Persistent right aortic arch and aberrant left subclavian artery in a dog / Persistência de arco aórtico direito e artéria subclávia esquerda aberrante em um cão

A 1.5-year-old male German Shepherd dog was referred to a Teaching Veterinary Hospital with a chronic history of regurgitation and a previous presumptive diagnosis of megaesophagus. An esophagogram showed partial esophageal dilation, suggesting one vascular ring anomaly. Computed tomography identified a persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) and an aberrant left subclavian artery (ALSA). The patient underwent thoracotomy, ligamentum arteriosum ligation, and debridement of the periesophageal region. The ligation of the ALSA was not carried out because the esophagus was observed to be released entirely during the surgical intervention. Therefore, intervention on the subclavian artery was not necessary. Clinical follow-up occurred on seven, 14, and 30 postoperative days. The dog improved, showing only sporadic regurgitations. Clinical history and complementary exams were essential to establish a diagnosis. The liberation of the esophageal transit during surgery contributed to the decision not to perform the ALSA ligation.(AU)

Um cão pastor alemão, macho, de 1,5 anos de idade, foi atendido em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário com história crônica de regurgitação e diagnóstico presuntivo prévio de megaesôfago. Um esofagograma mostrou dilatação parcial do esôfago sugerindo uma anomalia de anel vascular. A tomografia computadorizada identificou persistência do arco aórtico direito (PAAD) e artéria subclávia esquerda aberrante (ALSA). O paciente foi submetido à toracotomia, ligadura do ligamento arterioso e desbridamento da região periesofágica. A ligadura da ALSA não foi realizada, pois, durante a intervenção cirúrgica, observou-se que o esôfago estava completamente liberado, não sendo necessária intervenção na artéria subclávia. O acompanhamento clínico ocorreu aos sete, 14 e 30 dias de pós-operatório. O cão evidenciou boa recuperação, apresentando apenas regurgitações esporádicas. A história clínica associada aos exames complementares foi essencial para o diagnóstico. A liberação do trânsito esofágico durante a cirurgia contribuiu para a decisão de não realizar a ligadura da ALSA.(AU)

Bloqueo en el plano del músculo erector de la columna para analgesia perioperatoria en un paciente adolescente sometido a cirugía torácica mayor con extirpación múltiple de costillas: informe de un caso / Erector spinae plane block for perioperative analgesia in an adolescent patient undergoing major thoracic surgery with multiple rib resection: A case repor

El dolor tras la realización de incisiones por toracotomía, especialmente cuando implican extirpaciones de costillas múltiples, puede ser devastador. Reportamos aquí un manejo del dolor perioperatorio mediante bloqueo en el plano del músculo erector de la columna con inserción de catéter en el caso de un paciente de 16 años con sarcoma de Ewing, que requirió cirugía torácica mayor para resección del tumor con extirpación de la séptima, octava, novena y 10.ª costillas, y de parte del diafragma con reconstrucción mediante malla. El bloqueo en el plano del músculo erector de la columna ecoguiado es un bloqueo simple que puede aportar un control estático y dinámico del dolor, excelente en la cirugía torácica mayor en adolescentes.(AU)

Pain following thoracotomy incisions, particularly involving multiple rib resections, can be devastating. We report our experience using erector spinae plane block with catheter placement for perioperative pain management in a 16 year old patient with Ewing sarcoma. The patient required major thoracic surgery involving resection of the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th ribs and part of the diaphragm to remove the tumour, followed by mesh reconstruction. Ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block is a simple technique that can provide excellent static and dynamic pain control following major thoracic surgery in adolescents.(AU)

Three-level thoracic disc herniation: transthoracic decompression without fixation / Hernia discal dorsal de tres niveles: descompresión transtorácica sin fijación

Abstract Thoracic disc herniation is a rare pathology com pared to the rest of the herniated discs. Due to their difficult access to the area of compromise and proximity to the spinal cord they represent a real challenge for the spine surgeon. The objective is to report an atypical case with three symptomatic dorsal disc herniations which required surgical treatment. Surgery was performed in two times with a lapse of 12 months between interven tions. It was done a minimally invasive transthoracic decompression and intersomatic arthrodesis without instrumentation. The patient presented good neurologi cal recovery without any serious sequelae.

Resumen La hernia de disco dorsal es una afección poco fre cuente en comparación con el resto de las hernias discales. Por su difícil acceso a la zona de compromiso y cercanía de la médula espinal representan un verda dero desafío para el cirujano de columna. El objetivo del trabajo es presentar un caso atípico con tres hernias de disco dorsales sintomáticas en forma sincrónica que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico. La cirugía se hizo en dos tiempos con un lapso de 12 meses entre las intervenciones. Se realizó descompresión transtorácica mínimamente invasiva y artrodesis intersomática sin instrumentación en cada nivel. El paciente presentó buena recuperación neurológica sin ninguna secuela grave.

Postoperative morbidity after anatomical lung resections by VATS vs thoracotomy: Treatment and intention-to-treat analysis of the Spanish Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Group / Morbilidad postoperatoria después de una resección pulmonar anatómica mediante cirugía toracoscópica frente a cirugía abierta: análisis por tratamiento y por intención de tratar del Grupo Español de Cirugía Torácica Videoasistida

Objectives In recent years, video-assisted thoracoscopic lung resections (VATS) have been associated with lower morbidity than open surgery. The aim of our study is to compare postoperative morbidity among patients from the national database of the Spanish Group of Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (GE-VATS) after open and video-assisted anatomic lung resections using a propensity score analysis.MethodsFrom December 2016 to March 2018, a total of 3533 patients underwent anatomical lung resection at 33 centers. Pneumonectomies and extended resections were excluded. A propensity score analysis was performed to compare the morbidity of the thoracotomy group (TG) vs the VATS group (VATSG). Treatment and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses were conducted.ResultsIn total, 2981 patients were finally included in the study: 1092 (37%) in the TG and 1889 (63%) in the VATSG for the treatment analysis; and 816 (27.4%) in the TG and 2165 patients (72.6%) in the VATSG for the ITT analysis. After propensity score matching, in the treatment analysis, the VATSG was significantly associated with fewer overall complications than the TG OR 0.680 [95%CI 0.616, 0.750]), fewer respiratory (OR 0.571 [0.529, 0.616]) cardiovascular (OR 0.529 [0.478, 0.609]) and surgical (OR 0.875 [0.802, 0.955]) complications, lower readmission rate (OR 0.669 [0.578, 0.775]) and a reduction of hospital length of stay (−1.741 ([−2.073, −1.410]). Intention-to-treat analysis showed only statistically significant differences in overall complications (OR 0.76 [0.54–0.99]) in favor of the VATSG.ConclusionIn this multicenter population, VATS anatomical lung resections have been associated with lower morbidity than those performed by thoracotomy. However, when an intention-to-treat analysis was performed, the benefits of the VATS approach were less prominent. (AU)

Introducción El objetivo de nuestro estudio es comparar la morbilidad postoperatoria entre los pacientes de la base de datos nacional del Grupo Español de Cirugia Torácica Videoasistida (GE-VATS) después de resecciones pulmonares anatómicas abiertas y videoasistidas mediante un análisis de emparejamiento por índice de propensión.MétodosDesde Diciembre de 2016 hasta Marzo de 2018, un total 3533 pacientes fueron intervenidos de resección pulmonar anatómica en 33 centros. Se excluyeron las neumonectomías y las resecciones extendidas. Se realizó un análisis de índice de propensión para comparar la morbilidad de cirugía abierta (TG) frente a VATS (VATSG). Se realizó un análisis por tratamiento y por intención de tratar (ITT).ResultadosEn el estudio se incluyeron finalmente 2981 pacientes: 1092 (37%) en TG y 1889 (63%) en VATSG. En el análisis por tratamiento, la VATS se asoció significativamente con menor tasa de complicaciones que la cirugía abierta (OR 0.680 [95%CI 0.616, 0.750]), de complicaciones respiratorias (OR 0.571 [0.529, 0.616]), cardiovasculares (OR 0.529 [0.478, 0.609]) y quirúrgicas (OR 0.875 [0.802, 0.955]), menor tasa de reingresos (OR 0.669 [0.578, 0.775]) y menor estancia (−1.741 ([−2.073, −1.410]). En el de intención de tratar, se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas a favor de la VATS solo en las complicaciones en general (OR 0.76 [0.54–0.99]).ConclusionesEn esta población multicéntrica, las lobectomías y segmentectomias anatómicas por VATS se han asociado con menor tasa de complicaciones que las realizadas por toracotomía. Sin embargo, en el análisis por intención de tratar, los beneficios de la VATS no fueron tan evidentes. (AU)

Erector spinae plane block for perioperative analgesia in an adolescent patient undergoing major thoracic surgery with multiple rib resection: A case report.

Pain following thoracotomy incisions, particularly involving multiple rib resections, can be devastating. We report our experience using erector spinae plane block with catheter placement for perioperative pain management in a 16 year old patient with Ewing sarcoma. The patient required major thoracic surgery involving resection of the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th ribs and part of the diaphragm to remove the tumour, followed by mesh reconstruction. Ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block is a simple technique that can provide excellent static and dynamic pain control following major thoracic surgery in adolescents.

Sistema de presión negativa como tratamiento de la venta torácica: informe de caso / Negative pressure system as a thoracic window treatment: a case report

Introducción: Se presenta un caso clínico de sistema de presión negativa como tratamiento de ventana torácica derecha, realizado en la clínica de heridas. Se describe el tiempo y proceso de cicatrización, desde la llegada del paciente hasta la cicatrización total. Caso: Hombre de 24 años, postoperado de toracotomía, se le colocó terapia de presión negativa inicial a -75mmHg con intensidad media y modalidad continua; se aplicó esponja blanca para proteger el pulmón expuesto y esponja de plata, con tres cambios cada siete días. Posteriormente, se realizaron diez cambios de esponjas cada cuatro días, identificando disminución de las dimensiones de la ventana torácica. En la semana once inició tratamiento con terapia húmeda y fibrina rica en plaquetas, la cual se colocó en el lecho de la herida, aplicándose una vez por semana durante un mes. A partir de la semana quince se realizó curación diaria con aplicación de sulfadiazina de plata. El paciente fue dado de alta en la semana veinte con la herida 100% epitelizada. Conclusiones: El uso de la terapia de presión negativa acelera el proceso de curación, reduce las complicaciones y la carga bacteriana del tejido, debido a que la esponja de plata actúa como barrera antimicrobiana.

Introduction: A clinical case of negative pressure system as a right thoracic window treatment, performed in the wound clinic, is presented. The time and healing process from patient arrival to complete healing is described. Case: A 24-year-old man, postoperative thoracotomy, was placed on negative pressure therapy at -75mmHg with medium intensity and continuous mode; white sponge was applied to protect the exposed lung and silver sponge, with three changes every seven days. Subsequently, ten sponge changes were performed every four days, identifying a decrease in the dimensions of the thoracic window. In week eleven, the patient started treatment with wet therapy and platelet-rich fibrin, which was placed in the wound bed and applied once a week for a month. From week fifteen onwards, daily healing was performed with silver sulfadiazine application. The patient was discharged at week twenty with the wound 100% epithelialized. Conclusions: The use of negative pressure therapy accelerates the healing process, reduces complications and tissue bacterial load, due to the silver sponge acting as an antimicrobial barrier.

Comparative Analysis Between Isolated Posterior and Anteroposterior Approaches for Severe Scoliosis Treatment / Análise comparativa entre as abordagens cirúrgicas por via posterior isolada e por via anteroposterior para tratamento de escoliose severa

Abstract Objective To comparatively analyze isolated posterior and double surgical approaches for the treatment of severe scoliosis. Methods We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 32 patients with scoliosis angular value > 70° submitted to surgical treatment in a tertiary hospital between 2009 and 2019. These patients were divided into two groups: PV group with 17 patients submitted to arthrodesis by isolated posterior route (PV) and APV group with 15 patients approached anteriorly and posteriorly (APV). In the PV group, there were 16 female patients and 1 male, with a mean age of 16.86 years old. In the APV group, there were 10 female patients and 5 males, with a mean age of 17.71 years old. Cobb angles were measured by a single spinal surgeon manually on panoramic radiographs, orthostasis before and after surgery. Weight, pre- and postoperative height, and duration of the procedure were also evaluated. Results In the PV group, preoperative and postoperative Cobb angles, verified in the main curve, were 96.06 ± 8.45° and 52.27 ± 15.18°, with an average correction rate of 0.54 ± 0.16, respectively. In the APV group, these values were 83.12 ± 11.60° for preoperative Cobb angle, and 48.53 ± 10.76° postoperatively, with correction rate of the main curve of 0.58 ± 0.11. Conclusion The two forms of surgical approach for the treatment of severe scoliosis were astowed as to the rate of correction of the deformity. Therefore, isolated posterior access has an advantage over the double approach, based on shorter surgical time, shorter hospital stay, and less risk of complications

Resumo Objetivo Analisar comparativamente as abordagens cirúrgicas por via posterior isolada e dupla abordagem para tratamento da escoliose severa. Métodos Analisou-se retrospectivamente prontuários de 32 pacientes com escoliose de valor angular > 70° submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico em hospital terciário entre 2009 e 2019. Dividiu-se estes pacientes em dois grupos: Grupo VP com 17 pacientes submetidos a artrodese por via posterior isolada (VP) e Grupo VAP com 15 pacientes abordados por via anterior e posterior (VAP). O Grupo VP apresentou 16 pacientes do sexo feminino e 1 do masculino, com idade média de 16,86 anos. No grupo VAP, 10 pacientes do sexo feminino e 5 do masculino, com idade média de 17,71 anos. Os ângulos de Cobb foram mensurados por único cirurgião de coluna, manualmente, em radiografias panorâmicas, em ortostase no pré- e pós-operatório. Foram avaliados também peso, altura pré- e pós-operatória e duração do procedimento. Resultados No Grupo VP, o ângulo de Cobb pré-operatório e pós-operatório, verificados na curva principal, foram respectivamente 96,06° ± 8,45° e 52,27 ± 15,18°, apresentando taxa média de correção de 0,54 ± 0,16. No grupo VAP, esses valores foram de 83,12° ± 11,60° para o ângulo de Cobb pré-operatório, 48,53 ± 10,76, pós-operatório, com a taxa de correção da curva principal de 0,58 ± 0,11. Conclusão As duas formas de abordagem cirúrgica para tratamento de escoliose severa se equiparam quanto à taxa de correção da deformidade. Portanto, o acesso posterior isolado apresenta vantagem em relação a dupla via, baseado no menor tempo cirúrgico, menor tempo de internação e menos risco de complicações

Postoperative morbidity after anatomical lung resections by VATS vs thoracotomy: Treatment and intention-to-treat analysis of the Spanish Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Group.

OBJECTIVES: In recent years, video-assisted thoracoscopic lung resections (VATS) have been associated with lower morbidity than open surgery. The aim of our study is to compare postoperative morbidity among patients from the national database of the Spanish Group of Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (GE-VATS) after open and video-assisted anatomic lung resections using a propensity score analysis. METHODS: From December 2016 to March 2018, a total of 3533 patients underwent anatomical lung resection at 33 centers. Pneumonectomies and extended resections were excluded. A propensity score analysis was performed to compare the morbidity of the thoracotomy group (TG) vs the VATS group (VATSG). Treatment and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses were conducted. RESULTS: In total, 2981 patients were finally included in the study: 1092 (37%) in the TG and 1889 (63%) in the VATSG for the treatment analysis; and 816 (27.4%) in the TG and 2165 patients (72.6%) in the VATSG for the ITT analysis. After propensity score matching, in the treatment analysis, the VATSG was significantly associated with fewer overall complications than the TG OR 0.680 [95%CI 0.616, 0.750]), fewer respiratory (OR 0.571 [0.529, 0.616]) cardiovascular (OR 0.529 [0.478, 0.609]) and surgical (OR 0.875 [0.802, 0.955]) complications, lower readmission rate (OR 0.669 [0.578, 0.775]) and a reduction of hospital length of stay (-1.741 ([-2.073, -1.410]). Intention-to-treat analysis showed only statistically significant differences in overall complications (OR 0.76 [0.54-0.99]) in favor of the VATSG. CONCLUSION: In this multicenter population, VATS anatomical lung resections have been associated with lower morbidity than those performed by thoracotomy. However, when an intention-to-treat analysis was performed, the benefits of the VATS approach were less prominent.

Onda vermelha: perfil dos pacientes atendidos em um hospital de trauma / Red wave: profile of patients served in a trauma hospital / Onda roja: perfil de pacientes atendidos en un hospital de trauma

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos pacientes atendidos pela onda vermelha em 2018 e 2019. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, de caráter transversal, retrospectiva, descritiva e documental realizada no Hospital de Pronto-Socorro João XXIII, Belo Horizonte, Brasil. O universo deste estudo foram 83 prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes que entraram no protocolo da Onda Vermelha. Foi realizada distribuições de frequência, medidas de tendência central (média e mediana) e de variabilidade (desvio padrão). Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes foi do sexo masculino, com idade entre 1 e 95 anos e média de 33,4 anos. O mecanismo do trauma mais frequente foi contuso, o meio transporte foi ambulância do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, a causa mais frequente dos traumas foi acidente automobilístico seguido de trauma por projétil de arma de fogo. As cirurgias mais frequentes foram laparotomia, toracotomia e craniectomia. Óbito foi o desfecho mais comum. Conclusão: Os pacientes chegam muito graves e o óbito foi o principal desfecho. Sugere-se estudos que possibilitem análise comparativa de dados e padronização do cálculo da probabilidade de sobrevivência. Recomenda-se atualização do protocolo da onda vermelha, incluindo outras cirurgias que já são realizadas e novos critérios de inclusão de pacientes. (AU)

Objective: To describe the profile of patients treated in the "Red Wave", in the period of 2018-2019. Methods: It is a quantitative, cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive and documentary research. Held at the first-aid post João XXIII Hospital, in Belo Horizonte. The universe of this study was 83 electronic medical records of patients who entered the "Red Wave" protocol. Simple frequency distributions, measures of central tendency (mean and median) and variability (standard deviation) have been performed. Results: Male, aged between 1 and 95 years old, being an average at 33,4 years old. The most frequent trauma mechanism was blunt, the means of transport was an ambulance from the Mobile Emergency Service, the causes of the trauma were an automobile accident, followed by trauma by a firearm projectile. From the performed surgeries, the most frequent ones were laparotomy, thoracotomy and craniectomy. Among the outcome, death was the most common one among patients. Conclusion: Patients arrive very seriously and death was the main outcome. Studies that allow comparative data analysis and standardization of the calculation of survival probability are suggested. It is recommended to update the red wave protocol, including other surgeries that are already performed and new inclusion criteria for patients. (AU)

Objetivo: Describir el perfil de los pacientes atendidos por la onda roja en 2018 y 2019. Métodos: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, retrospectivo, descriptivo y documental realizado en el Hospital de Pronto-Socorro João XXIII, Belo Horizonte, Brasil. El universo de este estudio fue de 83 historias clínicas electrónicas de pacientes que ingresaron al protocolo Red Wave. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencia, medidas de tendencia central (media y mediana) y variabilidad (desviación estándar). Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes eran varones, con edades comprendidas entre 1 y 95 años y media de 33,4 años. El mecanismo de traumatismo más frecuente fue contundente, el medio de transporte fue una ambulancia del Servicio Móvil de Emergencias, la causa más frecuente de traumatismo fue un accidente automovilístico seguido del traumatismo por proyectil de arma de fuego. Las cirugías más frecuentes fueron laparotomía, toracotomía y craniectomía. La muerte fue el resultado más común. Conclusión: Los pacientes llegan muy en serio y la muerte fue el resultado principal. Se sugieren estudios que permitan el análisis de datos comparativos y la estandarización del cálculo de la probabilidad de supervivencia. Se recomienda actualizar el protocolo de onda roja, incluyendo otras cirugías que ya se realizan y nuevos criterios de inclusión de pacientes. (AU)

Doble cuarto arco aórtico persistente en un perro (Canis familiaris): reporte de caso

El doble arco aórtico persistente es una patología caracterizada por anomalías embrionarias en la vascularización, que pueden afectar de manera indirecta a otros sistemas, como el digestivo y el respiratorio. El objetivo de este documento es reportar un caso de doble arco aórtico, persistente en un cachorro Bull terrier, de seis meses de edad. El paciente ingresó a consulta por motivo de regurgitaciones frecuentes y pérdida ponderal. En el estudio radiográfico, se evidenció dilatación esofágica craneal a la base del corazón y en la toracotomía, se confirmó un doble arco aórtico persistente. Se realizó manejo nutricional y posteriormente, corrección quirúrgica de la anomalía vascular. Este es el primer caso de una anomalía de este tipo en Colombia. Se concluye, que un manejo quirúrgico enfocado a liberar el anillo estenosante y a recuperar la función esofágica, son la base terapéutica de este tipo de alteraciones.

Persistent double aortic arch is a pathology characterized by embryonic vascularization anomalies, which can indirectly affect other systems such as the digestive and respiratory systems. The objective of this document is to report a case of persistent double aortic arch in a six-month-old Bull Terrier puppy. The patient was admitted for consultation due to frequent regurgitation and weight loss. The radiographic study revealed cranial esophageal dilation at the base of the heart, and a thoracotomy confirmed a persistent double aortic arch. Nutritional management was performed and subsequently, surgical correction of the vascular anomaly. This is the first case of an anomaly of this type in Colombia. It is concluded that surgical management focused on releasing the stenosing ring and recovering esophageal function are the therapeutic basis for this type of alteration.

Inserción intrapleural involuntaria de un catéter epidural en cirugía torácica: ¿está fuera de juego la analgesia regional o existe otra salida? / Unintended intrapleural insertion of an epidural catheter in thoracic surgery: Regional analgesia game over, or is there another way out?

En cirugía torácica, el control optimizado del dolor es esencial para prevenir disfunciones de la mecánica cardiorrespiratoria. La anestesia epidural y el bloqueo paravertebral son las técnicas analgésicas más populares. La inserción intrapleural involuntaria de un catéter epidural es una complicación infrecuente. Nuestro informe presenta un caso de un paciente sometido a resección de tumor pulmonar mediante cirugía toracoscópica asistida por video. Existió dificultad para la inserción del catéter debido a la obesidad del paciente, pero tras la inducción de la anestesia no se necesitó analgesia intravenosa adicional tras la inyección epidural. Se requirió convertir la cirugía en toracotomía, con identificación intrapleural del catéter epidural. Al finalizar la cirugía los cirujanos reorientaron el catéter en el espacio paravertebral, con confirmación de ausencia de fuga tras la inyección de anestesia local a través del catéter. En el periodo postoperatorio el control del dolor fue eficaz y sin complicaciones. Se trata de un caso exitoso que muestra que cuando encontramos complicaciones imprevistas podemos buscar soluciones alternativas para proporcionar a nuestro paciente el mejor tratamiento.(AU)

In thoracic surgery, optimized pain control is crucial to prevent dysfunction in cardiorespiratory mechanics. Epidural anesthesia and paravertebral block are the most popular techniques for analgesia. Unintended intrapleural insertion of an epidural catheter is a rare complication. Our report presents a case of a patient submitted to pulmonary tumor resection by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. There was difficulty in epidural insertion related to patient's obesity, but after general anesthesia induction, no additional intravenous analgesia was needed after epidural injection. Surgery required conversion to thoracotomy, with intrapleural identification of epidural catheter. At the end of surgery, surgeons reoriented catheter to paravertebral space, with leak absence confirmation after local anesthetic injection through the catheter. In postoperative period, pain control was efficient, with no complications. It was a successful case that shows that when we find unexpected complications, we can look for alternative solutions to give our patient the best treatment.(AU)

Unintended intrapleural insertion of an epidural catheter in thoracic surgery: regional analgesia game over, or is there another way out?

In thoracic surgery, optimized pain control is crucial to prevent dysfunction in cardiorespiratory mechanics. Epidural anesthesia (EA) and paravertebral block (PVB) are the most popular techniques for analgesia. Unintended intrapleural insertion of an epidural catheter is a rare complication. Our report presents a case of a patient submitted to pulmonary tumor resection by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). There was difficulty in epidural insertion related to patient's obesity, but after general anesthesia induction, no additional intravenous analgesia was needed after epidural injection. Surgery required conversion to thoracotomy, with intrapleural identification of epidural catheter. At the end of surgery, surgeons reoriented catheter to paravertebral space, with leak absence confirmation after local anesthetic injection through the catheter. In postoperative period, pain control was efficient, with no complications. It was a successful case that shows that when we find unexpected complications, we can look for alternative solutions to give our patient the best treatment.

Continuous thoracic paravertebral analgesia after minimally invasive atrial septal defect closure surgery in pediatric population: Effectiveness and safety analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Lateral thoracotomy is replacing traditional median sternotomy for atrial septal defect (ASD) closure in children in order to improve cosmetic outcomes. Continuous paravertebral block has been described as an effective and safe analgesic technique in children. The aim of this study is to assess pain management by continuous perfusion of local anesthetic through a thoracic paravertebral catheter (PVC) in a pediatric population after thoracotomy closure of ASD, and its effectiveness in a fast-track program. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Analgesic effectiveness, perioperative and safety-related data were analyzed in 21 patients who underwent thoracotomy closure of ASD with PVC. In the postoperative period, patients received continuous perfusion of bupivacaine 0.125% and fentanyl (1 mcg.ml-1) at 0.2 ml.kg-1.h-1 through the PVC. RESULTS: The median of mean pain scale score for each patient was 1.5. All patients were extubated in the operating theatre. No patient with PVC required opioid rescue. The median length of stay in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit was 48 hours. There were 3 adverse events related to PVC: 1 due to malposition and 2 due to accidental removal. No other complications or cases of local anesthetic toxicity were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: PVC provides effective, safe, opioid-saving analgesia in the postoperative period of ASD closure by thoracotomy in the context of a fast-track protocol.

Analgesia paravertebral torácica continua tras cirugía mínimamente invasiva de cierre de comunicación interauricular en población pediátrica: análisis de eficacia y seguridad / Continuous thoracic paravertebral analgesia after minimally invasive atrial septal defect closure surgery in pediatric population: Effectiveness and safety analysis

Introducción: La toracotomía lateral está sustituyendo la esternotomía media clásica para el cierre de la comunicación interauricular (CIA) en niños con objetivo de obtener un menor impacto estético. El bloqueo paravertebral continuo se ha descrito como una técnica analgésica efectiva y segura en niños. El objetivo del estudio es valorar el control analgésico tras el cierre de CIA por toracotomía, mediante la administración de anestésico local en perfusión continua a través de un catéter paravertebral torácico (CPV) en población pediátrica, y su efectividad en un programa fast-track. Métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se analizaron datos de efectividad analgésica, datos perioperatorios y relacionados con la seguridad en 21 pacientes intervenidos de cierre de CIA mediante toracotomía con CPV. En el periodo postoperatorio se empleó una perfusión continua a través del CPV de bupivacaína al 0,125% y fentanilo (1μg.ml-1) a 0,2ml.kg-1.h-1. Resultados: La mediana de las puntuaciones medias en las escalas de dolor de cada paciente fue 1,5. Todos los pacientes se extubaron en quirófano. Ningún paciente con CPV requirió rescate con opioides. La mediana de tiempo de estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos fue de 48h. Se objetivaron 3 eventos adversos relacionados con el CPV: uno debido a mala posición y 2 por salida accidental. No se registraron otras complicaciones ni casos de toxicidad por anestésicos locales. Conclusiones: El CPV proporciona una analgesia efectiva y segura en el postoperatorio de cierre de CIA mediante toracotomía en el contexto de un protocolo fast-track disminuyendo el consumo postoperatorio de opioides.(AU)

Introduction: Lateral thoracotomy is replacing traditional median sternotomy for atrial septal defect (ASD) closure in children in order to improve cosmetic outcomes. Continuous paravertebral block has been described as an effective and safe analgesic technique in children. The aim of this study is to assess pain management by continuous perfusion of local anesthetic through a thoracic paravertebral catheter (PVC) in a pediatric population after thoracotomy closure of ASD, and its effectiveness in a fast-track program. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Analgesic effectiveness, perioperative and safety-related data were analyzed in 21 patients who underwent thoracotomy closure of ASD with PVC. In the postoperative period, patients received continuous perfusion of bupivacaine 0.125% and fentanyl (1 μg.ml-1) at 0.2ml.kg-1.h-1 through the PVC. Results: The median of mean pain scale score for each patient was 1.5. All patients were extubated in the operating theatre. No patient with PVC required opioid rescue. The median length of stay in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit was 48hours. There were 3 adverse events related to PVC: 1 due to malposition and 2 due to accidental removal. No other complications or cases of local anesthetic toxicity were recorded. Conclusions: PVC provides effective, safe, opioid-saving analgesia in the postoperative period of ASD closure by thoracotomy in the context of a fast-track protocol.(AU)

Correlation between preoperative CT scan and lung metastases according to surgical approach in patients with colorectal cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The number of lung metastases (M1) of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) in relation to the findings of computed tomography (CT) is the object of study. METHODS: Prospective and multicenter study of the Spanish Group for Surgery of CRC lung metastases (GECMP-CCR). The role of CT in the detection of pulmonary M1 is evaluated in 522 patients who underwent a pulmonary metastasectomy for CRC. We define M1/CT as the ratio between metastatic nodules and those found on preoperative CT. Disease-specific survival (DSS), disease-free survival (DFS), and surgical approach were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: 93 patients were performed by video-assisted surgery (VATS) and 429 by thoracotomy. In 90%, the M1/CT ratio was ≤1, with no differences between VATS and thoracotomy (94.1% vs 89.7%, p=0.874). In the remaining 10% there were more M1s than those predicted by CT (M1/CT>1), with no differences between approaches (8.6% vs 10%, p=0.874). 51 patients with M1/CT>1, showed a lower median DSS (35.4 months vs 55.8; p=0.002) and DFS (14.2 months vs 29.3; p=0.025) compared to 470 with M1/CT≤1. No differences were observed in DSS and DFS according to VATS or thoracotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows equivalent oncological results in the resection of M1 of CRC using VATS or thoracotomy approach. The group of patients with an M1/CT ratio >1 have a worse DSS and DFS, which may mean a more advanced disease than predicted preoperatively.

Correlation between preoperative CT scan and lung metastases according to surgical approach in patients with colorectal cancer / Correlación entre TC preoperatoria y metástasis pulmonares según abordaje quirúrgico en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal

Introduction: The number of lung metastases (M1) of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) in relation to the findings of computed tomography (CT) is the object of study. Methods: Prospective and multicenter study of the Spanish Group for Surgery of CRC lung metastases (GECMP-CCR). The role of CT in the detection of pulmonary M1 is evaluated in 522 patients who underwent a pulmonary metastasectomy for CRC. We define M1/CT as the ratio between metastatic nodules and those found on preoperative CT. Disease-specific survival (DSS), disease-free survival (DFS), and surgical approach were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results: 93 patients were performed by video-assisted surgery (VATS) and 429 by thoracotomy. In 90%, the M1/CT ratio was ≤1, with no differences between VATS and thoracotomy (94.1% vs 89.7%, p=0.874). In the remaining 10% there were more M1s than those predicted by CT (M1/CT>1), with no differences between approaches (8.6% vs 10%, p=0.874). 51 patients with M1/CT>1, showed a lower median DSS (35.4 months vs 55.8; p=0.002) and DFS (14.2 months vs 29.3; p=0.025) compared to 470 with M1/CT≤1. No differences were observed in DSS and DFS according to VATS or thoracotomy. Conclusions: Our study shows equivalent oncological results in the resection of M1 of CRC using VATS or thoracotomy approach. The group of patients with an M1/CT ratio >1 have a worse DSS and DFS, which may mean a more advanced disease than predicted preoperatively(AU)

Introducción: El número de metástasis pulmonares (M1) de carcinoma colorrectal (CCR) en relación con los hallazgos de la tomografía computarizada (TC), es objeto de estudio. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico del Grupo Español de Cirugía de las metástasis pulmonares del CCR (GCMP-CCR). Se evalúa el papel de la TC en la detección de M1 pulmonares en 522 pacientes intervenidos de una metastasectomía pulmonar por CCR. Definimos como M1/CT al cociente entre los nódulos metastásicos y los hallados en la TC preoperatoria. Se analizó la supervivencia específica de enfermedad (SEE), la supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE) y el abordaje quirúrgico mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: En 93 pacientes se utilizó la cirugía videoasistida (VATS) y 429 toracotomías. En un 90% el cociente M1/TC fue ≤1, sin diferencias entre VATS y toracotomía (94,1 vs. 89,7%; p=0,874). En el 10% restante existían más M1 que las predichas por la TC (M1/CT>1), sin diferencias entre abordajes (8,6 vs. 10%; p=0,874). Cincuenta y un pacientes con M1/CT>1, mostraron una menor mediana de SEE (35,4 vs. 55,8 meses; p=0,002) y SLE (14,2 vs. 29,3 meses; p=0,025) en comparación con 470 con M1/CT≤1. No se observaron diferencias en la SEE y la SLE según VATS o toracotomía. Conclusiones Nuestro estudio muestra unos resultados oncológicos equivalentes en la resección de M1 de CCR mediante abordaje VATS o toracotomía. El grupo de pacientes con un cociente M1/CT>1 presentan una peor SEE y SLE, pudiendo significar una enfermedad más avanzada de la predicha preoperatoriamente(AU)

Cirugías por traumatismo torácico: caracterización y variables asociadas a mortalidad / Thoracic trauma surgery: indications, findings and mortality associated variables

Resumen Introducción: El traumatismo torácico (TT) es la causa de aproximadamente un cuarto de las muertes por traumatismos. Los pacientes tratados con cirugía por traumatismo torácico (CTT) presentan un amplio espectro de características y pronósticos. Objetivos: Describir características clínicas, indicaciones, temporalidad, morbilidad, mortalidad y las variables asociadas a mortalidad en pacientes con CTT. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional de pacientes tratados con CTT, período enero-1981 a diciembre-2019. Revisión de protocolos prospectivos de TT y base de datos. Se realizó regresión logística para variables asociadas a mortalidad. Se utilizó SPSS25® con prueba chi-cuadrado para comparar clasificación, tipo de TT y su distribución temporal, considerando significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: En total 808 casos (18,2%) de 4.448 TT requirieron CTT. Fueron hombres 767 (94,9%) y la edad promedio fue 31,5 ± 13,8 años. El traumatismo fue penetrante y por arma blanca en la mayoría de los casos. Fueron politraumatizados 164 (20,3%). La cirugía fue urgente en 474 (58,7%), precoz en 41 (5,0%) y diferida en 293 (36,3%) casos. La mortalidad global fue de 6,7% y fue significativamente mayor en TT contusos, politraumatizados y en cirugía urgente. La mortalidad fue 9,7% en CTT urgente, 4,9% en precoz y 2,0% en diferida (p < 0,001). Se observaron variables independientes asociadas a mortalidad. Conclusión: En nuestra serie, las CTT se realizaron principalmente en hombres jóvenes con TT penetrantes. Correspondieron a un grupo heterogéneo en cuanto a las indicaciones, hallazgos y lesiones intratorácicas y/o asociadas. Múltiples variables demostraron influir significativamente en la mortalidad de los pacientes tratados con CTT.

Background: Thoracic Trauma (TT) is the cause of approximately a quarter of trauma deaths. The patients who undergo Thoracic Trauma Surgery (TTS) present a wide spectrum of characteristics and prognosis. Aim: To describe clinical characteristics, indications, temporality, morbidity, mortality and mortality associated variables in TTS patients. Materials and Method: Observational study of TT hospitalized patients, period January-1981 to December-2019. A review of operation notes and database was done. A logistic regression for mortality associated variables was made. To compare classification, type of TT and its temporal distribution, SPSS25® with chi-square test was used, considering significant p < 0.05. Results: A total of 808 (18.2%) of 4.448 TT patients required TTS, 767 (94.9%) were men with average age: 31.5 ± 13.8. The trauma was penetrating trauma due to a stab in most cases, 164 (20.3%) were polytraumatized. The surgery was urgent in 474 (58.7%), early in 41 (5.0%) and delayed in 293 (36.3%) cases. The global mortality was 6.7% and was significantly higher in the blunt TT, polytrauma, urgent and early surgery patients. Mortality in urgent TTS was 9.7%, early 4.9% and 2.0% in delayed (p < 0.001). Independent variables associated with mortality were observed. Conclusions: In our series, TTS were performed mainly in young men with penetrating TT. The group was heterogeneous regarding surgical indications, findings and intrathoracic or associated injuries. Multiple variables showed to influence significantly on mortality in patients who underwent TTS.

Performance and outcome of ressucitative thoracotomies in a southern Brazil trauma center: a 7-year retrospective analysis / Desempenho e desfecho das toracotomias de reanimação realizadas em centro de trauma sul-brasileiro: análise retrospectiva de 7 anos

ABSTRACT Objective: the study aims to analyze the performance and outcome of resuscitation thoracotomy (TR) performed in patients victims of penetrating and blunt trauma in a trauma center in southern Brazil during a 7 years period. Methods: retrospective study based on the analysis of medical records of patients undergoing TR, from 2014 to 2020, in the emergency service of the Hospital do Trabalhador, Curitiba - Paraná, Brazil. Results: a total of 46 TR were performed during the study period, of which 89.1% were male. The mean age of patients undergoing TR was 34.1±12.94 years (range 16 and 69 years). Penetrating trauma corresponded to the majority of indications with 80.4%, of these 86.5% victims of gunshot wounds and 13.5% victims of knife wounds. On the other hand, only 19.6% undergoing TR were victims of blunt trauma. Regarding the outcome variables, 84.78% of the patients had declared deaths during the procedure, considered non-responders. 15.22% of patients survived after the procedure. 4.35% of patients undergoing TR were discharged from the hospital, 50% of which were victims of blunt trauma. Conclusion: the data obtained in our study are in accordance with the world literature, reinforcing the need for a continuous effort to perform TR, respecting its indications and limitations in patients victims of severe penetrating or blunt trauma.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o desempenho e o desfecho das toracotomias de reanimação (TR) realizadas nos pacientes vítimas de trauma penetrante e contuso em um hospital de referência em trauma no Sul do Brasil durante um período de sete anos. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo baseado na análise de prontuários de pacientes submetidos a TR, no período de 2014 a 2020, no serviço de emergência do Hospital do Trabalhador, Curitiba - Paraná, Brasil. Resultados: um total de 46 TR foram realizadas durante o período de estudo, dos quais 89.1% eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos pacientes submetidos a TR foi de 34.1±12.94 anos (variação de 16 e 69 anos). O trauma penetrante correspondeu pela maioria das indicações de TR com 80.4%, destas 86.5% vítimas de ferimentos por arma de fogo e 13.5% vítimas de ferimento por arma branca. Por outro lado, apenas 19.6% submetidos a TR foram vítimas de trauma contuso. No que se refere as variáveis de desfecho, 84.78% dos pacientes tiveram óbitos declarados durante o procedimento, considerados não respondedores. 15.22% dos pacientes apresentaram sobrevida após o procedimento. 4.35% dos pacientes submetidos à TR tiveram alta hospitalar, sendo 50% pacientes vítimas de trauma contuso. Conclusão: os dados obtidos em nosso estudo estão em conformidade com a literatura mundial, reforçando a necessidade de um esforço contínuo para realização da TR respeitando suas indicações e limitações em pacientes vítimas de trauma grave penetrante ou contuso.

La historia (des)conocida de las incisiones torácicas. Tercera parte: Las toracotomías del siglo XX

RESUMEN La mayoría de las toracotomías que con más frecuencia son utilizadas en la práctica quirúrgica actual fueron creadas en los quirófanos del siglo XX. En la búsqueda de diferentes opciones terapéuticas para lidiar con afecciones cancerígenas e infecciosas, de órganos torácicos y mediastinales, los padres de la cirugía torácica moderna crearon abordajes que han vencido la prueba del tiempo y se continúan practicando, a pesar del enorme desarrollo de la cirugía torácica de accesos mínimos o video-asistida. Sin embargo, muchos cirujanos desconocen los acontecimientos que rodearon el nacimiento de las principales toracotomías clásicas y, por otra parte, en no pocas ocasiones la historia ha reconocido como padres de algunas técnicas a quienes realmente no merecen ese crédito. En esta tercera parte de nuestra revisión se continúa exponiendo la historia, no del todo conocida, de las incisiones torácicas.

ABSTRACT Most of thoracotomies that are most frequently used in today's surgical practice were created in the operating rooms of the 20th century. In the search for different therapeutic options to treat cancerous and infectious conditions of the thoracic and mediastinal organs, the fathers of modern thoracic surgery created approaches that have stood the test of time and continue to be practiced, despite the enormous development of minimal access or video-assisted thoracic surgery. However, many surgeons are unaware of the events surrounding the birth of the main classical thoracotomies and, on the other hand, on more than a few occasions history has recognized as the fathers of some techniques those who do not really deserve that credit. In this third part of our review we continue to unravel the history of thoracic incisions, not all of which is well known.

La toracotomía axilar vertical. Consideraciones anestésicas incluidas en la aplicación de modificaciones / Vertical axillary thoracotomy, anesthetic considerations included in the application of modifications

RESUMEN La toracotomía axilar vertical es un procedimiento quirúrgico que permite realizar múltiples técnicas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades del tórax, área que implica consideraciones anestésicas especiales. El presente estudio pretende exponer determinantes para el manejo anestésico de pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por toracotomías axilares. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, mediante la búsqueda en bases de datos (Medline/Pubmed e Hinari), incluyendo los términos: toracotomía axilar vertical, manejo anestésico y cirugía torácica. Las determinantes identificadas dentro del manejo anestésico durante la toracotomía axilar vertical fueron la evaluación preoperatoria, monitorización, manejo de la vía aérea, estrategia de ventilación, tratamiento anestésico y la analgesia postoperatoria inmediata. Se determinó, de acuerdo con la necesidad y condiciones del equipo, establecer como prioritaria la defensa del momento óptimo de relajación muscular. El control hemodinámico del paciente, el aislamiento pulmonar, la relajación muscular para el abordaje quirúrgico, la ventilación pulmonar y la analgesia perioperatoria, siguen siendo hoy día la piedra angular del manejo anestésico en la toracotomía axilar vertical.

ABSTRACT Vertical axillary thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that allows multiple techniques to be performed for the diagnosis and treatment of chest diseases, an area that involves special anesthetic considerations. The present study aims to expose determinants for the anesthetic management of patients operated on for axillary thoracotomies. A bibliographic review was carried out by searching databases (Medline / Pubmed and Hinari), including the terms: vertical axillary thoracotomy, anesthetic management and thoracic surgery. The determinants identified within anesthetic management during vertical axillary thoracotomy were preoperative evaluation, monitoring, airway management, ventilation strategy, anesthetic treatment, and immediate postoperative analgesia. According to the needs and conditions of the team, it was determined to establish as a priority the defense of the optimal moment of muscle relaxation. Hemodynamic control of the patient, pulmonary isolation, muscle relaxation for the surgical approach, pulmonary ventilation, and perioperative analgesia continue to be the cornerstone of anesthetic management in vertical axillary thoracotomy today.