Fake kindness, caring and symbolic violence.

The article starts by offering a definition of fake kindness focused on the dissociation between the behavioural components of kindness and the intent to sincerely pay some heed to the needs of others. Using the sociological theory of Pierre Bourdieu, this definition is then used to articulate how fake kindness can be conceptualized as a specific form of symbolic violence. Such a view allows explanations as to how and why the prevalence and effectiveness of fake kindness vary according to microsociological norms and values. The generic definition and conceptualization of fake kindness as a form of symbolic violence are then used to discuss how nursing's enthrallment with the concept of caring and its operationalization as a moral compass likely fosters the growth of fake kindness within the profession. In this view, the institutional enforcement of propriety and well-behaved professionalism is more likely to lead to toxic environments than to healthy workplaces. We hope that being able to understand how professional norms and institutional rules are sometimes turned into social tools to enforce obedience and existing hierarchies can empower victims of those phenomena to resist them more effectively. It might also contribute to increasing the awareness of well-meaning nurses or people in position of authority who have been socialized in environments where fake kindness is normalized.

Blocking the Law from Within: Familyism Ideologies as Obstacles to Legal Protections for Women in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

The scholarship seeking to explain the ineffectiveness of violence against women (VAW) laws has focused on the lack of resources or will to implement these laws. Less attention has been given to how these laws are crafted and positioned in the legal hierarchy, which may undermine them from the start. This article focuses on four cases from Central America, a region where fifty-five laws to protect women from violence were passed between 1960 and 2018, yet VAW continues. It finds that the legal positioning and language of these laws prioritize family unity while undermining women's rights to protection; thus, these laws fail by design. The article identifies four legal placements that delay (El Salvador), undermine (Honduras), diminish (Nicaragua), or render abstract (Guatemala) the effectiveness of VAW laws in the context of penal and judicial codes. This work has direct policy implications and broader relevance beyond the cases examined here.

Los estudios sobre la ineficacia de las leyes de violencia contra las mujeres (VCM) se centran en la falta de recursos o voluntad para implementarlas. Menos atención han recibido su elaboración y posicionamiento en la jerarquía legal, lo que puede socavarlas desde su origen. Este artículo se centra en cuatro casos de Centro América, una región donde se aprobaron cincuenta y cinco leyes para proteger a las mujeres entre 1960 y 2018, sin embargo, la VCM continúa. El posicionamiento legal y el lenguaje de estas leyes priorizan la unidad familiar socavando los derechos de las mujeres a la protección; por lo tanto, estas leyes fallan por diseño. El artículo identifica cuatro emplazamientos legales que retrasan (El Salvador), socavan (Honduras), disminuyen (Nicaragua) o abstraen (Guatemala) la efectividad de las leyes de VCM en el contexto de los códigos penal y judicial. Este trabajo tiene implicaciones para políticas públicas y una relevancia más allá de los casos examinados aquí.

Los hermanos cuervo. Violencias cotidianas amalgamadas en la ilusión de estabilidad de la lenga y de la identidad del sujeto / The Cuervo Brothers: Everyday Violence Amalgamated in the Illusion of Stability of the Language and the Identity of the Subject

La novela Los hermanos Cuervo, del colombiano Andrés Felipe Solano, subraya, a través de la parodia, la ilusión de estabilidad de la lengua y del sujeto en la que se amalgama una violencia simbólica, naturalizada en la familia, el colegio y la ciudad. Esta subjetividad resuena en un territorio rígidamente dividido en estratos socioeconómicos, amalgamados simbólica e imaginariamente en narrativas culturales clasistas y profundamente excluyentes, organizadas en torno a la pareja de opuestos: todo o nada

The novel Los hermanos Cuervo, by the Colombian Andrés Felipe Solano, underlines, through parody, the illusion of stability of the language and of the subject in which a symbolic violence is amalgamated, naturalized in the family, school and the city. This subjectivity resonates in a territory rigidly divided into socioeconomic strata, symbolically and imaginarily amalgamated in classist and deeply exclusive cultural narratives, organized around the pair of opposites: all or nothing

Medios de Comunicación y Violencia Simbólica frente a la Comunidad LGTBIQ+: Hechos ante la Viruela del Mono

En el contexto actual, los medios de comunicación están en la misión de informar, empleando un lenguaje apropiado y el recelo debido para no incurrir en violencia simbólica. En este sentido, se ha realizado un estudio sobre los estereotipos, prejuicios, estigmas y discriminación que enfrenta la comunidad LGTBIQ+ en relación con la viruela símica. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es generar conciencia sobre la construcción social de identidades y evitar atribuciones incoherentes, a fin de promover un espacio social inclusivo y establecer un marco para las políticas e iniciativas privadas, gubernamentales o supranacionales. Para ello, se han utilizado técnicas de análisis analítico-reflexivo de tipo empírico propositivo y análisis fenomenológico interpretativo, revisando sistemáticamente tres bases de datos: ScIELO, SCOPUS y Web of Science. Se concluye que la comunidad LGTBIQ+ ha sido objeto de violencia simbólica históricamente, exacerbada en gran medida, por los medios de comunicación. En este sentido, es necesario garantizar una representación justa y respetuosa de esta comunidad para lograr una sociedad inclusiva y equitativa. En consecuencia, se sugiere profundizar en los imaginarios, estereotipos, prejuicios, estigmas y discriminación hacia la comunidad LGTBIQ+ en poblaciones específicas. Este estudio contribuye a la comprensión de la problemática que enfrenta la comunidad LGTBIQ+ y ofrece recomendaciones importantes para avanzar hacia una sociedad más justa y respetuosa.

Currently, the mission of media is to provide information, using appropriate language and due caution to avoid incurring symbolic violence, particularly in the field of health. In this regard, a study has been conducted on the stereotypes, prejudices, stigmas, and discrimination faced by the LGTBIQ+ community in relation to Monkeypox. The main objective of this research is to raise awareness about the social construction of identities and avoid inconsistent attributions, in order to promote an inclusive social space and establish a framework for private, government, or supranational policies and initiatives. To this end, empirical-propositional analytical-reflective techniques and interpretative phenomenological analysis have been used, systematically reviewing three databases: ScIELO, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. It is concluded that the LGTBIQ+ community has historically been subject to symbolic violence, greatly exacerbated by media. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure a fair and respectful representation of this community to achieve an inclusive and equitable society. Consequently, further investigation into the imaginaries, stereotypes, prejudices, stigmas, and discrimination towards the LGTBIQ+ community in specific populations is suggested. This study contributes to understanding the issues faced by the LGTBIQ+ community and provides important recommendations for advancing towards a more fair and respectful society.

No contexto atual, os meios de comunicação estão em uma missão de informar, utilizando uma linguagem apropriada e cautela para não incorrer em violência simbólica. Nesse sentido, foi realizado um estudo sobre os estereótipos, preconceitos, estigmas e discriminação enfrentados pela comunidade LGTBIQ+ em relação à varíola símia. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é gerar conscientização sobre a construção social de identidades e evitar atribuições incoerentes, a fim de promover um espaço social inclusivo e estabelecer um quadro para políticas e iniciativas privadas, governamentais ou supranacionais. Para isso, foram utilizadas técnicas de análise analítico-reflexiva de tipo empírico propositivo e análise fenomenológica interpretativa, revisando sistematicamente três bases de dados: ScIELO, SCOPUS e Web of Science. Conclui-se que a comunidade LGTBIQ+ tem sido historicamente objeto de violência simbólica, exacerbada em grande medida pelos meios de comunicação. Nesse sentido, é necessário garantir uma representação justa e respeitosa dessa comunidade para alcançar uma sociedade inclusiva e equitativa. Consequentemente, sugere-se aprofundar os imaginários, estereótipos, preconceitos, estigmas e discriminação em relação à comunidade LGTBIQ+ em populações específicas. Este estudo contribui para a compreensão dos problemas enfrentados pela comunidade LGTBIQ+ e oferece importantes recomendações para avançar em direção a uma sociedade mais justa e respeitosa.

"A minha casa é na rua": vivências da população em situação de rua de Novo Hamburgo / "The streets are my home": experiences of the homeless population in Novo Hamburgo / "Mi casa está en la calle": vivencias de la población en situación de calle de Novo Hamburgo / «Ma maison est dans la rue¼: des expériences de la population sans-abri de Novo Hamburgo

Resumo Este estudo objetiva analisar as vivências de pessoas em situação de rua vinculadas ao Centro de Referência Especializado para População em Situação de Rua (Centro POP) da cidade de Novo Hamburgo, no Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa realizada com seis participantes é de caráter exploratório-descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. Utilizaram-se um questionário sociodemográfico e uma entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram submetidos à análise temática. Em relação às vivências na rua, a violência apareceu como um elemento central. Os participantes relataram diferentes tipos de violência e práticas que retiram a dignidade do sujeito e perpetuam o lugar de exclusão. Ademais, foram atribuídos à rua diferentes sentidos, pois se configura tanto como um local de vulnerabilidade e insegurança quanto um espaço de sobrevivência e construção de vínculos. Evidencia-se, assim, a necessidade de políticas públicas afirmativas que garantam a dignidade e os direitos dessa população, combatendo especialmente as práticas de violência.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the experiences of homeless persons who attend a Specialized Reference Center for the Homeless Population in the municipality of Novo Hamburgo, in Rio Grande do Sul. This exploratory-descriptive qualitative research was carried out with six participants. Sociodemographic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Violence was identified as a key element in volunteers' experiences of homelessness. Participants reported different types of violence and actions that violated subjects' dignity and perpetuated exclusion spaces. Moreover, different meanings were attributed to the streets since participants perceived them as both a place of vulnerability and insecurity and as a space for survival and construction of bonds. Thus, we have evinced the need for affirmative public policies that guarantee the dignity and rights of this population, especially to combat violence.

Resumen Este estudio pretende analizar las vivencias de personas en situación de calle vinculadas al Centro de Referencia Especializado para Población en Situación de Calle (Centro POP) de la ciudad de Novo Hamburgo, en Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). La investigación realizada con seis participantes es exploratoria, descriptiva, de abordaje cualitativo. Se utilizaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y una entrevista semiestructurada. Los datos se sometieron al análisis temático. Sobre las vivencias en la calle, la violencia fue un elemento central. Los participantes relataron diferentes tipos de violencia y prácticas que quitan la dignidad del sujeto y perpetúan la exclusión. Además, atribuyeron a la calle diferentes sentidos, pues esta se configura tanto como un sitio de vulnerabilidad e inseguridad como un espacio de supervivencia y construcción de vínculos. Se evidencia, así, la necesidad de políticas públicas afirmativas que garanticen la dignidad y los derechos de esa población, especialmente en combate a las prácticas de violencia.

Résumé Cette étude a le but d'analyser les expériences des personnes sans-abri liées au Centre de Référence Spécialisé pour la Population en Sans-Abri (Centro POP) de Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul. Larecherche, réalisé eavec six participants, aun caractère exploratoire-descript if d'approche qualitative. On autilisé un questionnaire socio-démographique etune interview semi-structurée. Les données ont éte soumises à l'analyse thématique. La violence est considérée un élément central des expériences dans la rue. Les participants ont rapporté plusieurs types de violence et pratiques qui enlèvent leur dignité et perpétuent le lieu d'exclusion. Des différents sens sont aussi attribués à la rue, car elle se configure comme un lieu de vulnérabilité et insécurité, ainsi qu'un espace de survie et de construction de liens. Le besoin de politiques publiques affirmatives qui garantissent la dignité et les droits de cette population, en luttant contre les pratiques de violence est aussi relevé.

How structural and symbolic violence during resettlement impacts the social and mental wellbeing of forced migrant women: the lived experiences of Arabic speaking survivors of IPV resettled in Melbourne, Australia.

Forced migrant women experience high levels of violence across their journeys and violence can be characterised as having three overarching forms: structural, symbolic, and interpersonal. It is important to understand the intersecting nature of gendered forms of symbolic, structural and interpersonal violence, and their impact on the mental health of forced migrant women in order to develop holistic IPV and resettlement programs and interventions. This article adopts an ecological framework of violence and qualitative methods with mental health service providers and survivors of IPV to understand the intersections of different forms of violence and their impact on mental health as they relate to the lived experiences of Arabic-speaking forced migrant survivors currently residing in Melbourne, Australia. Our research has three key findings: (1) that forced migrant women living in Melbourne, Australia experience intersecting forms of violence during resettlement (2) Structural and symbolic violence against forced migrant women persists regardless of marital status (3) Autonomy and independence plays a vital role in the mental health and wellbeing of forced migrant women. Our findings reveal that structural and symbolic violence increase the risk of IPV for forced migrant women during resettlement and that even when forced migrant women leave IPV situations, structural and symbolic violence persist and exacerbate mental ill-health. This article also reveals the importance autonomy and independence in both the perpetration of violence and in healing and recovery.

De-naturalizing the "predatory": A study of "bogus" publications at public sector universities in Pakistan.

Predatory publishing has recently emerged as a menace in academia. University professors and researchers often exploit this practice for their economic gains and institutional prestige. The present study investigates such existing predatory publishing practices in Pakistani public sector universities drawing on the notion of symbolic violence. For this purpose, we analyzed 495 articles published by 50 university professors in the social sciences and humanities over the period 2017-2021. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 postgraduate students to gather their perspectives on publishing practices. The study shows that 69% of the sample papers were published in predatory journals, as identified in Pakistan's Higher Education Commission's (HEC) online journal recognition system (HJRS). Postgraduate students' insights inform the study that the students misrecognize these malpractices in academia as a problem what is referred to as "symbolic violence." Consequently, they engage in the process to increase their publications. Such publications enable both the university professors and the students to achieve the desired benefit, such as promotions, tenure, and academic degrees. We recommend that this practice must be altered at the policy level since it not only violates the HEC's standards for quality research but also damages the researchers' credibility and country's scientific reputation.

The myth of medical multiculturalism: how social closure marginalises traditional Chinese medicine in New Zealand.

This article uses neo-Weberian social closure theory and Bourdieu's theory of symbolic violence to examine the epistemic tension between biomedicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), a country that aspires to a multicultural model of healthcare. Drawing on interviews with TCM practitioners and analysis of TCM practitioners' attempt to become a regulated profession, we argue that a multicultural health model remains a myth as biomedical stakeholders deploy material and symbolic forms of social closure that limit the scope of TCM practice. Discourses of the need for scientific evidence, public safety, qualification standards and English language fluency undermine the culturally distinctive but pragmatic forms of medicine that TCM practitioners utilise. This has implications for TCM as practitioners are denied public funding, their scope of practice is limited, and the expectations for TCM to conform to a biomedical model of healthcare have created tensions within the TCM community.

Orthodoxy, illusio, and playing the scientific game: a Bourdieusian analysis of infection control science in the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Scientific and policy bodies' failure to acknowledge and act on the evidence base for airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a timely way is both a mystery and a scandal. In this study, we applied theories from Bourdieu to address the question, "How was a partial and partisan scientific account of SARS-CoV-2 transmission constructed and maintained, leading to widespread imposition of infection control policies which de-emphasised airborne transmission?". METHODS: From one international case study (the World Health Organisation) and three national ones (UK, Canada and Japan), we selected a purposive sample of publicly available texts including scientific evidence summaries, guidelines, policy documents, public announcements, and social media postings. To analyse these, we applied Bourdieusian concepts of field, doxa, scientific capital, illusio, and game-playing. We explored in particular the links between scientific capital, vested interests, and policy influence. RESULTS: Three fields-political, state (policy and regulatory), and scientific-were particularly relevant to our analysis. Political and policy actors at international, national, and regional level aligned-predominantly though not invariably-with medical scientific orthodoxy which promoted the droplet theory of transmission and considered aerosol transmission unproven or of doubtful relevance. This dominant scientific sub-field centred around the clinical discipline of infectious disease control, in which leading actors were hospital clinicians aligned with the evidence-based medicine movement. Aerosol scientists-typically, chemists, and engineers-representing the heterodoxy were systematically excluded from key decision-making networks and committees. Dominant discourses defined these scientists' ideas and methodologies as weak, their empirical findings as untrustworthy or insignificant, and their contributions to debate as unhelpful. CONCLUSION: The hegemonic grip of medical infection control discourse remains strong. Exit from the pandemic depends on science and policy finding a way to renegotiate what Bourdieu called the 'rules of the scientific game'-what counts as evidence, quality, and rigour.

Are Perceptions of Health Dependant on Social Class? Studying Soft Power and Symbolic Violence in a Health Promotion Program among Young Men at Vocational Schools.

Health behaviour among young people has a social gradient, and tends to be skewed in terms of gender as well. Young men in vocational educational settings are an example where the inequality in health is apparent. Addressing this problem requires an understanding of health behaviour and its determinants in the target group in order to be able to develop interventions that can address the problem. The aim of the paper is to investigate to what extent a multicomponent intervention based on the Whole School Approach, targeting the risk behaviours, smoking, eating and physical activity that have an impact on health behaviour among male students in a disadvantaged educational setting. The paper uses self-reported longitudinal data on risk behaviours from the "Gearing up the Body" 1-year intervention program that was implemented among students at a Danish vocational school. For the analysis, we created a score model to categorise students and behaviour. Analyses suggest that interventions had only a modest impact and what evidence there is shows that the interventions reduced the health behaviour scores by 0.03 points. More specifically, we find that symbolic violence reduces the health behaviour score of the healthy types by 0.20 points, whereas soft power increases the health behaviour of the unhealthy type by 0.05 points. An explanation for the disappointing results of the "Gearing up the Body" program is tension between different understanding of what is "right" and "wrong" health behaviour. We find that the ideas of soft power and symbolic violence can contribute to a better understanding of why health and health behaviour is understood differently among vocational students. Thus, the finding demonstrates that one needs to apply a participatory approach rather than a normative approach addressing the health behaviour of disadvantaged individuals.

"The Referee Plays to Be Insulted!": An Exploratory Qualitative Study on the Spanish Football Referees' Experiences of Aggression, Violence, and Coping.

Referees are essential participants in the sport of football. They are responsible for enforcing the rules and achieving the necessary impartiality for the matches. Referees are often target of hostile reactions from fans, players, and coaches. However, few studies have focused on these experiences and the strategies they use to manage them. In order to fill this gap, a qualitative interview-based study was developed to explore the experiences of a group of football referees (four males and four females) on aggression, violence, and coping. A thematic analysis was developed combining inductive and deductive processes. Results indicated that the most frequent aggressions experienced were verbal abuse. Most of the aggressions from spectators were of a sexist nature. When aggressions were considered normal by referees, symbolic violence emerged. Racist aggressions were directed to the two Moroccan participants. Problem and emotional-focused coping strategies were identified. The two most common referee responses to coaches' and players' verbal abuse were penalties and send-off calls. Smiling and not considering insults as a personal matter were two emotional-focused coping strategies used toward spectator aggressions. Implications for the referees' job and well-being as well as the quality of football competitions were highlighted to reduce aggressions and violence and to help referees to cope with hostile behaviors.

Competição e violência simbólica em jogos online: reflexões a partir do World of Warcraft / Competition and simbolic violence in online games: reflections from World of Warcraf / Competencia y violencia simbólica en juegos online: reflexiones de World of Warcraft

Dentre as modalidades de jogos digitais têm crescido os chamados jogos online multiplayers, jogos nos quais vários jogadores interagem entre si mesmo estando distantes geograficamente. O presente texto é um recorte de pesquisa de caráter etnográfico que utilizou um desses jogos, o World of Warcraft, como campo de estudo. Buscou-se, a partir de aproximações e analogias com as práticas esportivas, problematizar atividades coletivas realizada no universo virtual do jogo. Destacou-se questões relacionadas à violência simbólica, à racionalização e à quantificação do desempenho.

Among the modalities of digital games, the so-called multiplayer online games have grown, games in which several players interact with each other while being geographically distant. This paper is an excerpt from an ethnographic research that used one of these games, World of Warcraft, as a field of study. Based on approximations and analogies with sports practices, it was sought to discuss collective activities carried out in the virtual universe of the game. Issues related to symbolic violence, rationalization and quantification of performance were highlighted.

Entre las modalidades de los juegos digitales han crecido los llamados juegos multijugador, juegos en los que varios jugadores interactúan entre sí estando geográficamente distantes. Este artículo es un extracto de una investigación etnográfica que utilizó uno de estos juegos, World of Warcraft, como campo de estudio. A partir de aproximaciones y analogías con las prácticas deportivas, se buscó discutir las actividades colectivas que se realizan en el universo virtual del juego. Se destacaron cuestiones relacionadas con la violencia simbólica, la racionalización y la cuantificación del desempeño.

Structural, everyday, and symbolic violence and the heightened vulnerability to HIV of women who use drugs in Tanzania.

Women who use drugs shoulder a disproportionate burden of the HIV epidemic in Tanzania. The mechanisms through which violence contributes to their excessively high rates of HIV have not been explored. In this paper, we use concepts of everyday, symbolic, and structural violence to critically examine the relationship between violence and heightened HIV vulnerability of women who use drugs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We conducted cross-sectional surveys with 200 women who use drugs and follow-up, in-depth interviews with 30 survey participants who identified as living with HIV between November 2018 and March 2019. We drew from grounded theory methods to analyze qualitative data and complemented qualitative findings with survey results. Structural violence perpetuated constraints on women's economic opportunities and reduced their agency in sexual encounters manifesting in their disproportionately high rates of HIV. Nearly all women in our study engaged in sex work to meet basic needs and to support their drug use. Their involvement in overlapping drug use and sex work scenes exposed them to physical and sexual violence. Despite the pervasiveness of structural and everyday violence, some women reenacted agency by adopting strategies to maintain control and safety, and to exercise harm reduction. A multi-pronged, structural harm reduction strategy is critical to reducing violence experienced by women who use drugs and their ability to protect themselves from HIV.

Violencia simbólica en Instituciones de Educación Superior. Experiencia de docentes de una Universidad Pública colombiana / Symbolic violence in higher education institutions. Experience of teachers from a public university

En las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) se presentan algunas formas de violencia directa, aunque poco se han estudiado otras formas de violencia como la simbólica. Objetivo: señalar, a partir de las experiencias de algunos docentes de educación superior, las manifestaciones de violencia simbólica presentes en su lugar de trabajo. Método: investigación de corte mixto enmarcada en el paradigma empírico analítico. Se utilizaron como instrumentos una encuesta estructurada aplicada a 200 docentes y una entrevista en profundidad en la que participaron cinco docentes de una IES pública en Colombia. Resultados: los hallazgos develan la presencia de ciertas formas de violencia simbólica en la IES que se traducen, principalmente, en limitaciones al ejercicio del libre desarrollo de cátedra, restricciones para opinar o presentar los puntos de vista, dificultades para el reconocimiento de la pluralidad ideológica, tratamiento diferencial por sexo y escasa importancia otorgada a algunas disciplinas. Conclusión: las universidades son estructuras jerárquicas de poder sobre las cuales pueden anidar formas particulares de violencia simbólica que exigen estrategias y líneas de acción particulares desde la gestión humana.

In Higher Education Institutions there are some forms of direct violence, although seldom nobody has been studied other forms of violence such as symbolic violence. Objective: to point out, based on the experiences of some higher education professors, the manifestations of symbolic violence present in their workplace. Method: research of mixed focus framed in the analytical empirical paradigm. The instruments used were a structured survey applied to 200 professors and an in-depth interview in which five professors from a public higher education institution in Colombia participated. Results: The findings reveal the presence of certain forms of symbolic violence in the HEI that are translated, mainly, in limitations to the exercise of the free development of the chair, restrictions to express their opinions or own points of view, difficulties in the recognition of ideological plurality, differential treatment by sex and not more importance given to some disciplines. Conclusion: universities are hierarchical structures of power on which special forms of symbolic violence can nest that require strategies and particular lines of action from human management.

Understanding long-term HIV survivorship among African American/Black and Latinx persons living with HIV in the United States: a qualitative exploration through the lens of symbolic violence.

BACKGROUND: Persons living with HIV (PLWH) are living longer, although racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities persist. Yet, little is known about the experience of living with and managing HIV over decades. The present study took a qualitative approach and used the lens of symbolic violence, a type of internalized, non-physical violence manifested in the power differential between social groups. We focused on adult African American/Black and Latinx (AABL) PLWH from low-SES backgrounds. METHODS: Data were drawn from two studies with AABL PLWH in New York City (N = 59). After providing signed informed consent, participants engaged in in-depth semi-structured interviews on aspects of HIV management. Interviews were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed verbatim, and data were analyzed using directed qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Participants in the two studies were comparable on sociodemographic and background characteristics. They had lived with HIV for 20 years, on average (range 3-33 years). All were from low-SES backgrounds and most were African American/Black and men. Participants experienced a convergence of multiple social exclusions, harms, and stigmas, consistent with symbolic violence, which contributed to disengagement from HIV care and discontinuation of HIV medications. We organized results into five sub-themes: (1) participants were "ground down" over time by material, social, and emotional challenges and this diminished self-worth and, at times, the will to live; (2) social isolation and self-isolation, based in part on feeling devalued and dehumanized, served as stigma-avoidance strategies and mechanisms of social exclusion; (3) stigmatizing aspects of patient-provider interactions, both experienced and anticipated, along with (4) restricted autonomy in HIV care and other settings (e.g., parole) reduced engagement; and (5) poor HIV management was internalized as a personal failure. Importantly, resilience was evident throughout the five sub-themes. CONCLUSIONS: Symbolic violence is a useful framework for understanding long-term HIV management and survivorship among AABL PLWH from low-SES backgrounds. Indeed, forms of symbolic violence are internalized over time (e.g., experiencing devaluation, dehumanization, loss of self-worth, and anticipated stigma), thereby impeding successful HIV management, in part because avoiding HIV care and discontinuing HIV medications are primary coping strategies. Results have implications for interventions in community and health care settings.

"Dirty like a Tenant": Migration and Embodied Dispositions in Malawi.

Much has been written about how structural (e.g. colonialism) and social (e.g. gender) determinants shape embodied health outcomes. However, little attention has been paid to the ways that marginalized populations become complicit in their own oppression. Ethnographic data collected over two years at a rural public hospital in Malawi show that the tobacco political economy produces significant intra-rural inequalities that result in the exclusion of migrant farm workers, called "tenants," from HIV care. Using an analytical framework informed by Bourdieu's concepts of social field and habitus, I illustrate how social inequalities persist unchallenged, even by the most disadvantaged people.

Rehabilitation doxa and practitioner judgment. An analysis of symbolic violence on health care provision in the Scottish prison system / Doxa da rehabilitação e o julgamento professional. Uma análise da violência simbólica na provisão de cuidados em saúde no sistema prisional escocês

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the symbolic conditions which govern health care provision in the Scottish prison system. The paper considers the wider context of Scottish prisons, where health care provision follows a similar structure both in juvenile and adult prisons. Our intention is to provoke a debate about the doxa (Bourdieu, 1977), which underlies decision making in respect of health care in prison, in a political environment where pragmatism, allied to the 'pathologisation' of social policies, health and criminal justice has been a hegemonic force.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma análise das condições simbólicas que governam a provisão de saúde nos sistemas prisional escocês. O artigo considera o contexto ampliado do sistema prisonal escocês, onde a provisão de saúde segue uma estrutura similar tanto nas unidades juvenis quanto nas de adultos. Nossa intenção é provocar um debate sobre a doxa (Bourdieu, 1977) que sustenta as tomadas de decisão sobre provisão de saúde nas prisões, onde o contexto político marcado pelo pragmatismo, aliado à 'patologização' das políticas sociais, de saúde e de justiça criminal, tem sido uma força hegemônica.

Quality of life of patients after total laryngectomy: the struggle against stigmatization and social exclusion using speech synthesis.

In this article, we deal with the problem of potential stigmatization and social exclusion of people that have voice/speech problems due to neck cancer, especially those who have lost their voice because of total laryngectomy, and we analyze how this potential stigmatization could be alleviated by personalized speech synthesis. We used a mixed-method approach, consisting of quality of life questionnaires and in-depth semi-structured interviews, in order to provide more generalizable as well as rich information. We found out that people with speech problems feel depressed because of their health status and anxiety during social interactions, as they think that other people perceive them as abnormal, or they directly experience symbolic violence. For overcoming these negative feelings, the crucial factors are family relationships and maintaining employment. In both factors, speech synthesis can help significantly. Implications for rehabilitation Personalized speech synthesis can help considerably to people with severe voice impairment in their (re)integration into society. Where possible and appropriate, personalized speech synthesis should be offered as an option to "traditional" voice substitutions.

Análise das violências simbólicas nas histórias orais de transgêneros de Juiz de Fora - MG / Analysis of symbolic violence in oral stories of transgender from Juiz de Fora ­ MG

Este artigo visa analisar as violências simbólicas vivenciadas por sujeitos transgêneros na sociedade e no mundo do trabalho. Para embasar as análises, utilizam-se os conceitos de poder simbólico e violência simbólica, bem como diversos trabalhos de autores nacionais que têm se dedicado ao estudo da diversidade sexual nas organizações e aos estudos de transgêneros. Os dados foram coletados através de uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foram realizadas entrevistas de história oral com seis indivíduos transgêneros, residentes de Juiz de Fora - MG. Assim, enfatizamos a estigmatização de que são expostos tais sujeitos tendo por consequência violências e exclusão no âmbito social e organizacional.(AU)

This article aims to analyze the symbolic violence experienced by transgender subjects in society and the world of work. To support the analysis, it uses the concepts of symbolic power and symbolic violence, as well as several works of national authors who have dedicated to the study of sexual diversity in organizations and transgender studies. Data were collected through a qualitative research, in which oral history interviews were conducted with six transgender individuals from Juiz de Fora - MG. Thus, we emphasize the stigmatization of which are exposed these subjects witch result in violence and exclusion in social and organizational context.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la violencia simbólica experimentado por los sujetos transgéneros en la sociedad y el mundo del trabajo. Para apoyar el análisis, que utiliza los conceptos de poder simbólico y la violencia simbólica, así como varias obras de autores nacionales que se han dedicado al estudio de la diversidad sexual en las organizaciones y los estudios de transgénero. Los datos fueron colectados mediante una investigación cualitativa, en la que se llevaron a cabo entrevistas de historia oral con seis transexuales, residentes Juiz de Fora - MG. Por lo tanto, hacemos hincapié en la estigmatización de los que están expuestos estos temas con el resultado de violencia y exclusión en el contexto social y organizativa.(AU)