Multidrug resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in Escherichia coli isolated from barbecued beef (Suya) sold in a Nigerian City.

INTRODUCTION: Suya, a form of barbecued meat widely consumed in Nigeria is a rising source of concern for the dissemination of pathogens and antibiotic resistance. METHODS: this study was carried out to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from Suya sold in Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of three hundred (300) Suya samples were collected and screened for the presence of E. coli. An antibiotic susceptibility study was carried out on the isolated bacteria to determine their resistance profiles. RESULTS: the overall isolation and occurrence of E. coli was 13.3%. The isolated organisms were most resistant to Ampicillin (100%) followed by Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (95%), Ciprofloxacin (92.5%), Nitrofurantoin, Imipenem and Ceftriaxone (85%), Cefixime (80%), Streptomycin (77.5%), and Cotrimoxazole (77%), with a low level of resistance recorded against Gentamycin (5%). Most of the E. coli isolates had multiple resistance (MAR) to at least five antibiotics (MAR Index of = 0.5) and the most frequent MAR Index was 0.8 with 37.5% occurrence. The most frequently encountered resistance phenotype was Nitrofurantoin-Imipenem-Streptomycin-Ciprofloxacin-Ceftriaxone-Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-Cefixime-Ampicillin. The E. coli isolates categorised based on drug resistance classes were Multi-Drug Resistance, MDR (97.5%), Pan Drug Resistance, PDR (2.5%), Non-Multi-Drug Resistance, NMDR (0.0%) and Extensive Drug Resistance, XDR (0.0%). CONCLUSION: these findings indicate a potential danger of multidrug resistant organisms in circulation. Antibiotics stewardship and drug resistance surveillance is strongly recommended for all stakeholders.

Herbal Textual Research of Setariae Fructus Germinatus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Setariae Fructus Germinatus (Guya) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, which has been used for thousands of years. In ancient and modern books and works, the name is often confused because of its complicated relationship with the origin. In order to clarify the name and source of Guya, the authors examined the name, origin and processing history of Guya through consulting ancient Chinese herbal books, modern Chinese medicine monographs, calendar edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the processing standards of various provinces, and found that different regions in China used Guya according to their local habits, resulting in the foreign body of the same name of Guya, lacking a unified standard. It is suggested that changing the name of Guya to Suya is more practical, and is conducive to the quality standard research and clinical accurate application of Guya.

Bacteriological qualities and antibiogram studies of bacteria from "suya" and smoked fish (Clarias gariepinus) in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: "suya" and smoked fish are cherished food delicacies in Nigeria, but can be a source of dissemination of Multi-drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria. Moreover, there are limited studies on these MDR bacteria from Dutsin-Ma. Therefore, this study examined the bacteriological qualities and antibiogram profiles of bacteria in these foods from this area in Nigeria. METHODS: Twenty samples of each of "suya" and smoked fish were collected from the study areas and microbiologically analyzed. Total viable count, coliform count, characterization and identification of bacteria were carried out by standard microbiological techniques. RESULTS: Findings revealed that "suya" samples possessed the highest total viable bacteria count (3.4×105 to 7.7×105 cfu/g) and coliform count (2.1×105 to 6.2×105 cfu/g). A total of 85 and 78 bacteria were isolated from "suya" and smoked fish samples respectively. E. coli (24.7% and 24.4%) was the most frequently isolated from each sample respectively. Highest (66.7%) resistance to each of cefuroxime, gentamicin, amoxillin/clavulanate and ciprofloxacin were observed among E. coli from "suya". MDR phenotypes commonly isolated was resistance to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, augmentin and nitrofurantoin. CONCLUSION: These studies showed the presence of MDR bacteria in samples, hence, raise the need for improved production hygiene and public health awareness.

[Spatial Distribution and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Suya Lake].

In order to study the pollution status of heavy metals in sediments of Suya Lake, the concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb and Ni in sediments were measured at three locations in the center, middle and periphery of Suya Lake, the content characteristics and the pollution status of heavy metals in the study area were analyzed by the method of geoaccumulation index and potential ecological risk index, and the distribution and interrelation of heavy metals were evaluated by Kriging method and correlation analysis. The results showed that, on average, Zn was the highest, 112.87 mg·kg-1, followed by Cr, the smallest average of Cd was only 0.41 mg·kg-1. In addition to Cd and Cr, the coefficients of variation of Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni were relatively small, ranging from 24% to 31%, with moderate degree of variation. The coefficients of variation of Cd and Cr were 50.41% and 41.92%, respectively, and the spatial variation was obvious, which indicated that the variation of Cd and Cr was more significant than the others; 2The heavy metals Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb and Ni had a strong linear relationship, and there was a significant positive correlation, and six kinds of heavy metals had some homologous characteristics, with a common external input; 3The main pollution elements in the study area were Cd, Cr and Zn, the pollution degree was relatively serious, and the scope was extensive. Among them, the pollution degree of Cd was the most serious, the overall pollution level was moderate, and the pollution degree in some sample areas reached up to severe pollution, the pollution status of Cr, Zn and Pb was relatively mild, the pollution status of Cu, Pb and Ni was better, and there was no ecological risk; 4On the whole, the pollution level of the northeastern part of Suya Lake was relatively light, the degree of pollution in the southwest was relatively serious, showing a significant spatial distribution characteristics of decreasing from southwest to northeast, the contents of heavy metals in the samples were higher than those in the southwest of the reservoir, while the northeastern part of the periphery was the area with accumulation of low concentrations of heavy metals., and there was no pollution from Cu, Cr, Zn and Ni.

Respiratory symptoms and lung function patterns in workers exposed to wood smoke and cooking oil fumes (mai suya) in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: 'Mai suya' is a common job in the most northern Nigeria in which there is significant exposures to wood smoke and oil fumes. The respiratory impact of these dual exposures on workers engaged in this work has not been previously documented, hence this study was carried out. AIM: The aim is to study the prevalence, patterns and respiratory function assessment among this group. SUBJECT AND METHODS: This is a case controlled study involving mai suya and workers who are not exposed to wood smoke and oil fumes in an occupational setting. All consenting mai suya and matched controls were recruited. Both groups underwent an interviewer administered questionnaire followed by on spot spirometric test measuring forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Results are presented using descriptive statistics. Chi square was used to test for association between respiratory symptoms and the job categories. Student's t-test was used to compare values of continuous variables. Odd ratios were determined for the risk of respiratory symptoms and exposure to wood smoke and oil fumes. RESULTS: Both groups are similar in their demographic characters except in their smoking status, so current smokers were excluded from further analysis. The test group had significantly increased occurrence of chest tightness: 59% (19/32), nasal congestion: 37% (12/32), cough: 32% (10/32), and wheeze: 12% (4/32) compared with the control group, odds ratio (OR) 3.1, 95% confidence interval CI (0.1-5.8), P value 0.04, OR 1.2,95% CI (1.04-1.8), P value = 0.02, OR 0.9 95% CI (0.9-1.4), P value = 0.3, and OR 1.2,95% CI (1-1.3), P value = 0.04, respectively. Occurrences of some respiratory symptoms were associated with duration on the job, while a positive family history of asthma is not associated with increased occurrence of symptoms. The mean (SD) FEV1 and FVC were significantly lower among the test group compared with the control group; 2.5L/s (0.55) versus 3.02L/s (0.51), P value = 0.007 and 2.7L (0.7) versus 3.16L (0.51), P value = 0.04. CONCLUSION: Mai suya' have increased risk of respiratory symptoms and altered pulmonary functions. There is a need for protective equipment and periodic evaluation.

Perfil metabólico e antropométrico dos Suyá: Parque Indígena do Xingu, Brasil Central / Metabolic and anthropometric profile of Suyá: Xingu Indigenous Park, Central Brazil

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil metabólico e antropométrico de índios Suyá que vivem no Parque Indígena do Xingu (Mato Grosso). MÉTODO: Neste estudo transversal foram avaliados 86 índios Suyá com idade de > 20 anos, de ambos os sexos. Durante o exame físico foram obtidos os valores de pressão arterial, peso, altura, perímetros corporais e dobras cutâneas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para dosagem de lipoproteínas, glicemia e ácido úrico. Na análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes estatísticos qui-quadrado (para proporções) ou t de Student (para valores médios) nas comparações das distribuições das variáveis relativas ao estado nutricional e perfil metabólico, segundo sexo e faixa etária dos sujeitos. RESULTADOS: As mulheres, quando comparadas aos homens, apresentaram valores médios estatisticamente menores das variáveis antropométricas (peso, índice de massa corporal, perímetro de cintura, do braço e dobras cutâneas), de pressão arterial, triglicérides, VLDL e ácido úrico. Foram encontrados, entre os Suyá, 46,5 por cento, com excesso de peso, 12,8 por cento com obesidade generalizada, 38,4 por cento com obesidade central, 26,7 por cento, apresentaram alterações pressóricas, 4 por cento glicemia de jejum alterada, 63,9 por cento dislipidemia e 21,9 por cento síndrome metabólica. CONCLUSÃO: Foram observadas alterações metabólicas e antropométricas entre os índios Suyá. Intervenções educativas devem ser implementadas para resgatar hábitos e estilo de vida tradicionais a fim de conter o avanço deste quadro.