Early effects of COVID-19 on physical activity and screen time use among elementary school students in Columbus, New Mexico.

Adherence to national physical activity guidelines among youth ages 6-11 in the United States is low. The emergence of COVID-19 and the public health measures implemented in response may have decreased children's physical activity even further. We conducted an online survey among parents of students attending Columbus Elementary School in Columbus, New Mexico, a rural community on the US-Mexico border, to assess changes in children's physical activity and screen time use from summer 2019 to summer 2020. We also sought to identify important covariates. All parents (N = 55) and children (N = 87) identified as Hispanic; most parents were born in Mexico, while most children were born in the United States. Most parents (79.3%) reported a decrease in their children's physical activity from 2019 to 2020, and the vast majority of these parents reported that the changes were due to COVID-19 home confinement. The mean number of days children were physically active for >60 minutes significantly decreased, while daily screen time use increased. Having parents born in Mexico, infrequent family meals (<3/week), and not having community spaces for physical activity close by protected children from decreases in their level of physical activity from 2019 to 2020. Home-based exercise may serve as a suitable method of physical activity when public health responses to COVID-19 restrict community spaces. Future interventions should also be mindful of the role that parental nativity and related cultural factors may play in children's physical activity levels.

Time Use of Youth during a Pandemic: Evidence from Mexico.

Studying how the pandemic affects the education and work of adolescents is a critical question with long lasting implications for well-being of the next generation, particularly in the developing world. The Covid-19 pandemic by mid-March 2020 had led to the closing of most educational institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region has been one of the worst hit by the pandemic (Sanmarchi et al. 2021). This paper uses the Mexican National Occupation and Employment Survey (ENOE) to provide initial evidence on the pandemic's effects on school and work of youth. We measure changes in the time use of adolescents comparing patterns just before the pandemic (January to March 2020) with those at the beginning of the following school year (September 2020), controlling for pre pandemic trends and potential seasonality. Our study finds a sharp reduction in the probability of being engaged in studies during the previous week for youth age 12 to 18 during the pandemic, as well as a reduction of about 30 percent in total hours spent on studies for those who report spending at least one hour on studies in the previous week. Time in work in general shows fewer changes than in time dedicated to studies, with some reductions in the probability of working outside the home for older youth, and a small increase in the number of hours dedicated to work inside the household. Our results overall are suggestive of an important decrease in youth who are engaged with school, who may be at particular risk for abandoning school permanently. It also suggests that even for those who remain engaged, there is a reduction on time spent studying likely to lead to a decrease in learning. Policies to combat potential dropout and negative effects on learning of the pandemic are urgently needed.

Activity and rest alternation: temporal distribution and influencing factors in nocturnal rodents

Lifestyle and heredity are two different terms but yet closely related components. An evaluation for the time invested in sleep and locomotion behaviors per second in the Wistar rats animal model was carried out. A total of six rats within the same cage were marked by color in a room supported by the day’s light (12h lighting/12h darkness). These animals were filmed for 18 h daily for ten days (9h lighting, 9h darkness) to estimate the time budget of sleep and locomotion behaviors and the temporal distribution taking into account the nature of this biological model’s activity. The results obtained reveal sleeping/locomotion cycles respecting the natural photoperiod except for a rat that shows dominance in nocturnal sleep compared to the rest of the rats. These advances support a change in photoperiodic behavior in response to an adaptation to the rhythm imposed by the manipulator. They invite studies on a larger sample to consolidate this behavior controlled by the environment.

Activity and rest alternation: temporal distribution and influencing factors in nocturnal rodents

Lifestyle and heredity are two different terms but yet closely related components. An evaluation for the time invested in sleep and locomotion behaviors per second in the Wistar rats animal model was carried out. A total of six rats within the same cage were marked by color in a room supported by the days light (12h lighting/12h darkness). These animals were filmed for 18 h daily for ten days (9h lighting, 9h darkness) to estimate the time budget of sleep and locomotion behaviors and the temporal distribution taking into account the nature of this biological models activity. The results obtained reveal sleeping/locomotion cycles respecting the natural photoperiod except for a rat that shows dominance in nocturnal sleep compared to the rest of the rats. These advances support a change in photoperiodic behavior in response to an adaptation to the rhythm imposed by the manipulator. They invite studies on a larger sample to consolidate this behavior controlled by the environment.(AU)

Higiene de las prótesis removibles en pacientes atendidos en la Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo, Ecuador 2019 / Hygiene for removable dental prostheses in patients assisted at San Gregorio de Portoviejo University, Ecuador 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: la prótesis dental removible es un tratamiento rehabilitador que devuelve las funciones al sistema estomatognático; para su éxito se necesita responsabilidad y compromiso entre el profesional y el paciente sobre la higiene y modo de uso. Objetivo: determinar el estado higiénico de la prótesis removible acrílica en los pacientes atendidos en las clínicas odontológicas de la Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo en el periodo marzo-agosto de 2019. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal utilizando un cuestionario y una ficha de observación validados. Todos los sujetos de la investigación firmaron el consentimiento informado antes de responder el cuestionario y ser examinados. Se aplicó la estadística descriptiva, frecuencia y porcentaje. Resultados: fueron evaluados 100 paciente, con predominio del sexo femenino (74 %), y la edad de 50 años o más (54 %). Los resultados muestran que el 53 % de los pacientes usan prótesis confeccionadas por cinco o más años, y que el 94 % no ha asistido a controles subsiguientes. El método mecánico (86 %) es el más utilizado para higienizar las prótesis, y en el 65 % de las prótesis se observó acumulación de placa bacteriana y restos de alimento. La mayoría de los pacientes (78 %) usa la prótesis dental durante todo el día (24 horas) y, cerca de la mitad, tiene signos clínicos de estomatitis subprotésica (46 %). Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes no cumplen con las normas de higiene y uso de las prótesis removibles por lo cual se necesita un cambio en su educación y seguimiento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the removable dental prostheses is a rehabilitation treatment that returns the functions to the stomatognathic system; for its successful action it is necessary responsibility and commitment between the professional and the patient on hygiene and mode of use. Objective: to determine the hygienic condition of the removable acrylic prostheses in patients attended in the dental clinics at San Gregorio de Portoviejo University in the period March - August 2019. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a validated questionnaire and observation worksheet. All participants in the research provided handwritten signature informed consent form before answering the questionnaire and being examined. Descriptive statistics, frequency and percentage were applied. Results: a total of 100 patients were evaluated, with higher prevalence in females (74%), and 50 years of age or more (54%). The results show that 53% of the patients use prostheses made for five or more years, and 94% have not attended subsequent checks. The mechanical method (86%) is the most used to sanitize the prostheses, and in 65% of the prostheses was observed accumulation of bacterial plaque and food debris. Most patients (78%) wear their prostheses throughout the day (24 hours) and about half have clinical signs of subprosthetic stomatitis (46%). Conclusions: Most patients do not comply with the rules of hygiene and use of removable prostheses so a change is needed in their education and monitoring.

The Association of the Body Composition of Children with 24-Hour Activity Composition.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how the reallocation of time between sleep, sedentary time, light, and moderate-vigorous activities is associated with children's body composition. STUDY DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint within the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 938 11-12 year-olds, 50% boys). Twenty-four hour activity composition via accelerometry (minutes/day of sleep, sedentary time, light, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) and 3-part body composition (percentage truncal fat, percentage nontruncal fat, and percentage fat-free mass) via bioelectrical impedance analysis were measured. We estimated differences in 3-part body composition associated with the incremental reallocation of time between activities, using dual-compositional regression models adjusted for sex, age, puberty, and socioeconomic position. RESULTS: Reallocation of time between MVPA and any other activity was strongly associated with differences in body composition. Adverse body composition differences were larger for a given MVPA decrease than were the beneficial differences for an equivalent MVPA increase. For example, 15 minutes less MVPA (relative to remaining activities) was associated with absolute percentage differences of +1.7% (95% CI 1.2; 2.4) for truncal fat, +0.8% (0.6; 1.2) for nontruncal fat, and -2.6% (-3.5; -1.9) for fat-free mass, and a 15-minute increase was associated with -0.7% (-0.9; -0.5) truncal fat, -0.4% (-0.5; -0.3) nontruncal fat, and +1.1% (0.9; 1.5) fat-free mass. Reallocations between sleep, sedentary time, and light physical activity were not associated with differences in body composition. CONCLUSIONS: Preventing declines in MVPA during inactive periods (eg, holidays) may be an important intervention goal. More MVPA, instead of other activities, may benefit body composition.

Healthy behaviors competing for time: associations of sleep and exercise in working Americans.

OBJECTIVE: Exercise and sleep are two important health promoting behaviors, but large parts of the population do not exercise or are chronically sleep deprived. We investigated to what degree exercise and sleep compete with each other and with other waking activities for time. METHODS: Analyses are based on 2003-2016 American Time Use Survey data of a representative sample of N = 47,862 working Americans aged 18-65 years interviewed on weekdays. Models were adjusted for various sociodemographic variables and time spent working on the interview day. RESULTS: Long work hours and several sociodemographic variables were associated both with short sleep and low exercise rates. Respondents who exercised slept on average 15.5 min less (95% CI: -18.4 min; -12.7 min, P < .0001) than those who did not exercise. Sleep duration decreased with exercise duration in a dose-dependent manner. The strongest association between exercise and sleep duration was observed for exercise between 6 AM and 8 AM (ie, before work) and between 9 PM and 11 PM (ie, before bed). However, unless exercise was performed before work in the morning, exercise durations of up to 1 h were not associated with relevantly curtailed sleep. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that exercise and sleep compete with each other for time. However, exercise regimens that follow current guidelines are unlikely to curtail sleep substantially, especially since exercise has been shown to positively affect sleep structure and quality. Public health efforts should nevertheless emphasize the importance of both exercise and sleep, and of not sacrificing one activity for the other.

Tendências na alocação do tempo no Brasil: trabalho e lazer / Trends in allocation of time in Brazil: labor and leisure / Asignación del tiempo en Brasil: trabajo y ocio

O objetivo deste artigo é documentar as tendências na alocação do tempo no Brasil entre 2001 e 2015. Em particular, pretende-se analisar a evolução das jornadas semanais de trabalho no mercado e em afazeres domésticos, além do tempo semanal dedicado ao lazer. A análise é feita por gênero e tem como base a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os resultados revelam que os homens desfrutam de mais horas de lazer do que as mulheres, ainda que haja uma tendência de redução dessa diferença ao longo do tempo. Há uma elevação do tempo dedicado ao lazer para ambos os sexos, mas este aumento se dá de forma mais acentuada para as mulheres. Os resultados mostram ainda que a ampliação do número de horas de lazer ao longo do período foi ocasionada por razões diversas entre homens e mulheres. Para eles, a elevação do lazer (de quatro horas semanais) pode ser explicada pela redução expressiva nas horas trabalhadas no mercado, enquanto para elas, o ganho de sete horas semanais de lazer deve-se à redução nas horas dedicadas aos afazeres domésticos.

In this study, we document trends in the allocation of time by gender in Brazil. In particular, we analyze trends in market working hours, home working hours (household chores), and leisure times in Brazil between 2001 and 2015. The analysis was done by gender, and is based on the National Household Survey (PNAD). Results show men enjoy more leisure time than women, although this difference is decreasing over time. For both men and women, there is an increase in leisure time. Specifically, we show that leisure for men increased by 4 hours per week (driven by a decline in market working hours) whereas the increase amounted to 7 hours per week for women (driven by a decline in domestic production working hours).

El objetivo de este estudio es documentar las tendencias en la distribución del tiempo por género en Brasil entre 2001 y 2015. En particular, se analizan la evolución de las jornadas semanales de trabajo en el mercado y en las tareas domésticas, además del tiempo semanal dedicado al ocio. El análisis se hace por sexo y toma como base la encuesta nacional de hogares (PNAD por sus siglas en portugués). Los resultados muestran que los hombres brasileros disfrutan de más horas de ocio que las mujeres, aunque haya una tendencia a la reducción de esta diferencia a lo largo del tiempo. Hay un aumento del tiempo dedicado al ocio tanto en hombres como en mujeres, aunque de forma más acentuada en estas últimas. En concreto, los resultados muestran además que el aumento del número de horas a lo largo del período de estudio fue ocasionado por razones diferentes entre hombres y mujeres. Para los hombres, el aumento del tiempo de ocio (de cuatr horas semanales) puede explicarse por la reducción significativa de las horas tabajadas en el mercado, mientras que, para las mujeres este aumento (siete horas semanales) se explicaría por la reducción del tiempo dedicado a las tareas domésticas.

Estratificação Residencial, Valoração do Trabalho Doméstico e Uso do Tempo: Contribuições para a Análise do Caso do Brasil / Contributions to an Analysis of Residential Stratification, the Valuation of Domestic Labor, and Time Use in Brazil / Contributions à l'Analyse de la Stratification Résidentielle, de l'Estimation du Travail Domestique et de l'Usage du Temps au Brésil / Estratificación Residencial, Valoración del Trabajo Doméstico y Uso del Tiempo: Contribuciones al Análisis del Caso Brasileño

RESUMO Neste artigo propomos uma análise do trabalho doméstico não remunerado a partir da conjunção de duas perspectivas: a da estratificação social e a da economia doméstica. Para tal desenvolvemos uma escala de estratificação residencial, construída a partir do emprego da teoria da resposta ao item para a coleção dos bens empregados na produção doméstica em cada domicílio participante da Pesquisa de Usos do Tempo de Belo Horizonte. A utilização dessa escala possibilita, por um lado, a valoração de atividades não remuneradas no âmbito doméstico e da ocupação de "dona de casa", e por outro, o estudo da divisão sexual do trabalho por estrato social. A solidez da escala é indicada pela correlação extremamente alta entre ela e uma escala idêntica, construída a partir de dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares, assim como pela correlação relativamente alta com outros índices de estratificação baseadas na ocupação dos indivíduos. Os principais resultados indicam, de um lado, a persistência da divisão sexual do trabalho em todos os estratos socioeconômicos, e, de outro, uma baixa correlação negativa entre status e tempo de cuidados domésticos, exceto para os homens durante fins de semana, quando a relação se torna positiva.

ABSTRACT The following article provides an analysis of unpaid domestic labor according to the alignment of two perspectives: social stratification and the domestic economy. To do so, we have developed a residential stratification scale based on an employment of item response theory for collection of the goods used in domestic production for homes participating in the Belo Horizonte Time Use Survey. The use of this scale facilitates a valuation of unpaid activities in the domestic sphere and the occupation of "housewife", as well as a study of the gender division of labor according to social stratum. The reliability of the scale is demonstrated by its extremely high correlation with an identical scale developed according to data from the Family Budget Survey, as well as its relatively high correlation with other stratification indexes based on the occupations of the individuals surveyed. The main results reveal both the persistence of the gender division of labor across all socioeconomic strata, as well as the low negative correlation between status and time spent on domestic tasks, except among men during weekends, when the relationship is positive.

RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article, nous proposons une analyse du travail domestique non rémunéré à partir de la conjonction de deux perspectives, celle de la stratification sociale et celle de l'économie domestique. Nous avons élaboré à cette fin une échelle de stratification résidentielle en nous basant sur la théorie de la réponse à l'item pour la compilation des biens employés dans la production domestique de chaque foyer participant de la Recherche sur les usages du temps à Belo Horizonte. L'utilisation de cette échelle a d'un côté rendu possible l'estimation des activités non rémunérées dans le cadre domestique et du travail de "femme au foyer", et de l'autre, l'analyse de la division sexuée du travail par strate sociale. La pertinence de cette échelle tient à la corrélation extrêmement élevée entre celle-ci et une autre, identique, construite à partir des données de la Recherche sur les budgets familiaux, ainsi qu'à la concordance relativement haute avec d'autres indices de stratification basés sur l'occupation des individus. Les principaux résultats indiquent d'un côté la persistance de la division sexuée du travail au sein de l'ensemble des strates socioéconomiques, et de l'autre, une faible corrélation négative entre statut et temps de travail domestique, excepté pour les hommes durant les weekends, lorsque cette relation devient positive.

RESUMEN En este artículo, proponemos un análisis del trabajo doméstico no remunerado a partir de la conjunción de dos perspectivas: la de la estratificación social y la de la economía doméstica. Para ello, hemos desarrollado una escala de estratificación residencial fundamentada en la teoría de la respuesta al ítem para la recopilación de los bienes empleados en la producción doméstica en cada uno de los domicilios que participaron en el Estudio sobre los Usos del Tiempo de Belo Horizonte. La utilización de esta escala permite, por un lado, identificar las actividades no remuneradas en el ámbito doméstico y de las labores del "ama de casa" y, por otro, estudiar la división sexual del trabajo por estratos sociales. La solidez de la escala viene indicada por la correlación extremadamente alta entre esta y una escala idéntica construida a partir de datos del Estudio de Presupuestos Familiares, además de por la correlación relativamente alta con otros índices de estratificación basados en la ocupación de las personas. Los principales resultados indican, por una parte, la persistencia de la división sexual del trabajo en todos los estratos socioeconómicos y, por otra, una baja correlación negativa entre estatus y tiempo destinado a las labores domésticas, excepto en el caso de los hombres durante el fin de semana, cuando la relación pasa a ser positiva.

Role Differentiation in an Adolescent Victim-Offender Typology: Results From Medellin, Colombia.

The present study evaluates adolescent victimization and offending using cross-sectional survey data from 1,475 adolescents living in a disadvantaged Comuna in Medellin, Colombia, while paying particular attention to the ways in which both victimization and violent offending are operationalized. We find that 37% of respondents experienced no lifetime victimization, while 60% experienced vicarious, and 4% personal victimization. When restricting violent offending to behavior involving a weapon, the majority of offenders (81%) also experienced victimization while only 33% of victims were also weapons offenders. Our final analysis seeks to identify theoretical conditions which differentiate roles in a victim-offender typology, a result we determine varies significantly depending on how "violent offending" is measured.

Uso do tempo de um grupo de idosos do município de São Carlos (SP) / Time use of a group of elderly in the city of São Carlos (SP)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o uso do tempo de pessoas idosas utilizando-se um Diário de Atividades. A amostra foi composta por 51 idosos do município de São Carlos (SP), Brasil, que frequentavam programas para a terceira idade. Verificou-se que a maioria do tempo dos idosos foi gasto com Atividades de Vida Diária e Vida Prática (70%) e Atividades de Lazer (24%). A maioria das atividades foi desempenhada pelos idosos sozinhos e em casa. As atividades foram apontadas como satisfatórias e significativas pela amostra.

The objective of this work was to investigate the use of time of older people using a Time Diary. A sample of 51 elderly living at São Carlos (SP), Brazil, and attending to seniors programs was used. The study confirms that the majority of elderly´s time was spent with Activities of Daily Living and Practical Life (70%) and Leisure Activities (24%). There was a prevalence of alone activities at home. The activities were considered satisfactory and meaningful by the sample

Sociodemographic characteristics and waking activities and their role in the timing and duration of sleep.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Chronic sleep restriction is prevalent in the U.S. population and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The primary reasons for reduced sleep are unknown. Using population data on time use, we sought to identify individual characteristics and behaviors associated with short sleep that could be targeted for intervention programs. DESIGN: Analysis of the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). SETTING: Cross-sectional annual survey conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. PARTICIPANTS: Representative cohort (N = 124,517) of Americans 15 years and older surveyed between 2003 and 2011. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Telephone survey of activities over 24 hours. Relative to all other waking activities, paid work time was the primary waking activity exchanged for sleep. Time spent traveling, which included commuting to/ from work, and immediate pre- and post-sleep activities (socializing, grooming, watching TV) were also reciprocally related to sleep duration. With every hour that work or educational training started later in the morning, sleep time increased by approximately 20 minutes. Working multiple jobs was associated with the highest odds for sleeping ≤6 hours on weekdays (adjusted OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.44; 1.81). Self-employed respondents were less likely to be short sleepers compared to private sector employees (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72; 0.95). Sociodemographic characteristics associated with paid work (age 25-64, male sex, high income, and employment per se) were consistently associated with short sleep. CONCLUSIONS: U.S. population time use survey findings suggest that interventions to increase sleep time should concentrate on delaying the morning start time of work and educational activities (or making them more flexible), increasing sleep opportunities, and shortening morning and evening commute times. Reducing the need for multiple jobs may increase sleep time, but economic disincentives from working fewer hours will need to be offset. Raising awareness of the importance of sufficient sleep for health and safety may be necessary to positively influence discretionary behaviors that reduce sleep time, including television viewing and morning grooming.

Análise da produção de artigos científicos sobre o lazer: uma revisão / Analysis of scientific papers about leisure: a review

Este estudo objetivou analisar artigos científicos sobre a temática "lazer", por meio de uma pesquisa documental. Foi feita uma busca na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, havendo uma predominância de estudos da Educação Física, Psicologia, Epidemiologia, Enfermagem e Nutrição. O lazer foi abordado no sentido específico das atividades físicas realizadas durante os momentos de lazer ou dos tipos de atividade de lazer, seguidos por aqueles que abordavam teórica ou empiricamente o conceito genérico de lazer e as atitudes frente o lazer. Verificou-se menor proporção de estudos sobre benefícios psicológicos e sociais relacionados às práticas de lazer. Entre as considerações finais, espera-se que novos estudos sobre a temática ampliem seu escopo, indo além dos benefícios físicos promovidos com a prática de atividades de lazer...

This study aimed to analyze scientific papers on the theme "leisure", by means of a documental research. A search was performed at the "Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde", with a predominance of studies in Psychology, Physical Education, Epidemiology, Nursing and Nutrition. Leisure has been approached in the specific sense of physical activities performed during leisure time, followed by studies describing types of leisure activities, those that addressed theoretically or empirically the generic concept of leisure and attitudes toward leisure activities. There were few studies regarding psychological and social benefits related to leisure-time activities. Among the concluding remarks, we expect that further studies on the subject should broaden their scope, reaching beyond the physical benefits promoted the practice of leisure activities...

Análise da produção de artigos científicos sobre o lazer: uma revisão / Analysis of scientific papers about leisure: a review

Este estudo objetivou analisar artigos científicos sobre a temática "lazer", por meio de uma pesquisa documental. Foi feita uma busca na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, havendo uma predominância de estudos da Educação Física, Psicologia, Epidemiologia, Enfermagem e Nutrição. O lazer foi abordado no sentido específico das atividades físicas realizadas durante os momentos de lazer ou dos tipos de atividade de lazer, seguidos por aqueles que abordavam teórica ou empiricamente o conceito genérico de lazer e as atitudes frente o lazer. Verificou-se menor proporção de estudos sobre benefícios psicológicos e sociais relacionados às práticas de lazer. Entre as considerações finais, espera-se que novos estudos sobre a temática ampliem seu escopo, indo além dos benefícios físicos promovidos com a prática de atividades de lazer.(AU)

This study aimed to analyze scientific papers on the theme "leisure", by means of a documental research. A search was performed at the "Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde", with a predominance of studies in Psychology, Physical Education, Epidemiology, Nursing and Nutrition. Leisure has been approached in the specific sense of physical activities performed during leisure time, followed by studies describing types of leisure activities, those that addressed theoretically or empirically the generic concept of leisure and attitudes toward leisure activities. There were few studies regarding psychological and social benefits related to leisure-time activities. Among the concluding remarks, we expect that further studies on the subject should broaden their scope, reaching beyond the physical benefits promoted the practice of leisure activities.(AU)

Peruvians' sleep duration: analysis of a population-based survey on adolescents and adults.

Background. Sleep duration, either short or long, has been associated with diseases such as obesity, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Characterizing the prevalence and patterns of sleep duration at the population-level, especially in resource-constrained settings, will provide informative evidence on a potentially modifiable risk factor. The aim of this study was to explore the patterns of sleep duration in the Peruvian adult and adolescent population, together with its socio-demographic profile. Material and Methods. A total of 12,424 subjects, mean age 35.8 years (SD ±17.7), 50.6% males, were included in the analysis. This is a cross-sectional study, secondary analysis of the Use of Time National Survey conducted in 2010. We used weighted means and proportions to describe sleep duration according to socio-demographic variables (area and region; sex; age; education attainment; asset index; martial and job status). We used Poisson regressions, taking into account the multistage sampling design of the survey, to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Main outcomes were short- (<6 h) and long-sleep duration (≥ 9 h). Results. On average, Peruvians slept 7.7 h (95% CI [7.4-8.0]) on weekdays and 8.0 h (95% CI [7.8-8.1]) during weekends. The proportions of short- and long-sleep, during weekdays, were 4.3% (95% CI [2.9%-6.3%]) and 22.4% (95% CI [14.9%-32.1%]), respectively. Regarding urban and rural areas, a much higher proportion of short-sleep was observed in the former (92.0% vs. 8.0%); both for weekdays and weekends. On the multivariable analysis, compared to regular-sleepers (≥ 6 to <9 h), short-sleepers were twice more likely to be older and to have higher educational status, and 50% more likely to be currently employed. Similarly, relative to regular-sleep, long-sleepers were more likely to have a lower socioeconomic status as per educational attainment. Conclusions. In this nationally representative sample, the sociodemographic profile of short-sleep contrasts the long-sleep. These scenarios in Peru, as depicted by sleeping duration, differ from patterns reported in other high-income settings and could serve as the basis to inform and to improve sleep habits in the population. Moreover, it seems important to address the higher frequency of short-sleep duration found in urban versus rural settings.

Time use and gender inequalities. Some evidence from three Latin American countries / Uso del tiempo e inequidades de género. Algunas evidencias en tres países latinoamericanos / Uso do tempo e iniquidades de gênero. Algumas evidências em três países latino-americanos

This article presents gender differences on time use for three Latin American countries. Variations on time use depend on being male or female and the roles played in the household, which are identified through the marital status, kinship and age. Gender inequalities in the global workload - defined as the sum of time spent working for the market and the time devoted to domestic tasks - are disadvantageous for women limiting their access to other opportunities because time is not an endless resource. Such inequalities are of great significance, since a higher workload for women does not represent greater well-being for them. Also, there is a lack of economic compensation for it since higher workloads rely on unpaid work. More working hours demand more effort and cause more fatigue and in many cases, greater alienation. On the other hand, free time for men means more autonomy for them, more recreation and in some cases, greater opportunities for personal enrichment (cultural or spiritual) and the strengthening of their social networks. These results lead us to consider specific necessary actions to achieve gender equality so that women can decide about their own personal use of time as a precondition to achieve equality in other fields of life.

Este artículo presenta diferencias de género sobre uso del tiempo en tres países latinoamericanos. Las variaciones en uso del tiempo dependen de ser hombre o mujer y los roles que desempeñan en el hogar, lo cual se identifica a través de la situación conyugal, el parentesco y la edad. Desigualdades de género en la carga total de trabajo - definida como la suma del tiempo dedicado al trabajo para el mercado y el tiempo dedicado al trabajo doméstico - son desventajosas para las mujeres limitándoles otras actividades porque el tiempo no es un recurso ilimitado. Tales inequidades tienen gran significado, puesto que la mayor carga de trabajo no representa para las mujeres mayor bienestar. No existe una compensación económica por ello pues la mayor carga de trabajo es no remunerado. Trabajar más horas significa mayor esfuerzo que causa mayor agotamiento y en muchos casos mayor enajenación. Por otra parte, el tiempo libre para los hombres significa para ellos mayor autonomía, mayor recreación y en algunos casos mayores oportunidades para su enriquecimiento personal (cultural o espiritual) y fortalecimiento de sus redes sociales. Los resultados nos llevan a considerar la necesidad de acciones específicas para lograr igualdad de género de manera que las mujeres decidan sobre su propio uso del tiempo como una precondición para lograr la igualdad en otros campos de la vida.

Este artigo apresenta diferenças de gênero sobre uso do tempo em três países latino-americanos. As variações no uso do tempo dependem de ser homem ou mulher e os papéis que desempenham no lar, o qual identifica-se através da situação conjugal, o parentesco e a idade. Desigualdades de gênero na carga total de trabalho - definida como a soma do tempo dedicado ao trabalho para o mercado e o tempo dedicado ao trabalho doméstico - são desvantajosas para as mulheres limitando-as a outras atividades porque o tempo não é um recurso ilimitado. Tais iniquidades têm grande significado, já que a maior carga de trabalho não representa para as mulheres maior bem-estar. Não existe uma compensação econômica, já que a maior carga de trabalho é não remunerada. Trabalhar mais horas significa maior esforço que causa maior esgotamento e em muitos casos maior alienação. Por outro lado, o tempo livre para os homens significa para eles maior autonomia, maior recreação e em alguns casos maiores oportunidades para seu enriquecimento pessoal (cultural ou espiritual) e fortalecimento de suas redes sociais. Os resultados nos levam a considerar a necessidade de ações específicas para obter igualdade de gênero de maneira que as mulheres decidam sobre seu próprio uso do tempo como uma condição prévia para conseguir a igualdade em outras áreas da vida.

Redes sociales virtuales y la Bioética / Virtual social networks and bioethics

La investigación tiende a indagar por las condiciones psicológicas (obsesivas), socio – familiares, fisiológicas y emocionales de los estudiantes de la Universidad de San Buenaventura –Medellín de mes de agosto de 2010, que tienden a destinar parte de su tiempo a las Redes Sociales Virtuales y hacer una reflexión desde la Bioética frente al tema

This piece of research tends to inquire into the (obsessive) psychological, socio-family, physiological, and emotional conditions of the students at Saint Bonaventure University, Medellin Branch, back in the month of August 2010, who have the tendency to spend their free time in the Virtual Social Networks and then make an analysis of this issue, from the Bioethical viewpoint

O uso do tempo no cotidiano de mulheres idosas: um método indicador do estilo de vida de grupos populacionais / Time use in the daily life of aged women: an indicative method of the life style of population groups

O estudo do uso do tempo considera a heterogeneidade do envelhecimento, analisando-o multifatorialmente, permitindo vislumbrar o estilo de vida de indivíduos idosos. Este estudo objetivou descrever o uso do tempo de 75 idosas (68,04 ± 8,36 anos), através das suas atividades diárias. Instrumentos utilizados: teste de cognição (Clock Completion Test), formulário para dados pessoais e entrevista estruturada (Time Diary) para relato das atividades diárias. Para decodificação e classificação das atividades diárias, utilizou-se a classificação australiana para estudos de uso do tempo, distribuindo-as em nove grupos de atividades principais. Foram verificados os contextos físico (local) e social (parceiros sociais) das atividades. Verificou-se que grande parte do tempo destinou-se às atividades obrigatórias (atividades domésticas e de cuidados pessoais). A maior proporção do tempo livre destinou-se ao lazer passivo (assistir televisão) com pouco envolvimento em atividades físicas. A casa e estar com membros da família ou sozinhas representaram o contexto físico e social mais presentes. O estudo permitiu um vislumbre do estilo de vida do grupo. Provavelmente houve influência de fatores individuais como idade, gênero, grau de instrução, estado civil e nível socioeconômico sobre os padrões encontrados para o uso do tempo.

Time use research analyzes the multi-factorial aspects of aging. The purpose of this research was to describe time use within a group of 75 elderly women, 68,04 ± 8,36 years old, based on their daily activities from waking up to going to sleep. The instruments used in the study were a cognition test (Clock Completion Test), a questionnaire for obtaining personal data and structured interviews (Time Diary) for obtaining information about the activities carried out on the day prior to the interview. The daily activities were decoded and classified by means of an international classification for time use studies, thus obtaining the profiles of the daily activities assigned to nine groups of main activities and their physical and social contexts. It was verified that the greater part of time was spent with mandatory activities (housework and personal care). Most of the free time was spent with passive leisure (TV watching) and little physical activity. Most of the activities were performed at home (physical context), and the elderly women used to live either with members of their family or alone (social context). Individual factors such as age, gender, educational level, marital status and socioeconomic level probably play a role in the time use patterns found.