Water-soluble microencapsulation using gum Arabic and skim milk enhances viability and efficacy of Pediococcus acidilactici probiotic strains for application in broiler chickens.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a water-soluble microencapsulation method for probiotic strains using gum Arabic (GA) and skim milk (SKM) over a three-month storage period following processing. METHODS: Four strains of Pediococcus acidilactici (BYF26, BYF20, BF9, and BF14) that were typical lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the chicken gut were mixed with different ratios of GA and SKM as coating agents before spray drying at an inlet temperature 140°C. After processing, the survivability and probiotic qualities of the strains were assessed from two weeks to three months of storage at varied temperatures, and de-encapsulation was performed to confirm the soluble properties. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the probiotics was assessed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. RESULTS: As shown by scanning electron microscopy, spray-drying produced a spherical, white-yellow powder. The encapsulation efficacy (percent) was greatest for a coating containing a combination of 30% gum Arabic: 30% skim milk (w/v) (GA:SKM30) compared to lower concentrations of the two ingredients (p<0.05). Coating with GA:SKM30 (w/v) significantly enhanced (p<0.05) BYF26 survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (pH 2.5 to 3) and maintained higher survival rates compared to non-encapsulated cells under an artificial intestinal juices condition of pH 6. De-encapsulation tests indicated that the encapsulated powder dissolved in water while keeping viable cell counts within the effective range of 106 for 6 hours. In addition, following three months storage at 4°C, microencapsulation of BYF26 in GA:SKM30 maintained both the number of viable cells (p<0.05) and the preparation's antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria, specifically strains of Salmonella. CONCLUSION: Our prototype water-soluble probiotic microencapsulation GA:SKM30 effectively maintains LAB characteristics and survival rates, demonstrating its potential for use in preserving probiotic strains that can be used in chickens and potentially in other livestock.

Comparative study of acetalated-dextran microparticle fabrication methods for a clinically translatable subunit-based influenza vaccine.

The most common influenza vaccines are inactivated viruses produced in chicken eggs, which is a time-consuming production method with variable efficacy due to mismatches of the vaccine strains to the dominant circulating strains. Subunit-based vaccines provide faster production times in comparison to the traditional egg-produced vaccines but often require the use of an adjuvant to elicit a highly protective immune response. However, the current FDA approved adjuvant for influenza vaccines (MF59) elicits a primarily helper T-cell type 2 (Th2)-biased humoral immune response. Adjuvants that can stimulate a Th1 cellular response are correlated to have more robust protection against influenza. The cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP has been shown to provide a potent Th1 response but requires the use of a delivery vehicle to best initiate its signalling pathway in the cytosol. Herein, acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) was used as the polymer to fabricate microparticles (MPs) via double-emulsion, electrospray, and spray drying methods to encapsulate cGAMP. This study compared each fabrication method's ability to encapsulate and retain the hydrophilic adjuvant cGAMP. We compared their therapeutic efficacy to Addavax, an MF59-like adjuvant, and cGAMP Ace-DEX MPs provided a stronger Th1 response in vaccinated BALB/c mice. Furthermore, we compared Ace-DEX MPs to spray dried MPs composed from a commonly used polymer for drug delivery, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). We observed that all Ace-DEX MPs elicited similar humoral and cellular responses to the PLGA MPs. Overall, the results shown here indicate Ace-DEX can perform similarly to PLGA as a polymer for drug delivery and that spray drying can provide an efficient way to produce MPs to encapsulate cGAMP and stimulate the immune system.

Methylprednisolone 100 mg tablet formulation with pea protein: experimental approaches over intestinal permeability and cytotoxicity.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to transform the hydrolyzed pea protein into a pharmaceutical tablet form by masking methylprednisolone. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides some crucial contributions in showing how functional excipients such as pea protein, which are generally used in food industries, can be used in pharmaceutical product formulations and their effects. METHODS: Methylprednisolone was formulated using spray drying technology. Design Expert Software (Version 13) was used for the statistical analysis. The in vitro cytotoxic effects for NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells were investigated by XTT cell viability assay. HPLC was used to analyze the Caco-2 permeability studies and dissolution tests. RESULTS: The optimum formulation was evaluated against the reference product by performing cytotoxicity and cell permeability studies. According to our test results, Papp (apparent permeability) values of Methylprednisolone were measured around 3 × 10-6 cm/s and Fa (fraction absorbed) values around 30%. These data indicate that Methylprednisolone HCl has 'moderate permeability' and our study confirmed that it could have belonged to BCS Class II-IV since both low solubility and moderate permeability. CONCLUSION: The findings offer valuable information to guide and inform the use of pea protein in pharmaceutical formulations. Significant effects on methylprednisolone tablet formulation designed with the philosophy of quality by design (QbD) of pea protein have been demonstrated by both in vitro and cell studies.

Preparation and molecular interaction of organic solvent-free piperine pro-liposome from soy lecithin.

Pro-liposome is a type of drug delivery system (DDS) with numerous advantages as a stable material with various applicability for several pharmaceutical dosage forms, to effectively deliver the material to reach its target in the human body. Nevertheless, it is mostly designed by employing an organic solvent hence giving rise to safety issues. We have developed a method for the preparation of organic solvent-free liposomes composed of soy lecithin and cholesterol by highlighting the importance of temperature during the initial mixing process, a self-hydration of a thin layer spread film, and a spray-drying technique with a suitable excipient as the carrier. The method was successfully applied to prepare a stable pro-liposome containing 0.17% (w/w) of piperine with an encapsulation efficiency of 95.58 ± 2.91%. Moreover, the study revealed that a piperine molecule forms hydrophobic interaction with six of the adjacent phospholipids in the liposome structure, this information can be useful for researchers designing similar studies. In conclusion, organic solvent-free pro-liposome can be an alternative method in the development of DDS, and several factors could be continuously improved to fulfill the intended pro-liposome characteristic.

Mechanism of Insoluble Aggregate Formation in a Reconstituted Solution of Spray-Dried Protein Powder.

BACKGROUND: Spray-drying is considered a promising alternative drying method to lyophilization (freeze-drying) for therapeutic proteins. Particle counts in reconstituted solutions of dried solid dosage forms of biologic drug products are closely monitored to ensure product quality. We found that high levels of particles formed after reconstitution of protein powders that had been spray-dried under suboptimal conditions. METHODS: Visible and subvisible particles were evaluated. Soluble proteins in solution before spray-drying and in the reconstituted solution of spray-dried powder were analyzed for their monomer content levels and melting temperatures. Insoluble particles were collected and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR), and further analyzed with hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX). RESULTS: Particles observed after reconstitution were shown not to be undissolved excipients. FTIR confirmed their identity as proteinaceous in nature. These particles were therefore considered to be insoluble protein aggregates, and HDX was applied to investigate the mechanism underlying aggregate formation. Heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 1 (CDR-1) in the aggregates showed significant protection by HDX, suggesting CDR-1 was critical for aggregate formation. In contrast, various regions became more conformationally dynamic globally, suggesting the aggregates have lost protein structural integrity and partially unfolded after spray-drying. DISCUSSION: The spray-drying process could have disrupted the higher-order structure of proteins and exposed the hydrophobic residues in CDR-1 of the heavy chain, contributing to the formation of aggregate through hydrophobic interactions upon reconstitution of spray-dried powder. These results can contribute to efforts to design spray-dry resilient protein constructs and improve the robustness of the spray-drying process.

Anti-inflammatory properties of an aldehydes-enriched fraction of grapefruit essential oil.

Chronic inflammation is linked to the development of numerous diseases and is accompanied by increased cytokine secretion. Macrophages provide a first line of defense against pathogens that under inflammatory stimuli release pro-inflammatory cytokines. The essential oil (EO) fractions obtained from Citrus spp. rich in different compounds have gained the attention of both researchers and users during the last decades. In particular, grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) peel is rich in phenolics and flavonoids with several health benefits, including anti-inflammatory actions. Additionally, its EO consists of a large number of compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and oxides. Among the methods for encapsulating EOs, spray-drying is the main one. In the present study, we aimed to determine the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of EO from C. paradisi (grapefruit essential oil [GEO]) (whole and fractions) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model. Results indicate that Fr-GEO and Fr-GEO_SD exert protective effects against LPS-induced inflammation by decreasing gene expression and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines as IL-6 and TNF-α. Monoterpenes as the most common components, as well as aldehydes and sesquiterpenes, might be responsible for such effects, although a synergistic action is not excluded. Furthermore, a higher percent of aldehydes is linked to improved olfactory properties. Our findings support the anti-inflammatory effects of selected Fr-GEO with a great potential for the development of new nutraceuticals and/or functional food for the treatment of inflammatory-associated diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The findings of this study support the anti-inflammatory effects of selected Fr-GEO with a great potential for the development of new nutraceuticals and/or functional food for the treatment of inflammatory-associated diseases.

In vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of co-spray-dried inhalable pirfenidone microparticles in rats.

Pirfenidone (PRF) is the first FDA-approved API in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, PRF induces serious side effects, such as photophobia and gastrointestinal disorder. PRF inhalation can be expected with a lower effective dose and reduced side effects. In this study, PRF was prepared as inhalable co-spray-dried particles for dry powder inhalation. Mannitol, L-leucine (Leu), and NaCl were used as a stabilizer. The kinds and ratios of stabilizers affecting the physicochemical properties of particles were analyzed, including particle size and surface composition, because of the surface enrichment properties of Leu, the most effective stabilizer. The co-spray-dried PRF and Leu microparticle (SD-PL1:1) have the smallest size and highest aerosol performance. The bioavailability was confirmed by in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) studies. In addition, in vivo pharmacodynamics (PD) experiments were conducted using a bleomycin-induced IPF rat model. In vivo PK experiments demonstrated that pulmonary administration of SD-PL1:1 was 4 times more effective than the oral route. Similar to the PK results, the therapeutic effect was improved when SD-PL1:1 was administered via the pulmonary route compared to the oral route.

Effect of encapsulated probiotic in Inulin-Maltodextrin-Sodium alginate matrix on the viability of Enterococcus mundtii SRBG1 and the rheological parameters of fermented milk.

In the current research, Enterococcus mundtii SRBG1 newly isolated from Bat guano was encapsulated using spray drying technique to create a probiotic powder using six combinations of inulin, maltodextrin and sodium alginate. The encapsulation yield, moisture content, physical characteristics, and shape were investigated. Microcapsules yields ranged from 67 to 85 percent, which is consistent with typical B-290 spray-drier yields. The moisture content showed to increase (4 ± 0.15%) with the addition of sodium alginate to inulin and maltodextrin. In the gastrointestinal conditions (simulated gastric juice and bile salts), it was shown that the viability of probiotic cells in capsules was higher than that of free cells. This demonstrated the effectiveness of combining inulin and maltodextrin to encapsulate substances in surviving in gastro-intestinal conditions. Additionally, we evaluated the non-encapsulated and encapsulated SRBG1 by assessing their impact on the rheological parameters of fermented milk. The results showed that in the absence of sodium alginate the viscosity of milk was lower than with the other protectors, which was confirmed by the quick acidification of the fermented milk by microcapsules containing sodium alginate.

A Platform Approach to Protein Encapsulates with Controllable Surface Chemistry.

The encapsulation of proteins into core-shell structures is a widely utilised strategy for controlling protein stability, delivery and release. Despite the recognised utility of these microstructures, however, core-shell fabrication routes are often too costly or poorly scalable to allow for industrial translation. Furthermore, many scalable routes rely upon emulsion-techniques implicating denaturing or environmentally harmful organic solvents. Herein, we investigate core-shell protein encapsulation through single-feed, aqueous spray drying: a cheap, industrially ubiquitous particle-formation technology in the absence of organic solvents. We show that an excipient's preference for the surface of the spray dried particle is well-predicted by its hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) under relevant feed buffer conditions (pH and ionic strength) and that the predictive power of Dh is improved when measured at the spray dryer outlet temperature compared to room temperature (R2 = 0.64 vs. 0.59). Lastly, we leverage these findings to propose an adaptable design framework for fabricating core-shell protein encapsulates by single-feed aqueous spray drying.

Contribution of Hydrolysis and Drying Conditions to Whey Protein Hydrolysate Characteristics and In Vitro Antioxidative Properties.

During the generation of functional food ingredients by enzymatic hydrolysis, parameters such as choice of enzyme, reaction pH and the drying process employed may contribute to the physicochemical and bio-functional properties of the resultant protein hydrolysate ingredients. This study characterised the properties of spray- (SD) and freeze-dried (FD) whey protein hydrolysates (WPHs) generated using Alcalase® and Prolyve® under pH-stat and free-fall pH conditions. The enzyme preparation used affected the physicochemical and antioxidative properties but had no impact on powder composition, morphology or colour. SD resulted in spherical particles with higher moisture content (~6%) compared to the FD powders (~1%), which had a glass shard-like structure. The SD-WPHs exhibited higher antioxidative properties compared to the FD-WPHs, which may be linked to a higher proportion of peptides <1 kDa in the SD-WPHs. Furthermore, the SD- and FD-WPHs had similar peptide profiles, and no evidence of Maillard reaction product formation during the SD processing was evident. The most potent in vitro antioxidative WPH was generated using Alcalase® under free-fall pH conditions, followed by SD, which had oxygen radical absorbance capacity and Trolox equivalent (TE) antioxidant capacity values of 1132 and 686 µmol TE/g, respectively. These results demonstrate that both the hydrolysis and the drying process impact the biofunctional (antioxidant) activity of WPHs.

Effect of Microencapsulation Techniques on the Stress Resistance and Biological Activity of Bovine Lactoferricin-Lactoferrampin-Encoding Lactobacillus reuteri.

Bovine lactoferricin-lactoferrampin-encoding Lactobacillus reuteri (LR-LFCA) has been found to benefit its host by strengthening its intestinal barrier. However, several questions remain open concerning genetically engineered strains maintaining long-term biological activity at room temperature. In addition, probiotics are vulnerable to harsh conditions in the gut, such as acidity and alkalinity, and bile salts. Microencapsulation is a technique to entrap probiotic bacteria into gastro-resistant polymers to carry them directly to the intestine. We selected nine kinds of wall material combinations to encapsulate LR-LFCA by spray drying microencapsulation. The storage stability, microstructural morphology, biological activity, and simulated digestion in vivo or in vitro of the microencapsulated LR-LFCA were further evaluated. The results showed that LR-LFCA had the highest survival rate when microcapsules were prepared using a wall material mixture (skim milk, sodium glutamate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, maltodextrin, and gelatin). Microencapsulated LR-LFCA increased the stress resistance capacity and colonization abilities. In the present study, we have identified a suitable wall material formulation for spray-dried microencapsulation of genetically engineered probiotic products, which would facilitate their storage and transport.

Raman spectroscopic evaluation of crystallinity, chemical composition and stability of pharmaceutical powder aerosols.

Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate the effects of temperature and humidity on the physicochemical stability of inhalable spray-dried (SD) powders containing budesonide (BUD) and crystalline or amorphous lactose. Powders prepared by spray drying of BUD-lactose solution or suspension containing lactose crystals in BUD solution were stored for 0, 1 and 7 days at 25 °C/60 RH or 40 °C/75 RH. Bulk powders along with the large and small particle size fractions collected on stages 2 and 5, respectively, of the Next Generation Impactor (NGI) were chemically characterised. SD powder from solution contained BUD and lactose in amorphous form and both components were homogeneously distributed in bulk and in the particles collected from the two NGI stages. In contrast, SD powder from suspension showed heterogeneous distribution of lactose and drug in the particles containing crystalline lactose. After 1 day of storage at either condition, recrystallisation and changes in the chemical composition of the particles for the SD powder from solution occurred. The number of drug-only particles increased by 70 on stage 5, whereas most particles on stage 2 still contained both drug and lactose. These changes were not observed in the SD powder from suspension after storage, confirming superior stability of the SD powder obtained from suspension.

Enteric-coated bacteriophage tablets for oral administration against gastrointestinal infections.

Intestinal Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly problematic in immunocompromised patients such as those in intensive care units in hospitals. Phage therapy is an attractive alternative or supplementary therapy to antibiotics as it not only kills multidrug-resistant bacteria, but also minimises the disruption of gut microflora. Solid oral dosage forms (i.e., tablets) have the potential to effectively deliver viable phages to the gastrointestinal tract, but formulation studies have been scarce. In this study, Pseudomonas-targeting phage PEV20 was used as a model to produce tablets suitable for oral delivery by utilising industry-scale tablet compression and tablet coating machines. Phage tablets were produced by (i) spray drying of phages, (ii) direct compression of the phage powders into tablets, and then (iii) tablet coating. The resulting phage tablets had negligible phage titre reduction throughout the process and passed the British Pharmacopeia tests, including friability, weight variation, disintegration and dissolution of the tablets as well as weight gain and disintegration (in 0.1 M HCl and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer) of coated tablets. The developed formulation method can be utilised to produce tablets containing other phages and phage cocktails that are effective against enteric bacterial infections.

Curcumin Attenuates Sarcopenia in Chronic Forced Exercise Executed Aged Mice by Regulating Muscle Degradation and Protein Synthesis with Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects.

The aim of the current study is to investigate the effects of spray dry powders of Curcuma longa containing 40% curcumin (CM-SD), as a new aqueous curcumin formula, on sarcopenia in chronic forced exercise executed 10 month old ICR mice. CM-SD (80 and 40 mg/kg) increased calf thicknesses and strengths, total body and calf protein amounts, and muscle weights in both gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. mRNA expressions regarding muscle growth and protein synthesis were induced, while those of muscle degradation significantly declined in CM-SD treatment. CM-SD decreased serum biochemical markers, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species and increased endogenous antioxidants and enzyme activities. It also reduced immunoreactive myofibers for apoptosis and oxidative stress markers but increased ATPase in myofibers. These results suggest that CM-SD can be an adjunct therapy to exercise-based remedy that prevents muscle disorders including sarcopenia by anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation-mediated modulation of gene expressions related to muscle degradation and protein synthesis.

Curcumin Ameliorated Oxidative Stress and Inflammation-Related Muscle Disorders in C2C12 Myoblast Cells.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of spray dry powder containing 40% curcumin (CM-SD) in C2C12 myoblast cells. CM-SD increased DPPH radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner, and up to 30 µg/mL of CM-SD did not express cytotoxicity in C2C12 cells. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) drastically decreased the viability of C2C12 cells, but pre-treatment of CM-SD significantly increased the cell viability (p < 0.01). CM-SD significantly transactivated the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced the levels of heme oxygenase (HO)-1, glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and NAD(P)H-dependent quinone oxidoreductase (NQO)-1. CM-SD also significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation and restored glutathione (GSH) depletion in H2O2-treated C2C12 cells. Moreover, CM-SD significantly reduced lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-mediated interleukin (IL)-6 production in the conditioned medium. Results from the current study suggest that CM-SD could be a useful candidate against oxidative stress and inflammation-related muscle disorders.

Screening of Twelve Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Cultivars and Their Isolates Focusing on the Protein Characterization, Functionality, and Sensory Profiles.

Pea protein concentrates and isolates are important raw materials for the production of plant-based food products. To select suitable peas (Pisum sativum L.) for protein extraction for further use as food ingredients, twelve different cultivars were subjected to isoelectric precipitation and spray drying. Both the dehulled pea flours and protein isolates were characterized regarding their chemical composition and the isolates were analyzed for their functional properties, sensory profiles, and molecular weight distributions. Orchestra, Florida, Dolores, and RLPY cultivars showed the highest protein yields. The electrophoretic profiles were similar, indicating the presence of all main pea allergens in all isolates. The colors of the isolates were significantly different regarding lightness (L*) and red-green (a*) components. The largest particle size was shown by the isolate from Florida cultivar, whereas the lowest was from the RLPY isolate. At pH 7, protein solubility ranged from 40% to 62% and the emulsifying capacity ranged from 600 to 835 mL g-1. The principal component analysis revealed similarities among certain pea cultivars regarding their physicochemical and functional properties. The sensory profile of the individual isolates was rather similar, with an exception of the pea-like and bitter attributes, which were significantly different among the isolates.

Selective sulfur removal from semi-dry flue gas desulfurization coal fly ash for concrete and carbon dioxide capture applications.

High-sulfur mixed fly ash residues from semi-dry flue gas desulfurization units in coal-fired power plants are unsuitable for use as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for concrete production or carbon dioxide utilization. In this work, we explore the potential for upcycling a representative spray dry absorber ash (10.44 wt% SO3) into concrete-SCM by selective sulfur removal via weak acid dissolution while simultaneously exploring the possibility for CO2 capture. Towards this effort, parametric studies varying liquid-to-solid ratio, acidity, and CO2 pressure were conducted in a batch reactor to establish the sulfur removal characteristics in de-ionized water, nitric acid, and carbonic acid, respectively. The dissolution studies show that the leaching of sulfur from calcium sulfite hemihydrate, which is the predominant S phase, is rapid and achieves a concentration plateau within 5 min, and subsequently, appears to be controlled by the primary mineral solubility. Preferential S removal was sufficient to meet SCM standards (e.g., 5.0 wt% as per ASTM C618) using all three washing solutions with 0.62-0.72 selectivity (S^), defined as the molar ratio of S to Ca in the leachate, for a raw fly ash with bulk S^ = 0.3. Acid dissolution with 1.43 meq/g of ash or under 5 atm CO2 retained > 18 wt% CaO and other Si-, Al-rich phases in the fly ash. Based on the experimental findings, two sulfur removal schemes were suggested for either integration with CO2 capture and utilization processes using flue gas or to produce fly ash for use as a SCM.

Spray-Drying Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds from Lemon Verbena Green Extract.

Lippia citriodora has been demonstrated to have a wide variety of phytochemicals which provide benefits to human health acting as antioxidants or anti-obesogenics. In this study, these phytochemicals were recovered using a microwave-assisted technology and applying optimal conditions and microencapsulated using spray drying. In this study, two different carbohydrates, maltodextrin (MD) and inulin (IN), were compared as carriers in the encapsulation procedure. The spray drying process was optimized by using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design 22, where air inlet temperature and the sample:encapsulating agent ratio (S:EA) were selected as independent variables. Both designs were analyzed equally to evaluate differences between each carrying agent on polar compounds' encapsulation (process yield (Y%), encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and recovery of compounds (R%)) during the spray drying. The EE% and R% of each polar compound was monitored by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer by electrospray interface (HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS). The results showed that the use of IN as a carrier increased the powder recovered and the recovery of polar compounds after the spray dry process, whereas MD achieved a higher encapsulation efficiency.

Corrigendum: "Incorporating quantum dots into polymer microspheres via a spray-drying and thermal-denaturizing approach". Nanotechnology 17 (2006) 1791-1796".

Corrigendum.

Combining solid dispersion-based spray drying with cyclodextrin to improve the functionality and mitigate the beany odor of pea protein isolate.

The beany flavor of pea protein limits its application in the food industry. This study aimed at addressing this problem by combining the advantages of solid-based spray drying technique and the ability of cyclodextrins (CD) to entrap volatiles. Pea protein isolates (PPI) was extracted by alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation, followed by co-spray drying with CD. The resulted PPI-CD showed no major structure changes. HS-SPME-GC-MS coupled to untargeted metabolomics successfully identified 23 aroma compounds that represent the different odorants among PPI-control, physically mixed PPI-CD, and co-spray dried PPI-CD samples. Heat map analysis also showed a remarkable beany odor mitigation effect upon the addition of CD, which was further proved to be due to CD entrapping aroma compounds during spray drying. In the meantime, the functional attributes of PPI-CD were not adversely impacted by the addition of CD.