Primary cutaneous nocardiosis of the ankle caused by N. brasiliensis: a case report.

Nocardia is a genus of aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria known for their filamentous and branching morphology. N. brasiliensis is the most common species causing cutaneous nocardiosis. We present a 67-year-old woman who developed abscesseson the back of her right ankle after walking barefoot on soil. Cultures from the cutaneous lesions grew N. brasiliensis. Antibiotic therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given for a month provided near-complete resolution of her lesions.

Thymidine-dependent Staphylococcus aureus and lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis: a 10-year retrospective case-control study

ABSTRACT Objective: Thymidine-dependent small-colony variants (TD-SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus are being isolated with increasing frequency from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between TD-SCV isolation and pulmonary function in patients with CF, as well as to determine whether the emergence of TD-SCVs was associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) use and with coinfection with other microorganisms. Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study including patients with CF who visited the Clinical Hospital Complex of the Federal University of Paraná, in Curitiba, Brazil, between 2013 and 2022. Demographic, clinical, and spirometric data, as well as information on TD-SCVs and other isolated microorganisms, were collected from the medical records of patients with CF and TD-SCVs (TD-SCV group; n = 32) and compared with those of a matched group of patients with CF without TD-SCVs (control group; n = 64). Results: Isolation of TD-SCVs was positively associated with TMP-SMX use (p = 0.009), hospitalization (p < 0.001), and impaired pulmonary function (p = 0.04). Conclusions: The use of TMP-SMX seems to contribute to the emergence of TD-SCVs, the isolation of which was directly associated with worse pulmonary function in our sample.

Antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity of curcumin-chitosan nanocomplexes and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on Achromobacter, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas isolates.

BACKGROUND: Non-fermenting Gram-negative Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Burkholderia cepacia complex, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia species cause healthcare-associated infections, often showing resistance to first-line drugs such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SXT). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of curcumin-chitosan nanocomplexes on biofilm-producing clinical isolates of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli. METHODS: A. xylosoxidans, B. cepacia complex, and S. maltophilia clinical isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution. Curcumin (Cur), chitosan (Chi), and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) were encapsulated by ionotropic gelation in magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). Biofilm inhibition and eradication by Cur-Chi-TPP-MNP with TMP-SXT was assessed. RESULTS: Cur-Chi-TPP-MNP in combination with TMP-SXT showed biofilm inhibition activity in A. xylosoxidans (37.5 µg/mL), B. cepacia (18.75 µg/mL), and S. maltophilia (4.69-18.75 µg/mL) and low biofilm eradication activity in all three strains (150 - 300 µg/mL). CONCLUSIONS: Cur-Chi-TPP-MNP in combination with TMP-SXT was able to inhibit biofilm and in lower effect to eradicate established biofilms of clinical isolates of A. xylosoxidans, B. cepacia complex, and S. maltophilia species. Our results highlight the need to assess these potential treatment options to be used clinically in biofilm-associated infections.

Retinocoroiditis toxoplásmica y la evolución del resultado visual en pacientes inmunocompetentes / Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis and the evolution of visual results in immunocompetent patients

Objetivo: Determinar la evolución del resultado visual en pacientes con toxoplasmosis ocular activa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo longitudinal en 101 pacientes inmunocompetentes con toxoplasmosis ocular activa, atendidos en la consulta de Uveítis del Hospital General Docente "Abel Santamaría", desde enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2018. Se evaluaron las variables localización de la lesión, tamaño, número, episodio, grado de inflamación, complicaciones, recurrencia postratamiento y mejor agudeza visual corregida. Se analizaron los resultados utilizando frecuencias absolutas y relativas, la asociación estadística chi cuadrado, las pruebas U Mann-Whitney o Kruskall Wallis, Friedman y de rangos con signos de Wilcoxon. Resultados: Según la localización de la lesión, los resultados visuales inferiores se presentaron en los pacientes con lesiones en zona I y los mejores se obtuvieron cuando hubo afectación en zona III. Se mostró una mejor evolución del resultado visual en los que tuvieron lesiones menores o iguales a un diámetro papilar. Existió diferencia estadística entre los diferentes grados de gravedad de la inflamación, con tendencia al incremento de la mejor agudeza visual corregida en el tiempo, después del tratamiento. Conclusiones: Durante la evolución de los pacientes inmunocompetentes con toxoplasmosis ocular activa se logra mejoría de la visión(AU)

Objective: Determine the evolution of visual results in patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis. Methods: An observational longitudinal prospective study was conducted of 101 immunocompetent patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis attending the Uveitis Service at Abel Santamaría General University Hospital from January 2012 to December 2018. The variables evaluated were injury location, size, number, episode, degree of inflammation, complications, post-treatment recurrence and best corrected visual acuity. Results were analyzed with absolute and relative frequencies, chi-square statistical association, the Mann-Whitney U or Kruskall Wallis tests, the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: According to injury location, the lowest visual results were obtained in patients with zone I lesions, whereas the best results corresponded to zone III lesions. A better visual result evolution was achieved in patients with lesions smaller than or equal to a papillary diameter. A statistical difference was found between the various degrees of inflammation severity, with a tendency to an increase in best corrected visual acuity with the passing of time after treatment. Conclusions: Visual improvement is achieved during the evolution of immunocompetent patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis(AU)

Síndrome de DRESS en una paciente con fibrosis quística: reporte de un caso pediátrico / DRESS syndrome in a patient with cystic fibrosis: a pediatric case report

El síndrome de sensibilidad a fármacos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos o síndrome de DRESS según sus siglas en inglés (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) se encuentra entre las reacciones medicamentosas cutáneas graves. Este consiste en una tríada clínica que incluye fiebre, exantema y compromiso sistémico, acompañado de eosinofilia y/o linfocitos atípicos.Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino con fibrosis quística, de 18 meses de edad, quien desarrolló esta patología durante un tratamiento con trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol para erradicar Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente en esputo. Los pacientes con fibrosis quística reciben múltiples esquemas antibióticos según bacteriología en secreciones respiratorias para evitar el deterioro de la función pulmonar y colonización por gérmenes resistentes. Es menester conocer y sospechar este síndrome, debido al riesgo incrementado de hipersensibilidad a drogas en fibrosis quística, pronóstico ominoso y su elevada morbimortalidad

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms or DRESS syndrome is among severe cutaneous drug reactions. This constitutes a clinical triad that includes fever, skin rash and systemic compromise, accompanied by eosinophilia and/or atypical lymphocytes.We present the case of an 18-month-old female patient with cystic fibrosis, who develops this pathology during a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole cycle as an eradicating treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bronchial secretions. Cystic fibrosis patients receive multiple antibiotic regimens according to bacteriology in sputum, to avoid impairment in their lung function and colonization by resistant germs. Due to the increased risk of drug hypersensitivity in cystic fibrosis, an ominous prognosis and high morbidity and mortality, knowledge and a high index of suspicion of this syndrome are necessary

Laboratory-based surveillance of Shigella spp. from human clinical cases in Colombia, 1997-2018 / Vigilancia por el laboratorio de Shigella spp. aislada de casos clínicos humanos en Colombia, 1997-2018

Abstract | Introduction: Shigellosis is endemic in low-and middle-income countries, causing approximately 125 million episodes of diarrhea and leading to approximately 160.000 deaths annually one-third of which is associated with children. Objective: To describe the characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella species recovered in Colombia from 1997 to 2018. Materials and methods: We received isolates from laboratories in 29 Colombian departments. We serotyped with specific antiserum and determined antimicrobial resistance and minimal inhibitory concentrations for ten antibiotics with Kirby-Bauer tests following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations. Results: We analyzed 5,251 isolates of Shigella spp., most of them obtained from stools (96.4%); 2,511 (47.8%) were from children under five years of age. The two most common species were S. sonnei (55.1%) and S. fbxneri (41.7%). The highest resistance rate was that of tetracycline (88.1%) followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (79.3%) and ampicillin (65.5%); 50.8% of isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, 43.6% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and less than 1% to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. In S. sonnei, the most common resistance profile corresponded to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (92%) whereas in S. fbxneri the most common antibiotic profiles were multidrug resistance. Conclusions. In Colombia, children under five years are affected by all Shigella species. These findings should guide funders and public health officials to make evidence-based decisions for protection and prevention measures. The antimicrobial resistance characteristics found in this study underline the importance of combating the dissemination of the most frequently isolated species, S. sonnei and S. ftexneri.

Resumen | Introducción. La shigelosis es endémica en los países de ingresos bajos y medios y ocasiona aproximadamente 125 millones de episodios de diarrea y 160.000 muertes al año, un tercio de los cuales se presenta en niños. Objetivo. Describir las características y los perfiles de resistencia antimicrobiana en aislamientos de Shigella spp. recuperados en Colombia entre 1997 y 2018. Materiales y métodos. Los aislamientos provenían de laboratorios en 29 departamentos de Colombia. La serotipificación se hizo con antisueros específicos de Shigella spp. y, la determinación de los perfiles de resistencia y la concentración inhibitoria mínima de diez antibióticos, por Kirby-Bauer. Resultados. Se estudiaron 5.251 aislamientos de Shigella spp. obtenidos de materia fecal (96,4 %); el 47,8 % de ellos correspondía a niños menores de cinco años. Las especies más frecuentes fueron S. sonnei (55,1 %) y S. ftexneri (41,7 %). Se presentó resistencia a tetraciclina (88,1 %), trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol (79,3 %), ampicilina (65,5 %), cloranfenicol (50,8 %) y amoxicilina-acido clavulánico (43,6 %). La resistencia no superó el 1 % contra cefotaxime, ceftazidima, gentamicina y ciprofloxacina. Para S. sonnei, el perfil de resistencia más frecuente correspondió a trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol, en contraste con S. ftexneri, cuyos perfiles fueron todos multirresistentes. Conclusiones. Los niños menores de cinco años se vieron afectados por todas las especies de Shigella spp., aspecto que los legisladores en salud pública deben considerar a la hora de tomar decisiones en torno a las medidas de prevención y protección frente a esta enfermedad. Las características de resistencia antimicrobiana de los aislamientos de Shigella spp. en Colombia ponen de manifiesto la importancia de combatir la diseminación de las dos especies más frecuentes en casos clínicos, S. sonnei y S. ftexneri.

Effect of antimicrobials on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm.

Aim: To evaluate the activity of five antimicrobials against young and mature Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilms. Materials & methods: Nineteen clinical strains from hemoculture of hemodialysis patients were tested for biofilm kinetics, MIC and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) in young and mature biofilms. Results: All strains were moderate biofilm producers. MIC showed total susceptibility to levofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and partial resistance to ceftazidime (63.2%) and gentamicin (21%). Young and mature biofilms showed the lowest MBIC/MIC ratio for gentamicin, chloramphenicol and levofloxacin, respectively. The highest MBIC/MIC was for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (young) and ceftazidime (mature). Conclusion: Gentamicin displayed surprising activity against S. maltophilia biofilms. Chloramphenicol was indicated as a good option against young S. maltophilia biofilms, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed limited antibiofilm activity.

[The frequency of adverse reactions to sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim and risk factors in HIV patients]. / Frecuencia de reacciones adversas a sulfametoxazol con trimetoprima y factores de riesgo en pacientes con VIH.

BACKGROUND: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is the long-term use antimicrobial of choice in the prevention and treatment of opportunistic germs in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in whom the frequency of ADR (adverse drug reactions) is of 30% to 50 %. OBJECTIVE: To determine the adverse reactions to TMP-SMZ and their risk factors in AIDS patients. METHODS: The patients included in the study were older than 18 years of age, admitted from January 2018 to May 2019 with a confirmed diagnosis of HIV, and had had adverse drug reactions; 319 files were reviewed. RESULTS: A frequency of 13.16 % in adverse reactions was reported; out of 42 patients with ADR, 23 had had ADR to TMP-SMZ (54.76 %). The highest rate of adverse reactions was represented by a rash, with 56.5 %, followed by angioedema, with 21.73 %, and nettle rash, with 17.39 %. The risk factors were: infectious comorbidity (OR = 2.6) and CD4 count < 100 (OR = 6.9), without statistical significance. The dose of TMP/SMZ was a risk factor (OR = 12.7) with p = 0.017. CONCLUSIONS: TMP-SMZ used in AIDS patients reached 54 % of the adverse drug reactions, and the dose of this medication was a risk factor.

Antecedentes: Trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (TMP-SMZ) es el antimicrobiano de elección y de uso prolongado en la prevención y tratamiento de infecciones por gérmenes oportunistas en los pacientes con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida), en quienes la frecuencia de reacciones adversas a medicamentos es de 30 a 50 %. Objetivo: Determinar las reacciones adversas a TMP-SMZ y sus factores de riesgo en pacientes con sida. Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico confirmado de infección por VIH y que presentaron reacción adversa a fármacos, de enero de 2018 a mayo de 2019. Se revisaron 319 expedientes. Resultados: Se reportó 13.16 % de reacciones adversas; de 42 pacientes con reacciones adversas a medicamentos, 23 fueron a TMP-SMZ (54.76 %). El rash representó 56.5 % de las reacciones adversas, el angioedema 21.73 % y la urticaria 17.39 %. Los factores de riesgo fueron la comorbilidad infecciosa (RM = 2.6) y la cuenta de CD4 < 100 (RM = 6.9), sin significación estadística; la dosis de TMP-SMZ fue un factor de riesgo (RM = 12.7), con p = 0.017. Conclusiones: El TMP-SMZ en los pacientes con sida ocasionó 54 % de las reacciones adversas a medicamentos y la dosis fue un factor de riesgo.

[The efficacy and safety of two schemes of desensitization to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in HIV-positive patients]. / Eficacia y seguridad de dos esquemas de desensibilización a trimetoprima con sulfametoxazol en pacientes positivos a VIH.

BACKGROUND: Trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the drug of choice for the prophylaxis of AIDS-associated comorbidities. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of two schemes of desensitization to TMP-SMX in HIV-positive patients. METHODS: A study was conducted from March 2018 to October 2019; it included HIV-positive patients who presented an adverse skin reaction to TMP-SMX; fifteen of them received desensitization scheme 1, which lasted ten days, and five patients received scheme 2, which lasted six hours. RESULTS: The average age of the patients who received scheme 1 was of 27.4 ± 5.7 years, while the average age of patients who received scheme 2 was of 33.6 ± 8 years. At baseline, the demographic, clinical, and immunological variables did not show significant differences between both groups (p> 0.05). In both groups, an efficacy of 100% was obtained and, in terms of safety, only three patients in group 1 presented rash and pruritus, however, the procedure was not suspended; the previous tolerated dose was resumed and, subsequently, the desensitization procedure continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both schemes of desensitization to TMP-SMX showed efficacy and safety in HIV-positive patients, who frequently present adverse reactions to these medications.

Antecedentes: La trimetoprima con sulfametoxazol (TMP-SMX) es el fármaco de elección para la profilaxis de comorbilidades asociadas al síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia y seguridad de dos esquemas de desensibilización a TMP-SMX en pacientes positivos al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Métodos: Estudio de marzo de 2018 a octubre de 2019. Se incluyeron pacientes VIH-positivos con alguna reacción cutánea adversa debida a TMT-SMX; 15 recibieron el esquema 1 de desensibilización de 10 días de duración y cinco, el esquema 2 de seis horas de duración. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 27.4 ± 5.7 y 33.6 ± 8 años en los pacientes que recibieron los esquemas 1 y 2, respectivamente. En estado basal, las variables demográficas, clínicas e inmunológicas no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos (p > 0.05). Con ambos esquemas se obtuvo una eficacia de 100 %. Solo tres pacientes que recibieron el esquema 1 presentaron rash y prurito, pero no se suspendió el procedimiento; se regresó a la dosis previa tolerada y posteriormente se continuó la desensibilización. Conclusiones: Los dos esquemas de desensibilización a TMP-SMX mostraron eficacia y seguridad en los pacientes VIH-positivos, en quienes son frecuentes las reacciones adversas a esos medicamentos.

Loss of tolerance 5 days after discontinuing sulphonamide introduced via desensitization in delayed reaction / Perda da tolerância 5 dias após suspensão de sulfonamida introduzida através de dessensibilização por reação tardia

ABSTRACT The fixed drug eruption is a non-immediate hypersensitivity reaction to drug, characterized by recurrent erythematous or violaceous, rounded, well-defined border plaques, which always appear in the same location every time the culprit drug is administered. The usual practice is to avoid the drug involved and to use a structurally different drug. However, there are situations in which there is no safe and effective therapy. In such situations, desensitization is the only option. We describe the case of a patient who presented fixed eruption due to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, who underwent successful desensitization, but required a repeat procedure twice due to relapse after inadvertent full-dose reintroduction. In non-immediate hypersensitivity reaction to drug, the indication is controversial and there is no technical standardization. Furthermore, the time at which such tolerance is lost after discontinuing the drug involved is unknown. In severe non-immediate reactions of types II and III, desensitization is contraindicated. The patient underwent desensitisation to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim three times − the first with recurrence of lesions and the second and third without manifestations, all concluded successfully and with no premedication.

RESUMO A erupção fixa por drogas é uma reação de hipersensibilidade a medicamento não imediata, caracterizada por placas eritematosas ou violáceas, arredondadas, recorrentes, de bordas bem definidas e que aparecem sempre na mesma localização cada vez que o medicamento culpado é administrado. A prática habitual é evitar a droga envolvida e utilizar um medicamento estruturalmente diferente. Contudo, há situações em que não há terapêutica segura e eficaz. Em tais situações, a dessensibilização é a única opção. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente que apresentou erupção fixa por drogas por sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim, tendo sido submetido à dessensibilização com sucesso, mas necessitou repetição do procedimento duas vezes, por recidiva da reação após reintrodução inadvertida em dose plena. Em reação de hipersensibilidade a medicamento não imediata, a indicação é controversa e não há padronização técnica. Além disso, não se conhece o tempo durante o qual essa tolerância é perdida após a suspensão da droga envolvida. Nas reações não imediatas graves e dos tipos II e III, a dessensibilização está contraindicada. O paciente foi submetido a dessensibilização ao sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim por três vezes − a primeira com recorrência de lesões, e a segunda e terceira sem manifestações, sendo todas concluídas com sucesso e sem uso de pré-medicação.

Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Commensal Escherichia coli in Feedlot Lambs in Southeastern Brazil.

Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a public health issue since it limits the choices to treat infections by Escherichia coli in humans and animals. In Brazil, the ovine meat market has grown in recent years, but studies about AR in sheep are still scarce. Thus, this study aims to investigate the presence of AR in E. coli isolated from lambs during feedlot. To this end, feces from 112 lambs with 2 months of age, after weaning, were collected on the first day of the animals in the feedlot (day 0), and on the last day before slaughtering (day 42). Isolates were selected in MacConkey agar supplemented with 4 mg/L of ceftiofur and identified by biochemical methods. Isolates were submitted to an antimicrobial susceptibility test by disc-diffusion and PCR to investigate genes for phylogenetic group, virulence determinants and resistance to the several antimicrobial classes tested. The genetic localization of the bla genes detected was elucidated by S1-PFGE followed by Southern blot-hybridizations. The isolates were typed by XbaI-PFGE and MLST methods. Seventy-eight E. coli were isolated from 8/112 (7.1%) animals on day 0, and from 55/112 (49.1%) animals on day 42. Since only fimH was present in almost all E. coli (97.4%) as a virulence gene, and also 88.5% belonged to phylogroups B1 or A, we consider that isolates represent intestinal commensal bacteria. The dendrogram separated the 78 non-virulent isolates in seven clusters, two of which comprised 50 E. coli belonging to ST/CC 1727/446 or ST 3994 recovered on day 42 commonly harboring the genotype bla CMY -2-aac(3)-IIa -tetA-sul1-sul2-floR-cmlA. Special attention should be given to the presence of bla CTX-M-15, a worldwide gene spread, and bla CTX-M-14, a hitherto undetected gene in Enterobacteriaceae from food-producing animals in Brazil. Importantly, E. coli lineages and plasmids carrying bla genes detected here have already been reported as sources of infection in humans either from animals, food, or the environment, which raises public health concerns. Hence, two types of commensal E. coli carrying important AR genes clearly prevailed during feedlot, but lambs are also reservoirs of bacteria carrying important AR genes such as bla CTX-M-14 and bla CTX-M-15, mostly related to antimicrobial treatment failure.

Reporte de un caso clínico de Síndrome de Stevens Johnson por uso de Lamotrigina / Report of a clinical case of Stevens Johnson Syndrome due to the use of Lamotrigine

El Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson (SJS) es una urgencia dermatológica rara pero potencialmente fatal que se diferencia de le necrólisis epidérmica tóxica en el porcentaje de desprendimiento de piel y que amerita tratamiento agresivo que incluya retiro de la medicación que provoca el síndrome, manejo de heridas, líquidos de reanimación, uso de inmunoglobulina y soporte nutricional temprano para impactar en el desenlace final. Entre los factores que se han correlacionado con un peor pronóstico se hallan la edad del paciente, alteraciones hematológicas como trombocitopenia, neutropenia y linfopenia, además de la alteración de la función renal. El caso que reportamos es el de un paciente masculino de 6 años con antecedentes de Trastorno del espectro autista y epilepsia manejado con ácido valpróico que ameritó cambio a lamotrigina por no conseguir el medicamento. El paciente desarrolló una faringoamigdalitis que se manejó con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol y 4 días después de haber finalizado el antibiótico y 12 días después de haber iniciado la lamotrigina desarrolló el SJS; fue manejado en unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos con hidratación, uso de inmunoglobulina, antibióticos y curación de heridas con evolución favorable permitiendo egreso luego de 19 días

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare but potentially fatal dermatological emergency that differs from toxic epidermal necrolysis in the percentage of skin detachment and that merits aggressive treatment that includes withdrawal of the medication that causes the syndrome, management of wounds, resuscitation fluids, use of immunoglobulin and early nutritional support to impact the final outcome. Among the factors that have been correlated with a worse prognosis are the patient's age, haematological alterations such as thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia, as well as impaired renal function. The case we report is a 6-year-old male child with a history of Autism Spectrum Disorder and epilepsy managed with valproic acid that warranted a change to lamotrigine for not getting the medication. The patient developed a pharyngotonsillitis that was managed with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 4 days after the antibiotic was finished and 12 days after starting lamotrigine he developed SJS; he was managed in pediatric intensive care unit with hydration, use of immunoglobulin, antibiotics and wound healing with favorable evolution allowing discharge after 19 days

[Susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from invasive infections to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]. / Sensibilidad a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol de Streptococcus pyogenes aislados de infecciones invasivas.

It is erroneously believed that group A streptococci (GAS) are universally resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS). This is mainly because media commonly used for in vitro determination of susceptibility to antibiotics contain thymidine, a nucleoside that antagonizes the antibiotic effect of TMS. The objective of this work was to determine EGA sensitivity to TMS in the presence and absence of thymidine. To this aim, 95 GAS isolates obtained from clinical tissues with i nvasive infections were analyzed. Susceptibility tests were performed by diffusion with TMS discs in Mueller Hinton agar supplemented either with 5% sheep blood or with 5% lysed equine blood (MH-LEB). Lysed equine blood contains thymidine phosphorylase, which degrades this nucleoside. Epsilometry (Etest) was used as gold standard. Quality controls with Enterococcus faecalis strain ATCC 29212 were satisfactory with both media. A 100% sensitivity to TMS was found in MH-SEL whereas 6 isolates (6.3%) resulted resistant in MH-SC; only one of them was found to have intermediate susceptibility by Etest (MIC > 1.5/28 υg/ml). The genetic determinants most frequently associated to TMS resistant EGA were not found in this isolate. Probably, if more accurate GAS-specific cut-off points were established for diffusion, the correlation with dilution methods or with the Etest could be improved, even employing MH-SB.

Sensibilidad a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol de Streptococcus pyogenes aislados de infecciones invasivas / Susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from invasive infections to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Se cree erróneamente que los estreptococos del grupo A (EGA) son universalmente resistentes a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (TMS). Esto se debe a que la timidina presente en los medios habitualmente usados para determinar sensibilidad in vitro a antibióticos antagoniza el efecto antibiótico de TMS. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la sensibilidad de EGA a TMS, en presencia y ausencia de timidina. A tal fin, fueron analizados 95 aislamientos clínicos obtenidos de tejidos normalmente estériles con infección invasiva por EGA. La pruebas de sensibilidad por difusión con discos de TMS fueron realizadas en agar Mueller Hinton adicionado ya sea con 5% de sangre de carnero (MH-SC) o con 5% de sangre equina lisada (MH-SEL). La sangre equina lisada contiene timidina fosforilasa, que degrada este nucleósido. Como método de referencia se utilizó la epsilometría (Etest). El control de calidad con la cepa Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 fue satisfactorio para ambos medios. La sensibilidad a TMS por difusión fue 100% en MH-SEL; en agar MH-SC 6 (6.3%) aislamientos resultaron resistentes; por Etest todos fueron sensibles, excepto uno de esos seis que presentó sensibilidad intermedia (CIM = 1.5/28.5 μg/ml). En este aislamiento no se encontraron las mutaciones genéticas de EGA más frecuentemente asociadas a resistencia a TMS. Probablemente, si se establecieran mejores puntos de corte para difusión, específicos para EGA, podría optimizarse la correlación con métodos de dilución o con Etest, aun empleando MH-SC.

It is erroneously believed that group A streptococci (GAS) are universally resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS). This is mainly because media commonly used for in vitro determination of susceptibility to antibiotics contain thymidine, a nucleoside that antagonizes the antibiotic effect of TMS. The objective of this work was to determine EGA sensitivity to TMS in the presence and absence of thymidine. To this aim, 95 GAS isolates obtained from clinical tissues with i nvasive infections were analyzed. Susceptibility tests were performed by diffusion with TMS discs in Mueller Hinton agar supplemented either with 5% sheep blood or with 5% lysed equine blood (MH-LEB). Lysed equine blood contains thymidine phosphorylase, which degrades this nucleoside. Epsilometry (Etest) was used as gold standard. Quality controls with Enterococcus faecalis strain ATCC 29212 were satisfactory with both media. A 100% sensitivity to TMS was found in MH-SEL whereas 6 isolates (6.3%) resulted resistant in MH-SC; only one of them was found to have intermediate susceptibility by Etest (MIC > 1.5/28 μg/ml). The genetic determinants most frequently associated to TMS resistant EGA were not found in this isolate. Probably, if more accurate GAS-specific cut-off points were established for diffusion, the correlation with dilution methods or with the Etest could be improved, even employing MH-SB.

Frecuencia de la potencial interacción entre trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol y espironolactona por riesgo de hyperkalemia en pacientes colombianos / Frequency of the potential interaction between trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole and spironolactone with risk for hyperkalemia in colombian patients

Resumen Introducción: se ha descrito el riesgo aumentado de muerte súbita y hospitalización por hyperkalemia en pacientes que consumen medicamentos ahorradores de potasio y trimetoprim, motivo por el cual se buscó determinar la frecuencia de la potencial interacción entre espironolactona y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol en pacientes mayores de 60 años de Colombia. Métodos: estudio observacional. De una base de datos de 3.6 millones de personas se seleccionaron pacientes mayores de 60 años que recibieron espironolactona de manera ambulatoria por al menos tres meses consecutivos y pacientes con prescripción de trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol entre el 1° de agosto de 2014 y 31 de julio de 2015. Posteriormente se identificaron aquellos con prescripción conjunta durante un mismo mes. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, uso concomitante de inhibidores de sistema renina angiotensina, diuréticos e inotrópicos. Resultados: durante el año de estudio, se encontraron 8941 pacientes mayores de 60 años con prescripción continua de espironolactona, y 8028 pacientes con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol. Su prescripción conjunta fue detectada en 77 pacientes (0.8% de pacientes con espironolactona), con una incidencia acumulada de 0.86 casos por 100 pacientes-espironolactona/año. La edad promedio de estos pacientes fue 79.1 ± 14 años, 57.1% fueron hombres, y la ciudad con más presentación de casos fue Cali (13% del total). El 68.8% de los casos tuvieron además medicación concomitante con losartan y 62.3% con furosemida. Conclusiones: la interacción entre espironolactona y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol en una población colombiana, es relativamente poco frecuente; sin embargo, debido a los riesgos a los que se expone el paciente anciano es relevante por sus implicaciones en morbilidad y mortalidad, requiriendo ser conocida y monitoreada por el médico prescriptor. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 189-192).

Abstract Introduction: The increased risk of sudden death and hospitalization due to hyperkalemia in patients consuming potassium-sparing drugs and trimethoprim has been described. Therefore, the frequency of the potential interaction between spironolactone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients older than 60 years of Colombia was sought. Methods: observational study. From a database of 3.6 million people, patients older than 60 years who received spironolactone on an outpatient basis for at least three consecutive months and patients with a prescription for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole between 08/01/2014 and 07/31/2015 were selected. Subsequently, those with joint prescription during the same month were identified. Sociodemographic variables, concomitant use of renin angiotensin system inhibitors, diuretics and inotropes were included. Results: During the year of study, 8941 patients older than 60 years with continuous spironolactone prescription, and 8028 patients with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, were found. Its co-prescription was detected in 77 patients (0.8% of patients with spironolactone), with a cumulative incidence of 0.86 cases per 100 patients-spironolactone / year. The mean age of these patients was 79.1 ± 14 years, 57.1% were men, and the city with the most cases was Cali (13% of the total). 68.8% of the cases also had concomitant medication with losartan and 62.3% with furosemide. Conclusions: The interaction between spironolactone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a Colombian population is relatively infrequent; however, due to the risks to which the elderly patient is exposed, it is relevant because of its morbidity and mortality implications, requiring to be known and monitored by the prescribing physician. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42:189-192).

Ronda clínica y epidemiológica: club de revistas / Clinical and epidemiological round: journal club

RESUMEN En esta edición de la Ronda Clínica y Epidemiológica analizamos cuatro artículos que consideramos importantes para la práctica clínica. El estudio del grupo SPIROMICS busca replantear la necesidad de la espirometría para el diagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), especialmente en los pacientes con antecedente de tabaquismo que tienen función pulmonar normal, pero desarrollan desenlaces de enfermedad pulmonar crónica. Borja-Gómez y colaboradores, por otro lado, validan un enfoque sistemático para descartar infecciones bacterianas invasivas en niños febriles menores de 3 meses. El estudio de Talan y colaboradores estima la utilidad del tratamiento antibiótico con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, adicional al drenaje quirúrgico, como una estrategia para mejorar la curación de abscesos en piel en una población con alta prevalencia de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (MRSA). Por último, el estudio del grupo EAT que analiza la introducción de alimentos alergénicos en lactantes a partir de los 3 meses, como una estrategia para proteger contra el desarrollo de reacciones alérgicas alimentarias posteriores.

SUMMARY In this edition of Ronda Clínica y Epidemiológica four articles that we consider important for clinical practice are analyzed. The study by the SPIROMICS group wanted to rethink the use of spirometry for the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mainly in symptomatic patients with smoking history and preserved pulmonary function, but with outcomes similar to those developed in chronic pulmonary disease. Borja Gómez et al. aimed at validating a step-by-step approach for young febrile infants, in order to discard an invasive bacterial infection. The study by Talan et al. wanted to demonstrate that antibiotic therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, in addition to surgical drainage, was associated with a higher cure rate for cutaneous abscesses compared to placebo in a population with high prevalence of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Lastly, the EAT study analyzed the early introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infants, starting at the age of 3 months, as a strategy to protect them against the development of posterior food allergy.

Utilidad de Trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol en épocas de S. aureus meticilino resistente de la comunidad / Usefulness of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in times of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

Trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (TMP-SMX) tiene actividad in vitro contra cepas de Staphylococcusaureus, en especial las cepas resistentes a la meticilina de la comunidad (SAMR-Co), Éste es considerado un antibiótico útil debido a su bajo costo, amplio espectro y posibilidad de administración por vía oral dada su adecuada biodisponibilidad y sabor agradable. Se realizó esta revisión narrativa de la literatura para evaluar el uso de TMP-SMX en comparación con otras opciones disponibles en el tratamiento de las infecciones por SAMR-Co en niños (AU)

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) has in vitro activity against Staphylococcus aureus, especially against community-acquired methicillin-resistant (CAMR) strains. It is considered to be a useful antibiotic because of its low cost, broad spectrum, and possibility of oral administration because of its adequate bioavailability and agreeable flavor. A review of the literature was performed to evaluate the use of TMP-SMX compared to available options for the treatment of CAMR infections in children (AU)

Itraconazole vs. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: A comparative cohort study of 200 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America. Brazil accounts for approximately 80% of cases, where it represents a major public health issue due to its disabling impact and the number of premature deaths it causes. We present a retrospective cohort study that was conducted in order to better understand factors that relate to cure of the infection in the treatment of 200 patients with PCM. We evaluated the influence of sociodemographic and clinical factors as well as therapeutic regimen (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [TMP-SMX] and itraconazole) on the progress of PCM (cure and noncure). There was a higher incidence of cure (83%) among patients who regularly received treatment for their infections and completed the treatment protocol. Moreover, itraconazole (86.4%) was significantly superior to TMP-SMX (51.3%) in terms of cure rate and had a median treatment period that was significantly shorter (12 months) than that for TMP-SMX (23 months). A Cox proportional hazard regression model showed that use of itraconazole increased the hazard of cure, regardless of sex, age, education, clinical form, completion of treatment, and regularity. Although the results of this study show that itraconazole was the best treatment option for PCM patients, a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial is necessary to confirm this conclusion.