobacteria enhance plant growth in acidic soils by improving Al complexing and phosphorus (P) availability. However, the impact of Al stress and P deficiency on bacterial biochemistry and physiology remains unclear. We investigated the single and mutual effects of Al stress (10 mM) and P deficiency (0.05 mM) on the proteome of three aluminum-tolerant phosphobacteria: Enterobacter sp. 198, Enterobacter sp. RJAL6, and Klebsiella sp. RCJ4. Cultivated under varying conditions, P deficiency upregulated P metabolism proteins while Al exposure downregulated iron-sulfur and heme-containing proteins and upregulated iron acquisition proteins. This demonstrated that Al influence on iron homeostasis and bacterial central metabolism. This study offers crucial insights into bacterial behavior in acidic soils, benefiting the development of bioinoculants for crops facing Al toxicity and P deficiency. This investigation marks the first proteomic study on the interaction between high Al and P deficiency in acid soils-adapted bacteria.
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Both earthworms and terrestrial isopods have been used to evaluate the quality of contaminated soil by NPs. However, most experiments have been conducted in the laboratory and under greenhouse conditions. Besides, little is known of Fe accumulation in earthworms from iron NPs (Fe NPs) under natural conditions. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of manufactured NPs on the accumulation of Fe in macroinvertebrates from forest soil. Our results revealed that earthworms consume low amounts of Fe in a concentration of 1000 mg Fe NPs kg-1 of dry soil, with a behavior constant over time. Besides, we observed that earthworms could not detect Fe at low concentrations (1 or 10 mg Fe NPs kg-1), so they do not limit soil consumption, which translates into high amounts of Fe in their bodies. By contrast, the content of Fe in organisms is inversely proportional to increasing concentrations in the soil (R2 = -0.41, p < 0.05). Therefore, although studies are needed, in addition to considering environmental factors and the physicochemical properties of the soil, endogenous worms in the evaluated area could, under natural conditions, be useful to inform us of contamination of NP manufactured from Faith. Besides, for future research, a novel methodology should be considered to demonstrate more realistic avoidance behavior under field conditions.
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Heavy metal contamination in water resources, soil, and food sources is an issue that compromises food safety in Sibaté, Colombia. In the present study concentration of heavy metals [HMs], such as Cu, As, Pb, Cr, Zn, Co, Cd and Ni, present in vegetables included in the typical Colombian diet were measured. The study was conducted as follows: samples of parsley, artichoke and carrots produced in a location near the Muña dam were collected, where the Bogotá River water is treated for use as a water resource. To determine food safety, national and international [HMs] established limits were compared with quantified [HMs] in samples of different vegetable parts and of the surrounding soil. Fresh samples were separated in their respective parts for cold acid digestion with HCl and HNO3 (1:1) for 15 days. Heavy metal mean ± standard error (SE) were as follows (mg/kg) As 2.36 ± 0.185, Cd 0.16 ± 0.009, Co 0.43 ± 0.019, Cr 12.1 ± 0.453, Cu 13.1 ± 1.68, Ni 0.00, Pb 7.07 ± 0.482 and Zn 3.976 ± 0.332. Cd, Cr, As, Co and Ni showed high transfer factor in Cynara scolymus. Moreover, high Pb, Cu and Zn transfer factor were present in Petroselinum crispum. Except for Daucus carota roots, there was a high metal transfer specifically in Petroselinum crispum leaves and other different plant parts, with high transfer factor for Cr, As, Co, Pb, Cu and Zn.
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Agricultural management methods affect organic compounds in the soil. The aim of this study was to characterize humic and fulvic acids using infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in aggregates collected from areas under different crop and soil management systems. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0.00-0.10 m in a trial set up in 1989 with four management systems (no-till, no-till with chiseling every three years, disk harrowing and heavy disking) under two production systems (succession and rotation). In the laboratory, the soil was sieved and separated into two fractions: particle size of 2 mm or more, and less than 2 mm. From each of the samples an aliquot was extracted and the humic and fulvic acids purified for FTIR, UV-VIS and NMR-1H analysis. The results obtained showed that the structural characterization of the humic and fulvic acid fractions were linked to organic matter left on the soil surface, especially where the agricultural system involved species diversity. Aggregates ≥2 mm produce higher NMR, UV-VIS and FTIR spectral magnitudes in aromatic and aliphatic structures than those <2 mm. Aggregates collected from soil under no-till retained their aromatic and aliphatic chemical structures, resulting in higher spectral amplitude.
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Studies in the Amazon are being intensified to evaluate the alterations in the microbial communities of soils and sediments in the face of increasing deforestation and land-use changes in the region. However, since these environments present highly heterogeneous physicochemical properties, including contaminants that hinder nucleic acids isolation and downstream techniques, the development of best molecular practices is crucial. This work aimed to optimize standard protocols for DNA extraction and gene quantification by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) based on natural and anthropogenic soils and sediments (primary forest, pasture, Amazonian Dark Earth, and várzea, a seasonally flooded area) of the Eastern Amazon. Our modified extraction protocol increased the fluorometric DNA concentration by 48%, reaching twice the original amount for most of the pasture and várzea samples, and the 260/280 purity ratio by 15% to values between 1.8 to 2.0, considered ideal for DNA. The addition of bovine serum albumin in the qPCR reaction improved the quantification of the 16S rRNA genes of Archaea and Bacteria and its precision among technical replicates, as well as allowed their detection in previously non-amplifiable samples. It is concluded that the changes made in the protocols improved the parameters of the DNA samples and their amplification, thus increasing the reliability of microbial communities' analysis and its ecological interpretations.
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Ethnopedological studies in family units tend to contribute to the academy with respect to the importance of knowledge exchange, allowing the understanding on the local reality of a community. The objective of this study was to conduct an ethnopedological study in production units at the Settlement Project Canto da Ilha de Cima RN, Brazil, and to infer on their interrelationships of knowledge. Participatory workshops and transverse walks were carried out and soils were classified by means of Ethnopedology. The soils were classified using etic and emic approaches, respectively: Inceptisol - CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO Carbonático típico (Terra Boa or Malhada de Boi) (P1); Oxisol - LATOSSOLO AMARELO Eutrófico típico(Terra de Arisco) (P2); Ultisol - ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO Eutrófico típico (Terra de Arisco Branco Amarelado) (P3); Oxisol - LATOSSOLO AMARELO Eutrófico típico (Terra de Piçarro) (P4); Ultisol - ARGISSOLO AMARELO Eutrófico abrúptico (Terra de Arisco) (P5) and Inceptisol - CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO Tb Eutrófico típico (Terra Boa or Velha Chica) (P6 and P7). In the emic survey, farmers described as fertile and better for agricultural activities the soils in the following areas: "Terra Boa" or "Malhada do Boi" (P1) and "Velha Chica" or "Terra Boa" (P6 and P7), corroborating the etic classification, based on the parent material. The soils in these areas were classified as Inceptisols(CAMBISSOLOS), which have higher natural fertility.
Estudos etnopedológicos em unidade familiar tendem a contribuir com academia sobre a importância da troca de saberes, proporcionando a compreensão da realidade local de uma comunidade. Objetivou-se a realização de estudo etnopedológico no Projeto de Assentamento Canto da Ilha de Cima RN, em unidades de produção e inferir sobre as suas inter-relações dos conhecimentos. Foram realizadas oficinas participativas e caminhadas transversais e a classificação dos solos por meio da Etnopedologia. Os solos foram classificados de forma eticista e emicista, respectivamente: CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO Carbonático típico Inceptisol (Terra Boa Malhada de Boi) (P1); LATOSSOLO AMARELO Eutrófico típico Oxisol (Terra de Arisco) (P2); ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO Eutrófico típico Ultisol (Terra de Arisco Branco Amarelado) (P3); LATOSSOLO AMARELO Eutrófico típico Oxisol (Terra de Piçarro) (P4); ARGISSOLO AMARELO Eutrófico abrúptico Ultisol (Terra de Arisco) (P5) and CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO Tb Eutrófico típico Inceptisol (Terra Boa Velha Chica) (P6 and P7). Os agricultores denominaram no levantamento emicista como terras férteis e melhores para o desempenho das atividades agrícolas, nas seguintes áreas: Terra Boa ou Malhada do Boi (P1) e as áreas denominadas de Velha Chica ou Terra Boa (P6 e P7), corroborando com a classificação eticista, em função do material de origem, sendo classificadas como CAMBISSOLOS, com maior fertilidade natural.
Asunto(s)
Suelo , Zona SemiáridaRESUMEN
This study evaluated the concentration and distribution of heavy metals (HM) (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg, and Zn) and pesticides (organochlorine and organophosphorus) and the relationship of these pollutants with the physicochemical properties of agricultural soils in an Irrigation District (ID) in Colombia. Soils samples were analyzed for pH, humidity, organic matter, P total, N total, electric conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity, and texture (% sand, clay and silt). Canonical correlation was used to determined relationship between soil properties and HM. Soil pollution were evaluated with geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and pollution load index (PLI). The results indicated that, in general, the soils had adequate physicochemical conditions for the establishment and development of crops. The presence of pesticides in the soils was not reported. However, concentrations HM was detected (Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Hg > Cd). The soil characteristics (silt, clay, pH and EC) contributed to explain HM concentrations. The Igeo indicated that the soils are heavily contaminated with Hg (3 < Igeo<4). The CF was very high for Hg (>6). The Cdeg presented moderate to considerable variations (>6Cdeg<24). The PLI indicated that the soils are contaminated (1.308). The presence of HM may be associated with the agricultural and quarries activities carried out near the ID. The impact caused by high concentrations of HM can lead environmental, economic and social impacts in the study zone.
RESUMEN
O presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar a relação solo-vegetação em remanescente da Floresta Estacional Decidual na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul a partir da análise da relação entre atributos edáficos e dois grupos fitossociológicos (G1 e G2). Características químicas e o percentual de argila do solo foram submetidos à análise da variância e suas relações com G1 e G2 foram avaliadas por análise de componentes principais (ACP). Para tanto, G1 e G2 foram classificados em 3 intervalos de declividade: 1-14º; 15-34º e 35-45º. Foram identificados Neossolo Litólico nas áreas declivosas e Neossolo Quartzarênico nas áreas planas. G1 na declividade 35-45º e G2 em 1-14º foram mais sensíveis à variação da qualidade química do solo. A relação dos grupos fitossociológicos com a qualidade química do solo aumentou proporcionalmente ao aumento de declividade. Relevo declivoso, pedogênese incipiente e material de origem sedimentar ressaltaram a fragilidade da área, o que valoriza a presença da floresta para a manutenção de serviços ambientais.(AU)
The present study aimed to characterize the soil-vegetation relationship in Seasonal Deciduous Forest remnant at Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, starting from the analysis of the relationship between soil attributes and two phytosociological groups (G1 and G2). Chemical soil characteristics and clay percentage were submitted to variance analysis and relations with G1 and G2 were evaluated by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Therefore, it was classified G1 and G2 within 3 slope intervals: 1-14°, 15-34° and 35-45°. Leptosols have been identified in high slopes and Arenosols in the plan area. G1 in 35-45° and G2 in 1-14º were more sensitive to soil chemical quality. The phytosociological groups and soil quality relationship increased proportionally with the increase on slope. The declivous relief, recent pedogenesis and sedimentary parental material highlighted the fragility of the area, which emphasizes the forest presence for the environmental services maintenance.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Características del Suelo , BosquesRESUMEN
O presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar a relação solo-vegetação em remanescente da Floresta Estacional Decidual na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul a partir da análise da relação entre atributos edáficos e dois grupos fitossociológicos (G1 e G2). Características químicas e o percentual de argila do solo foram submetidos à análise da variância e suas relações com G1 e G2 foram avaliadas por análise de componentes principais (ACP). Para tanto, G1 e G2 foram classificados em 3 intervalos de declividade: 1-14º; 15-34º e 35-45º. Foram identificados Neossolo Litólico nas áreas declivosas e Neossolo Quartzarênico nas áreas planas. G1 na declividade 35-45º e G2 em 1-14º foram mais sensíveis à variação da qualidade química do solo. A relação dos grupos fitossociológicos com a qualidade química do solo aumentou proporcionalmente ao aumento de declividade. Relevo declivoso, pedogênese incipiente e material de origem sedimentar ressaltaram a fragilidade da área, o que valoriza a presença da floresta para a manutenção de serviços ambientais.
The present study aimed to characterize the soil-vegetation relationship in Seasonal Deciduous Forest remnant at Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, starting from the analysis of the relationship between soil attributes and two phytosociological groups (G1 and G2). Chemical soil characteristics and clay percentage were submitted to variance analysis and relations with G1 and G2 were evaluated by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Therefore, it was classified G1 and G2 within 3 slope intervals: 1-14°, 15-34° and 35-45°. Leptosols have been identified in high slopes and Arenosols in the plan area. G1 in 35-45° and G2 in 1-14º were more sensitive to soil chemical quality. The phytosociological groups and soil quality relationship increased proportionally with the increase on slope. The declivous relief, recent pedogenesis and sedimentary parental material highlighted the fragility of the area, which emphasizes the forest presence for the environmental services maintenance.
RESUMEN
A exploração das propriedades químicas e estruturais de argilas expansivas, por meio da intercalação de polímeros inorgânicos no espaço interlamelar, permite o desenvolvimento de materiais reativos e com elevado potencial de aplicação tecnológica, agronômica e ambiental. Esta técnica, conhecida como pilarização, já é bastante difundida na área das ciências química e dos materiais, havendo esforços crescentes nos últimos anos para aplicação desses materiais com fins ambientais. Contudo, apenas uma fração do conhecimento acumulado é atualmente utilizada diretamente por cientistas do solo, abrindo oportunidades para novas pesquisas por meio do intercambio de conhecimento entre as diferentes áreas de pesquisa, como físico-química e microbiologia. Portanto, esta revisão apresenta e discute o que são a pilarização e as argilas pilarizadas, métodos de síntese e algumas aplicações nas ciências do solo e ambiental, buscando encorajar mais grupos brasileiros de pesquisa a explorá-las.(AU)
The use of chemical and structural properties of swelling clays intercalated with inorganic polymers allows the development of materials with high reactivity and potential for technological and environmental applications. This technique is known as pillaring and has been studied widely in the field of chemical and material science, but the use of pillared clays for environmental application has increased only in the last few years. Nevertheless, only a fraction of this knowledge is applied by soil scientists being, therefore, an opportunity to develop new studies including a wide range of disciplines, such as physico-chemistry and microbiology. Therefore, this review presents and discusses what are pillaring and pillared clays, methods of synthesis and some applications in soil and environmental science, aiming to encourage more research groups in Brazil to explore it.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Arcilla/química , PolímerosRESUMEN
A exploração das propriedades químicas e estruturais de argilas expansivas, por meio da intercalação de polímeros inorgânicos no espaço interlamelar, permite o desenvolvimento de materiais reativos e com elevado potencial de aplicação tecnológica, agronômica e ambiental. Esta técnica, conhecida como pilarização, já é bastante difundida na área das ciências química e dos materiais, havendo esforços crescentes nos últimos anos para aplicação desses materiais com fins ambientais. Contudo, apenas uma fração do conhecimento acumulado é atualmente utilizada diretamente por cientistas do solo, abrindo oportunidades para novas pesquisas por meio do intercambio de conhecimento entre as diferentes áreas de pesquisa, como físico-química e microbiologia. Portanto, esta revisão apresenta e discute o que são a pilarização e as argilas pilarizadas, métodos de síntese e algumas aplicações nas ciências do solo e ambiental, buscando encorajar mais grupos brasileiros de pesquisa a explorá-las.
The use of chemical and structural properties of swelling clays intercalated with inorganic polymers allows the development of materials with high reactivity and potential for technological and environmental applications. This technique is known as pillaring and has been studied widely in the field of chemical and material science, but the use of pillared clays for environmental application has increased only in the last few years. Nevertheless, only a fraction of this knowledge is applied by soil scientists being, therefore, an opportunity to develop new studies including a wide range of disciplines, such as physico-chemistry and microbiology. Therefore, this review presents and discusses what are pillaring and pillared clays, methods of synthesis and some applications in soil and environmental science, aiming to encourage more research groups in Brazil to explore it.
RESUMEN
A adsorção de boro (B) pelo solo é o principal fenômeno que afeta sua disponibilidade para as plantas. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da calagem na adsorção de B em solos de várzea do Estado do Paraná, e correlacionar estes valores com os atributos químicos e físicos dos solos. Foram utilizadas amostras da camada superficial de 020 cm de três solos [Gleissolo Háplico (GX) argisolo, Plintossolo Háplico (FX) muito argiloso e Cambissolo Háplico (CX) de textura média], com diferente material de origem e propriedades físico-químicas. As amostras com ou sem calagem foram incubadas durante 60 dias. A adsorção de B foi realizada mediante agitação de 4,0 g de solo, durante 24 h, com 20 mL de solução de CaCl2 0,01 mol L1 contendo diferentes concentrações de B (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 mg L1). A sorção de B foi ajustada à forma não-linear da isotérmica de adsorção de Langmuir. As isotermas de adsorção indicaram que a adsorção de B aumentou com o aumento da sua concentração na solução de equilíbrio. A adsorção máxima de B variou de 3,0 a 13,9 mg kg1 (sem calagem) e de 14,7 a 35,7 g kg1 (com calagem). A calagem aumentou a quantidade de B adsorvido nos solos argilosos, exceto no Cambissolo Háplico de textura média. As mais importantes propriedades do solo que afetam a adsorção B em solos de várzea do Estado do Paraná foram o pH, e os teores de Al trocável, argila e óxidos de f
Boron adsorption by soil is the main phenomenon that affects its availability to plants. This, the present study investigated the effect of liming on B adsorption by lowland soils of Paraná State, and to correlate these values with the physical and chemical properties of the soils. Surface samples of three lowland soils [Gleissolo Háplico (GX), Plintossolo Háplico (FX) and Cambissolo Háplico (CX)], with different origin material and physicochemical properties were used. Samples with or without liming application were incubated during 60 days. Boron adsorption was accomplished by shaking 4.0g soil samples, for 24 h, with 20 mL of 0.01 mol L1 CaCl2 solution containing different concentrations of B (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg L1). Sorption was fitted to non-linear form of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption isotherms indicated that the B adsorption increased with its increasing concentration in the equilibrium solution. Maximum adsorption capacity of B ranged from 3.0 to 13.9 mg kg1 (without liming) and 14.7 to 35.7 mg kg1 (with liming). Liming increased the amount of adsorbed B in Gleissolo Háplico and Plintossolo Háplico soils, although the bonding energy has decreased. The amount of adsorbed B by Cambissolo Háplico soil was not affected by liming application. The most important soil properties affecting the B adsorption in lowland soils were pH, clay content, exch
RESUMEN
A utilização de rotação de culturas e a aplicação de esterco pode conferir sustentabilidade ao sistema de produção agrícola, por melhorar a qualidade do solo e aumentar a eficiência de uso de nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação mineral, orgânica e mineral+orgânica na produtividade de grãos e no balanço de fósforo e de potássio no solo em dois sistemas de culturas sob plantio direto, com e sem rotação de plantas de cobertura. O experimento foi conduzido em Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brasil, de 2006 a 2008, em um Latossolo Vermelho. A sequência de culturas no sistema em rotação com plantas de cobertura foi aveia preta + ervilhaca + nabo/milho/guandu/trigo/mucuna + braquiária + crotalária / milho, e no sistema em sucessão foi trigo/milho/trigo/soja/milho. As adubações, orgânica e mineral+orgânica consistiram, respectivamente, da aplicação de esterco e de esterco combinado com fertilizante mineral. O balanço de P e de K no solo foi avaliado, após o segundo ano de condução do experimento, na camada de 0,00,40 m de profundidade. A produtividade do milho, no primeiro ano, foi superior na sucessão de culturas e na adubação mineral. No segundo ano, a produtividade de trigo e de soja não se alterou entre os sistemas de culturas e fontes de nutrientes, o que demonstra o efeito residual da rotação de culturas e do uso de esterco. Rotação de cultur
The use of crop rotation and manure application can provide sustainability for an agricultural production system by improving soil quality and increasing nutrient use efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mineral, organic and mineral+organic fertilization on grain yield and on soil phosphorus and potassium balance, in two crop systems under no-till, with and without rotation of cover crops. The experiment was carried out from 2006 to 2008 on a clayey Rhodic Hapludox in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná State, Brazil. The cropping sequence in the rotation system involving cover crops was black oat + hairy vetch + forage turnip/corn/pigeon pea/wheat/mucuna + brachiaria + sunn hemp, and in the succession system was wheat/corn/wheat/soybean. Organic and mineral+organic fertilizations consisted of the application of solely manure and manure combined with mineral fertilizer, respectively. Soil P and K balances were calculated after the second year of the experiment, up to a depth of 0.40 m. First year corn yields were higher in the crop succession system accompanied by mineral fertilization. In the second year, wheat and soybean yield did not vary between crop systems and nutrient sources, demonstrating the residual effect of crop rotation and manure use. Crop rotation with cover crops resulted in an increase in soil K levels by promoting the recycling of this nutrient
RESUMEN
A adsorção de boro (B) pelo solo é o principal fenômeno que afeta sua disponibilidade para as plantas. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da calagem na adsorção de B em solos de várzea do Estado do Paraná, e correlacionar estes valores com os atributos químicos e físicos dos solos. Foram utilizadas amostras da camada superficial de 020 cm de três solos [Gleissolo Háplico (GX) argisolo, Plintossolo Háplico (FX) muito argiloso e Cambissolo Háplico (CX) de textura média], com diferente material de origem e propriedades físico-químicas. As amostras com ou sem calagem foram incubadas durante 60 dias. A adsorção de B foi realizada mediante agitação de 4,0 g de solo, durante 24 h, com 20 mL de solução de CaCl2 0,01 mol L1 contendo diferentes concentrações de B (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 mg L1). A sorção de B foi ajustada à forma não-linear da isotérmica de adsorção de Langmuir. As isotermas de adsorção indicaram que a adsorção de B aumentou com o aumento da sua concentração na solução de equilíbrio. A adsorção máxima de B variou de 3,0 a 13,9 mg kg1 (sem calagem) e de 14,7 a 35,7 g kg1 (com calagem). A calagem aumentou a quantidade de B adsorvido nos solos argilosos, exceto no Cambissolo Háplico de textura média. As mais importantes propriedades do solo que afetam a adsorção B em solos de várzea do Estado do Paraná foram o pH, e os teores de Al trocável, argila e óxidos de f
Boron adsorption by soil is the main phenomenon that affects its availability to plants. This, the present study investigated the effect of liming on B adsorption by lowland soils of Paraná State, and to correlate these values with the physical and chemical properties of the soils. Surface samples of three lowland soils [Gleissolo Háplico (GX), Plintossolo Háplico (FX) and Cambissolo Háplico (CX)], with different origin material and physicochemical properties were used. Samples with or without liming application were incubated during 60 days. Boron adsorption was accomplished by shaking 4.0g soil samples, for 24 h, with 20 mL of 0.01 mol L1 CaCl2 solution containing different concentrations of B (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg L1). Sorption was fitted to non-linear form of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption isotherms indicated that the B adsorption increased with its increasing concentration in the equilibrium solution. Maximum adsorption capacity of B ranged from 3.0 to 13.9 mg kg1 (without liming) and 14.7 to 35.7 mg kg1 (with liming). Liming increased the amount of adsorbed B in Gleissolo Háplico and Plintossolo Háplico soils, although the bonding energy has decreased. The amount of adsorbed B by Cambissolo Háplico soil was not affected by liming application. The most important soil properties affecting the B adsorption in lowland soils were pH, clay content, exch
RESUMEN
A utilização de rotação de culturas e a aplicação de esterco pode conferir sustentabilidade ao sistema de produção agrícola, por melhorar a qualidade do solo e aumentar a eficiência de uso de nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação mineral, orgânica e mineral+orgânica na produtividade de grãos e no balanço de fósforo e de potássio no solo em dois sistemas de culturas sob plantio direto, com e sem rotação de plantas de cobertura. O experimento foi conduzido em Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brasil, de 2006 a 2008, em um Latossolo Vermelho. A sequência de culturas no sistema em rotação com plantas de cobertura foi aveia preta + ervilhaca + nabo/milho/guandu/trigo/mucuna + braquiária + crotalária / milho, e no sistema em sucessão foi trigo/milho/trigo/soja/milho. As adubações, orgânica e mineral+orgânica consistiram, respectivamente, da aplicação de esterco e de esterco combinado com fertilizante mineral. O balanço de P e de K no solo foi avaliado, após o segundo ano de condução do experimento, na camada de 0,00,40 m de profundidade. A produtividade do milho, no primeiro ano, foi superior na sucessão de culturas e na adubação mineral. No segundo ano, a produtividade de trigo e de soja não se alterou entre os sistemas de culturas e fontes de nutrientes, o que demonstra o efeito residual da rotação de culturas e do uso de esterco. Rotação de cultur
The use of crop rotation and manure application can provide sustainability for an agricultural production system by improving soil quality and increasing nutrient use efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mineral, organic and mineral+organic fertilization on grain yield and on soil phosphorus and potassium balance, in two crop systems under no-till, with and without rotation of cover crops. The experiment was carried out from 2006 to 2008 on a clayey Rhodic Hapludox in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná State, Brazil. The cropping sequence in the rotation system involving cover crops was black oat + hairy vetch + forage turnip/corn/pigeon pea/wheat/mucuna + brachiaria + sunn hemp, and in the succession system was wheat/corn/wheat/soybean. Organic and mineral+organic fertilizations consisted of the application of solely manure and manure combined with mineral fertilizer, respectively. Soil P and K balances were calculated after the second year of the experiment, up to a depth of 0.40 m. First year corn yields were higher in the crop succession system accompanied by mineral fertilization. In the second year, wheat and soybean yield did not vary between crop systems and nutrient sources, demonstrating the residual effect of crop rotation and manure use. Crop rotation with cover crops resulted in an increase in soil K levels by promoting the recycling of this nutrient
RESUMEN
Selected research opportunities are discussed in order to guide soil science research, with emphasis on soil physics, with the aim of improving agricultural productivity and environmental quality.
Oportunidades selecionadas de pesquisa são discutidas para orientar a pesquisa em ciência do solo,com ênfase na física do solo, com o objetivo de melhorar a produtividade agrícola e a qualidade do ambiente.
RESUMEN
Selected research opportunities are discussed in order to guide soil science research, with emphasis on soil physics, with the aim of improving agricultural productivity and environmental quality.
Oportunidades selecionadas de pesquisa são discutidas para orientar a pesquisa em ciência do solo,com ênfase na física do solo, com o objetivo de melhorar a produtividade agrícola e a qualidade do ambiente.