Comparative study on Antibacterial efficacy of a series of chromone sulfonamide derivatives against drug-resistant and MDR-isolates.

Sulfonamide derivatives have numerous pharmaceutical applications having antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, and antidepressant activities. The structural flexibility of sulfonamide derivatives makes them an excellent candidate for the development of new multi-target agents, although long-time exposure to sulfonamide drugs results in many toxic impacts on human health. However, sulfonamides may be functionalized for developing less toxic and more competent drugs. In this work, sulfonamides including Sulfapyridine (a), Sulfathiazole (b), Sulfamethoxazole (c), and Sulfamerazine (d) are used to synthesize Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromene-8-carbalde-hyde (1a-1d). The synthesized compounds were spectroscopically characterized and tested against hospital isolates of three Gram-positive (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus PH217, Ampicillin-resistant Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus faecalis PH007R) and two Gram-negative bacteria (multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi), compared to the quality control strains from ATCC (S. aureus 29213, E. faecalis 25922, E. coli 29212) and MTCC (S. Typhi 734). Two of the four Schiff bases 1a and 1b are found to be more active than their counterpart 1c and 1d; while 1a have showed significant activity by inhibiting MRSA PH217 and MDR isolates of E. coli at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 150 µg/mL and 128 µg/mL with MBC of 1024 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the MIC of 1b was 150 µg/mL against both S. aureus ATCC 29213 and Salmonella Typhi MTCC 734, compared to the control antibiotics Ampicillin and Gentamycin. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the altered surface structure of bacterial cells as a possible mechanism of action, supported by the in-silico molecular docking analysis.

Biotransformation of 1-nitro-2-phenylethane [Formula: see text] 2-phenylethanol from fungi species of the Amazon biome: an experimental and theoretical analysis.

CONTEXT: Natural products and their biotransformation procedures are a powerful source of new chromophores with potential applications in fields like biology, pharmacology and materials science. Thus, this work discusses about the extraction procedure of 1-nitro-2-phenylethane (1N2PE) from Aniba canelilla, its biotransformation setup into 2-phenylethanol (2PE) using four fungi, Lasiodiplodia caatinguensis (phytopathogenic fungus from Citrus sinensis), Colletotrichum sp. (phytopathogenic fungus from Euterpe oleracea), Aspergillus flavus and Rigidoporus lineatus isolated from copper mining waste located in the interior of the Brazilian Amazon. A detailed experimental and theoretical vibrational analysis (IR and Raman) have allowed us to perform some charge transfer effects on the title compounds (push-pull effect) by monitoring specific vibrational modes of their electrophilic and nucleophilic molecular sites. The solvent interactions promote molecular conformations that affect the vibrational spectra of the donor and acceptor groups, as can be seen comparatively in the gas and aqueous solution spectra, an effect possibly related to the bathochromic shift in the calculated optical spectrum of the compounds. The nonlinear optical behavior shows that while the solvent reduces the response of 1N2PE, the response of 2PE increases the optical parameters, which presents low refractive index (n) and first hyperpolarizability. ([Formula: see text]) is almost eight times that reported for urea (42.79 a.u.), a common nonlinear optical material. Furthermore, the bioconversion goes from an electrophilic to a nucleophilic compound, affecting its molecular reactivity. METHODS: 1N2PE was obtained from Aniba canelilla, whose essential oil is constituted of [Formula: see text] of 2PE. The A. canelilla essential oil was extracted under hydrodistillation. The biotransformation reactions were performed in autoclaved liquid media (100 mL) composed of malt extract (2%) in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Each culture was incubated in an orbital shaker (130 rpm) at [Formula: see text]C during 7 days and after that, 50 mg of 1N2PE (80%) were diluted in 100 [Formula: see text]L of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and added to the reactions flasks. Aliquots (2 mL) were removed using ethyl acetate (2 mL) and analyzed by GC-MS (fused silica capillary col1umn, Rtx -5MS 30 m [Formula: see text] 0.25 mm [Formula: see text] 0.25 [Formula: see text]m) in order to determine the amount of 1N2PE biotransformation. FTIR 1N2PE and 2PE spectra were obtained by attenuated total reflectance (ATR), using a Agilent CARY 630 spectrometer, in the spectral region 4000-650 cm[Formula: see text]. The quantum chemical calculations were carried out in the Gaussian 09 program while the DICE code was used to perform the classical Monte Carlo simulations and generate the liquid environment using the classical All-Atom Optimized parameters for Liquid Simulations (AA-OPLS). All nonlinear optical properties, reactive parameters, and electronic excitations were calculated using the Density Functional Theory framework coupled to the standard 6-311++G(d,p) basis set.

Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and energy framework calculations of trans-3,7,9,9-tetra-methyl-10-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,2,3,4,4a,9,9a,10-octa-hydro-acridine.

The title heterocyclic compound, C20H27N, has been prepared in good yield (72%) via a BiCl3-catalyzed cationic Povarov reaction between N-propargyl-4-methyl-aniline and (±)-citronellal. The X-ray single-crystal study indicates that the structure consists of mol-ecules connected by C-H⋯π contacts to produce chains, which pack in a sandwich-herringbone fashion along the b-axis direction. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that H⋯H inter-actions dominate by contributing 79.1% to the total surface. Energy frameworks and DFT calculations indicate a major contribution of dispersive forces to the total inter-action energy.

Structural Modifications of Deoxycholic Acid to Obtain Three Known Brassinosteroid Analogues and Full NMR Spectroscopic Characterization.

An improved synthesis route for obtaining known brassinosteroid analogues, i.e., methyl 2α,3α-dihydroxy-6-oxo-5α-cholan-24-oate (11), methyl 3α-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-oxa-5α-cholan-24-oate (15) and methyl 3α-hydroxy-6-oxa-7-oxo-5α-cholan-24-oate (16), from hyodeoxycholic acid (4) maintaining the native side chain is described. In the alternative procedure, the di-oxidized product 6, obtained in the oxidation of methyl hyodeoxycholate 5, was converted almost quantitatively into the target monoketone 7 by stereoselective reduction with NaBH4, increasing the overall yield of this synthetic route to 96.8%. The complete ¹H- and (13)C-NMR assignments for all compounds synthesized in this work have been made by 1D and 2D heteronuclear correlation gs-HSQC and gs-HMBC techniques. Thus, it was possible to update the spectroscopic information of ¹H-NMR and to accomplish a complete assignment of all (13)C-NMR signals for analogues 5-16, which were previously reported only in partial form.

Design, syntheses, characterization, and cytotoxicity studies of novel heterobinuclear oxindolimine copper(II)-platinum(II) complexes.

Herein, the design and syntheses of two new mononuclear oxindolimine-copper(II) (1 and 2) and corresponding heterobinuclear oxindolimine Cu(II)Pt(II) complexes (3 and 4), are described. All the isolated complexes were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (UV/Vis, IR, EPR), in addition to elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements showed that in all cases, one-electron quasi-reversible waves were observed, and ascribed to the formation of corresponding copper(I) complexes. Additionally, waves related to oxindolimine ligand reduction was verified, and confirmed using analogous oxindolimine-Zn(II) complexes. The Pt(IV/II) reduction, and corresponding oxidation, for complexes 3 and 4 occurred at very close values to those observed for cisplatin. By complementary fluorescence studies, it was shown that glutathione (GSH) cannot reduce any of these complexes, under the experimental conditions (room temperature, phosphate buffer 50mM, pH7.4), using an excess of 20-fold [GSH]. All these complexes showed characteristic EPR spectral profile, with parameters values gǁ>g⊥ suggesting an axially distorted environment around the copper(II) center. Interactions with calf thymus-DNA, monitored by circular dichroism (CD), indicated different effects modulated by the ligands. Finally, the cytotoxicity of each complex was tested toward different tumor cells, in comparison to cisplatin, and low values of IC50 in the range 0.6 to 4.0µM were obtained, after 24 or 48h incubation at 37°C. The obtained results indicate that such complexes can be promising alternative antitumor agents.

Unexpected ring-closure products derived from 3-(2-allylanilino)-3-phenylacrylate esters: crystal and molecular structures of 3-acetyl-8-allyl-6-methyl-2-phenylquinolin-4-yl acetate and (2RS)-2,8-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-one.

The reactions of two 3-(2-allylanilino)-3-phenylacrylate esters with acetic anhydride and with strong acids has revealed a richly diverse reactivity providing a number of unexpected products. Thus, acetylation of ethyl 3-(2-allylanilino)-3-phenylacrylate, (Ia), or ethyl 3-(2-allyl-4-methylanilino)-3-phenylacrylate, (Ib), with acetic anhydride yields not only the expected acetylated esters, (II), as the major products but also the unexpected polysubstituted quinolines 3-acetyl-8-allyl-2-phenylquinolin-4-yl acetate, (IIIa), and 3-acetyl-8-allyl-6-methyl-2-phenylquinolin-4-yl acetate, (IIIb), as minor products. Subsequent reaction of the major product ethyl 2-[(2-allyl-4-methylanilino)(phenyl)methylidene]-3-oxobutanoate, (IIb), with concentrated sulfuric acid did not provide the expected 3-acetylquinoline derivative, but instead two unexpected products, namely ethyl 4-ethyl-2-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate, (IV), and ethyl 3-acetyl-4-ethyl-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate, (V), in yields of 39 and 22%, respectively. The reaction of (Ib) with Eaton's reagent gave both the quinoline (Z)-6-methyl-2-phenyl-8-(prop-1-en-1-yl)quinolin-4(1H)-one, (VI), and the unexpected tricyclic product (2RS)-2,8-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-6-one, (VII), in yields of 71 and 12%, respectively. The products (II)-(VII) have all been fully characterized spectroscopically and the crystal structures of two of the unexpected products, i.e. (IIIb) (C23H21NO3) and (VII) (C19H17NO), are reported here. The formation of compounds (IV), (V) and (VII) all require an isomerization of the initial allyl substituent, with migration of the C=C double bond from the terminal site to the internal site. In (IIIb), the two acetyl substituents are oriented such that the intramolecular distance between the two carbonyl O atoms is only 3.243 (2) Å, and in (VII), the five-membered ring adopts a twisted half-chair conformation. The molecules of compound (IIIb) are linked by two independent hydrogen bonds to form sheets built from R4(3)(20) rings and the sheets are linked by a π-π stacking interaction to form a three-dimensional framework structure. The molecules of compound (VII) are linked by a single type of C-H...O hydrogen bond to form centrosymmetric R2(2)(14) dimers. The molecules of compound (V), which crystallizes with Z' = 2, are linked by two N-H...O and two C-H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain of rings.

Thermally induced solid-state transformation of cimetidine. A multi-spectroscopic/chemometrics determination of the kinetics of the process and structural elucidation of one of the products as a stable N3-enamino tautomer.

Exposure of cimetidine (CIM) to dry heat (160-180°C) afforded, upon cooling, a glassy solid containing new and hitherto unknown products. The kinetics of this process was studied by a second order chemometrics-assisted multi-spectroscopic approach. Proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as well as ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopic data were jointly used, whereas multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was employed as the chemometrics method to extract process information. It was established that drug degradation follows a first order kinetics. One of the products was structurally characterized by mono- and bi-dimensional NMR experiments. It was found to be the N3-enamino tautomer (TAU) of CIM, resulting from the thermal isomerization of the double bond of the cyanoguanidine moiety of the drug, from the imine form to its N3-enamine state. The thus generated tautomer demonstrated to be stable for months in the glassy solid and in methanolic solutions. A theoretical study of CIM and TAU revealed that the latter is less stable; however, the energy barrier for tautomer interconversion is high enough, precluding the process to proceed rapidly at room temperature.