Vermistabilization of excess sludge employing Eisenia fetida: Earthworm histopathological alterations and phytotoxicity evaluation.

The aim of this work was to stabilize excess sludge (ES) coming from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by vermistabilization and to evaluate ecotoxicological effects over the earthworm species Eisenia fetida. Three mixtures were made up in triplicate using different volume ratios of ES and soil (S) (100% ES, 70:30% ES:S and 30:70% ES:S in wet weight basis). Earthworms were added in order to compare vermicomposting vs. natural stabilization. The mixtures were monitored over 130 days through physical, chemical, pathological and biological analysis, following quality standards depicted in the US EPA 40 CFR Part 503, local regulations and background studies. Histopathological samples were processed as biomarkers of acute and chronic toxicity on earthworms, and germination assays were performed at the end of the experiment to assess phytotoxicity. In terms of pathogen depletion comparing initial and final values from each treatment, the mixtures with higher ES proportions (70 and 100%) with earthworms were the most efficient ones registering 64.8 and 75.5% of reduction of fecal coliforms (FC) respectively, while the lowest ES proportion with earthworms (30%) showed 54.7%. Final pathogens content in all the treatments with earthworms were significantly lower (ranged from 1360 to 1760 MPN g total solids-1) than the values registered in treatments without earthworms (ranged from 2400 to 4000 MPN g total solids-1) (p < 0.05). However, none of the treatments attained class A categorization (FC ≤ 1000 MPN g total solids-1) in terms of FC. Also, values of mean cocoon production and hatched juveniles along time were significantly higher in the treatments with 100 and 70% ES (p < 0.05), while the higher mean adult biomass was detected in the treatment with 30% ES. Volatile solids decrease ranged between 8.45 and 22.34% in treatments with earthworms and all values of specific oxygen uptake rate were below 1.5 mg O2 h -1 g total solids -1. There were not negative effects over behavior or reproduction of E. fetida adults, nor the presence of external and internal injuries. Final products from mixtures with earthworms presented a humus-like structure, were odorless and reached maturity values -presenting no phytotoxicity-with significant differences between germination index values of treatments with and without earthworms (p < 0.05). Vermistabilization is a successful eco-technology to sanitize excess sludge, acquiring an added-value material and contributing to its revalorization as organic amendments or fertilizers in soils within the circular economy framework and the United Nations' Sustainability Development Goals.

Reaction Kinetics in the Vermicomposting Process of Peach Waste.

Peach is a fruit cultivated in temperate regions and its use generates waste composed of seeds and skin. Inadequate disposal of this waste generates an environmental impact; therefore, an alternative is to apply a vermicomposting degradation process. In this research, these four laboratory-scale reactors were used: RC (no earthworms), R1, R2, and R3 (50 earthworms each) to get mixtures in the following proportions of peach waste and load material (vegetable waste and eggshell): RC (50%-50%), R1 (50%-50%), R2 (60%-40%), and R3 (40%-60%). In addition, during this process, physicochemical parameters were analyzed (temperature, pH, humidity, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N)). For each mixture, the reaction order and rate constants were determined using mathematical models. After analysis of the reaction kinetics, the results showed that zero- and first-order reactions were best suited for the degradation of this waste in the vermicomposting process. The highest rates of degradation in the mixtures were for RC and R1, which means faster completion of the process, and consequently, smaller dimensions of the facilities necessary for vermicomposting. Thus, this research provides important information for the design of reactors that use similar substrates.

Millipedes and earthworms: a comparison of their efficiency and the quality of the resulting products.

ABSTRACTMillicomposting (MIL, with millipedes), vermicomposting (VER, with earthworms) and composting without invertebrates (CNT, control) were compared for the first time in a replicated controlled experiment to evaluate their efficiency and the quality of their products. Vegetal waste was degraded in small closed digesters to emulate household-scale composting. Temperature profiles were similar in the three composting types. Ninety-two days were enough to complete composting and obtain well-stabilized products (humus with C/N< 20; pH from 7 to 7.8). The mean final volume loss was about 8% higher in VER than MIL and CNT (P < 0.01) and it stabilized between the 32nd and 67th days (51.4% in VER, 43% MIL and 44% in CNT). Both invertebrates promoted gains in humus Ca content (about 34.5% higher compared to CNT), whereas the highest K and Mg contents were observed in VER humus. pH, P2O5, and S contents were also higher in VER humus than in CNT (all P < 0.05). The leachate volumes, electrical conductivity and Na+ and PO43- contents were similar (P > 0.05), while pH and contents of K+ and NH4+ were higher and NO3- was lower in VER than in MIL (all P < 0.01). This resulted in higher maturity degrees in MIL than VER (NH4+/NO3- = 0.01 and 0.93, respectively). Although all three composting types were efficient in producing mature high-quality organic fertilizers, this study showed that the addition of invertebrates improved the composting efficiency and the quality of the final products.

Bacteria in (vermi)composted organic wastes mostly survive when applied to an arable soil cultivated with wheat (Triticum sp. L.).

Composting and vermicomposting are an environmentally friendly way to reduce pathogens in organic wastes and generate a valuable product that provides nutrients for crops. However, how the bacterial community structure changes during these different processes and if the bacteria applied with the (vermi)composted products survive in an arable cultivated soil is still largely unknown. In this study, we monitored how the bacterial community structure changed during conditioning, composting with and without Eisenia fetida, and when the end-product was applied to arable soil cultivated with wheat Triticum sp. L. The organic wastes used were biosolid, cow manure, and a mixture of both. Large changes occurred in the relative abundance of some of the most abundant bacterial genera during conditioning, but the changes were much smaller during composting or vermicomposting. The bacterial community structure was significantly different in the organic wastes during conditioning and (vermi)composting but adding E. fetida had no significant effect on it. Changes in the relative abundance of the bacterial groups in the (vermi)composted waste applied to the arable soil cultivated with wheat were small, suggesting that most survived even after 140 days. As such, applying (vermi)composted organic wastes not only adds nutrients to a crop but also contributes to the survival of plant growth-promoting bacteria found in the (vermi)compost. However, putative human pathogens found in the biosolid also survived in the arable soil, and their relative abundance remained high but mixing the biosolid with cow manure reduced that risk. It was found that applying (vermi)composted organic wastes to an arable soil not only provides plant nutrients and adds bacteria with plant growth-promoting capacities, but some putative pathogens also survived.

Greenhouse gas emissions of biosolid and cow manure during composting and vermicomposting and when applied to soil cultivated with wheat (Triticum sp. L.).

Biosolids are a by-product of wastewater treatment, and their nutritional composition makes them ideal for fertilizing crops. However, pre-treatments, such as conditioning and/or (vermi)composting, are often required to stabilize the product and remove pathogens. Biosolids, cow manure, and a 50-50% mixture were conditioned for 21 days, composted or vermicomposted with Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826) for 28 days, and applied to soil cultivated with wheat (Triticum sp. L.), while emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) were monitored. Emissions of CH4 were large from the biosolid and N2O from the cow manure during conditioning. Emissions of CH4 remained high during (vermi)composting of the biosolids, while the emissions of N2O from the cow manure dropped. The addition of E. fetida did not affect the emissions of greenhouse gases during (vermi)composting. The emission of N2O was higher when (vermi)composted biosolid was applied to soil cultivated with wheat than when (vermi)composted cow manure was applied. The global warming potential (GWP) of the sum of the emitted greenhouse gases (GHG) during conditioning, (vermi)composting, and when the final product was applied to soil was 3 times larger from the cow manure than from the biosolid, but mixing biosolid with cow manure eliminated that difference. It was concluded that mixing biosolid with cow manure might be a simple way to reduce the GWP of the emitted GHG during storage, (vermi)composting, and when applied to soil.

Hemicellulolytic bacteria in the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.).

Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. The complexity of lignocellulose makes industrial-scale processing difficult. New processing techniques must be developed to improve the yield and avoid this valuable resource going to waste. Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. Organisms that are able to degrade these biopolymers include earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which can rapidly decompose a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates. This ability probably derives from enzymes and symbiotic microorganisms in the earthworm gut. In this work, two substrates with similar C/N ratios but different hemicellulose content were selected. Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. A vermicomposting mixture was prepared for the earthworms to feed on by mixing a hemicellulose substrate with organic market waste. Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. Xylanase activity was similar for both substrates, even though their physicochemical properties principally pH and electrical conductivity, as shown by the MANOVA analysis) were different for the total duration of the experiment (120 days). Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. Most bacteria were more active at pH 7 and 28 °C, and those with higher activities are reported as being facultatively anaerobic, coinciding with the microenvironment reported for the earthworm gut. Each strain had a different degradative capacity.

Combination of biological processes for agro-industrial poultry waste management: Effects on vermicomposting and anaerobic digestion.

This study evaluated the combination of bioprocesses to increase the utilization of agro-industrial poultry wastes. Composting piles were submitted to hydration and fraction separation (FS) and then, the solid fraction was vermicomposted and the liquid fraction was anaerobically digested. Composting followed by hydration and FS prior to vermicomposting enhanced earthworm adaptation and survival by reducing salt levels (50%), total organic carbon, and total nitrogen which may be limiting to vermicomposting at high concentrations. These strategies providing the production of up to 300 new cocoons and 360 young earthworms more than the control treatment. In addition to providing a favorable environment for earthworm growth, the combination of bioprocesses resulted in a high-quality organic fertilizer free of phytotoxic compounds and with phytostimulant properties (germination index higher than 100%). Energy recovery was greater in the treatment without the precomposting step (T0) (461.8 L CH4 kg-1. Volatile Solidsadded). The results show that combining the bioprocesses is a sustainable alternative for managing poultry wastes not only in terms of the recycling of nutrients but also by providing a clean source of energy.

The application of the vermicomposting process in the bioremediation of diesel contaminated soils.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the environmental pollutants that have very high carcinogenic and mutagenic activity. Among hundreds of different PAHs, 17 are considered priority pollutants and routinely monitored for regulatory purposes. Extended periods of exposure and expensive clean-up costs are typically associated with the vast majority of processes used for the remediation of areas contaminated with PAHs. The results of this study indicate that bioremediation via vermicomposting could be an effective method for remedying soils contaminated with toxic organic compounds, such as PAHs. This study was conducted over 90 days in the presence of various quantities of organic matter (cattle manure) to recover soils contaminated with PAHs. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to identify PAHs. An evaluation of the toxicity of the final material and the transformation of the organic matter throughout the process was also conducted. The data presented here suggest a relationship between the molar mass of the PAHs and the ability of the vermicomposting process to promote biodegradation. These results suggest that vermicomposting has great potential to be utilized as a tool for the bioremediation of soils impacted by PAHs.

Development and multiplication of Eisinea andrei in the manure of cattle subjected to high Trichoderma doses / Desenvolvimento e multiplicação de Eisenia andrei em esterco bovino em altas doses de Trichoderma

The efficacy of the vermicomposting and products based on the antagonistic fungus and plant growth promoter trichoderma (Trichoderma spp) is well known and studied in organic agriculture. However, for a better methodological efficiency are necessary studies to evaluate the effect of high doses of these bioproducts in the biology and development of earthworms. Thus, the present work aims to test the use of high commercial biocontrol product (ICB Nutrisolo Trichoderma) doses by evaluating the multiplication and development of Eisenia andrei. Changes in the chemical features of the substrate produced by the vermicomposting process using in natura and sterilized organic cattle manure were also assessed. Each experimental unit consisted of 6 kg of substrate (in multipurpose polypropylene box ­ 20 x 40 x 50 cm) containing 48 clitelate adult Eisenia andrei earthworms. ICB Nutrisolo Trichoderma was used as biological agent along with eight strains of the following species: T. koningiopsis, T. asperellum and T. harzianum. The following treatments were applied at doses of 1011 CFU kg-1 of ICB Nutrisolo Trichoderma in the presence of earthworms: T1 (0.5); T2 (1.0); T3 (2.0); T4 (4.0); T5 (8.0) and T6 (0.0). The T7 treatment was herein used in order to evaluate the chemical features of the vermicompost. It was a completely randomized design with four replications per treatment. The temperature was kept at 28°C and humidity ranged between 60 and 70%. After 60 days, the number of young and adult earthworms, and cocoons was counted; then, their dry biomass was assessed. The results found in the lethality test showed decrease in the number of earthworms treated with 4.0x1011 CFU kg-1 of ICB. The biological product doses up to 1.0x1011 CFU kg-1 did not alter the number of adult earthworms and cocoons, or the multiplication index of E. andrei in cattle waste vermicomposts. There was no influence of the tested doses on earthworms' individual development. However, doses above 2.0x1011 CFU kg-1 decreased their total biomass. The C/N ratio for all treatments indicates maturity within acceptable results for organic compounds.

A eficácia da vermicompostagem e de bioprodutos à base do fungo antagonista e promotor de crescimento vegetal trichoderma (Trichoderma spp) é bem conhecida e estudada na agricultura orgânica. Entretanto, para uma melhor eficiência metodológica, são necessários estudos que possam avaliar a interferência de altas doses desses bioprodutos na biologia e desenvolvimento das minhocas. Baseado nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi testar altas doses do produto comercial biológico ICB Nutrisolo Trichoderma (ICB), avaliando-se a multiplicação e desenvolvimento de Eisenia andrei, bem como alterações nas características químicas do substrato produzido no processo de vermicompostagem, a partir do resíduo orgânico esterco bovino. O esterco bovino in natura foi autoclavado a 121°C, por duas vezes, em um intervalo de 24 h. A unidade experimental constituiu-se de 6 kg de substrato condicionados em caixa multiuso de polipropileno, com dimensões 20 x 40 x 50 cm, contendo 48 minhocas adultas e cliteladas da espécie E. andrei. Como agente biológico, utilizou-se o produto comercial ICB na forma de fluído, composto por oito cepas das espécies T. koningiopsis, T. asperellum e T. harzianum, com as seguintes doses nos tratamentos a seguir: T1 (0.5); T2 (1.0); T3 (2.0); T4 (4.0); T5 (8.0); e T6 (0.0), sendo todas as concentrações em 1011 UFC kg-1 do produto em vermicomposto, e, para a avaliação das características químicas do vermicomposto em altas doses do produto ICB, foi utilizado também o T7 (somente substrato). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições por tratamento. A temperatura foi mantida a 28ºC e a umidade entre 60 e 70%. Após 60 dias do início da instalação, fez-se a contagem do número de minhocas adultas, jovens e casulos; posteriormente, avaliou-se o seu peso seco total. Os resultados observados no teste de letalidade mostram que, somente a partir de 4.0x1011 UFC kg-1 de ICB, há decréscimo do número de minhocas. Doses altas até 1.0x1011 UFC kg-1 do produto não alteram o número de minhocas adultas e de casulos de E. andrei em vermicompostagem com esterco bovino, entretanto, o índice de multiplicação foi inferior em todos os tratamentos com o produto. Doses acima de 2.0x1011 UFC kg-1 diminuíram o peso seco total. A relação C/N em todos os tratamentos indica maturidade dentro de resultados aceitáveis para compostos orgânicos.

Earthworms to assess the innocuousness of spent biomixtures employed for glyphosate degradation.

In this study, the innocuousness of different biomixtures employed for glyphosate degradation was tested through Eisenia fetida earthworms. Eight biomixtures were prepared with local materials: alfalfa straw (AS), wheat stubble (WS), river waste (RW) and two different soils (A and B). Each biomixture was divided into two equal portions: one without glyphosate application (control substrate) and the other was sprayed with a commercial glyphosate formulation of 1,000 mg glyphosate a.i. kg-1 biomixture (applied substrate). The bioassay started when all sprayed biomixtures reached high percentages of glyphosate degradation (spent biomixtures). Three parameters were studied: survival, adults and juveniles biomass and reproduction. The results allowed the identification of three biomixtures (AWS, BWS and BWSRW) for good maintenance and development of E. fetida. In addition, at the end of the bioassay two of the viable biomixtures (AWS and BWS) showed the highest performance of juvenile earthworms compared to a reference soil. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that the biomixtures containing high silt and clay percentages and minor density renders higher values of earthworm growth and reproduction. Therefore, these innocuous biomixtures can be used as organic amendments or recycled materials for new treatments on biobeds.

Humification process in different kinds of organic residue by composting and vermicomposting: have microbioreactors really accelerated the process?

The organic matter existing in nature presents as a complex system of various substances. The humic fraction refers to the humic substances (HS) and consists of humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA), and humins, according to solubility in aqueous solution. The physical and chemical characteristics of HA, FA, and humins depend on many factors, among which is the type of original organic material. Two processes for the stabilization of organic materials are known worldwide: composting and vermicomposting. Cattle manure, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and vegetable wastes from leaves were the organic residues chosen for the composting and vermicomposting processes. In this study, the differences between the HS extracted from such composted and vermicomposted residues were evaluated. The so-extracted HS were evaluated by spectroscopy in the regions of infrared and ultraviolet-visible, and pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection is applied. Thus, we expect that the results obtained here indicate which of the two processes is more efficient in the biotransformation of organic residues in a short period with respect to the HS content. It was also observed that the basic units of the humic fractions generated (although they presented different degrees of maturation) are the same. Altogether, the data reported here bring to light that the structures of the HS are very similar, differing in quantities. These results can still be extrapolated to several other raw materials, since the most variable organic matrices were used here to allow this data extrapolation. In addition, the process seems to lead to the formation of more aliphatic substances, counterpoising what is found in the literature.

Optimization of animal manure vermicomposting based on biomass production of earthworms and higher plants.

The goal of this study was to optimize the mixture of swine manure (SM) and cattle manure (CM) used in the vermicomposting process, seeking to increase the manure biodegradation rate and enhance the biomass production of both earthworms and higher plants. To achieve this goal, physico-chemical parameters were determined to assess the final compost quality after 50 days of vermicomposting. The different manure ratios used to produce the composts (C) were as follows (SM:CM, % m/m basis): C1 100:0, C2 (75:25), C3 (50:50), C4 (25:75), and C5 (0:100). In addition, the earthworm biomass and the phytoproductivity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants grown in mixtures (1:1) of natural soil and the most viable vermicomposts were investigated. The C1 and C2 compost compositions were associated with high earthworm mortality rates. The C3 compost provided the highest mineral concentrations and C5 showed the highest lettuce yield (wet biomass). The results verify that stabilized cattle manure is an excellent substrate for the vermicomposting process and that fresh swine manure must be mixed with pre-stabilized cattle manure to ensure an optimized vermicomposting process, which must be controlled in terms of temperature and ammonia levels. It is concluded that small livestock farmers could add value to swine manure by applying the vermicomposting process, without the need for high investments and with a minimal requirement for management of the biodegradation process. These are important technical aspects to be considered when circular economy principles are applied to small farms.

Growth and reproductive potential of Eisenia foetida (Sav) on various zoo animal dungs after two methods of pre-composting followed by vermicomposting.

Disposal of animal manure without treatment can be harmful to the environment. In this study, samples of four zoo animal dungs and one horse dung were pre-composted in two ways: (a) traditional composting and (b) bokashi pre-composting for 1month, followed by vermicomposting for 3months. The permanence (PEf) and reproductive potential (RP) of Eisenia foetida as well as the quality of vermicompost were evaluated. The PEf values and RP index of E. foetida were higher for samples pre-composted using the traditional composting method (98.7-88% and 31.85-16.27%, respectively) followed by vermicomposting (92.7-72.7% and 22.96-13.51%, respectively), when compared with those for bokashi pre-composted samples followed by vermicomposting, except for the horse dung sample (100% for both the parameters). The values of electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic C, total N, available P, C/N ratio, and pH showed that both treatments achieved the norms of vermicompost (<4mScm-1, 40cmolkg-1, 20-50%, 1-4%, ≤20, 5.5-8.5, respectively). However, the maturity indices of vermicompost, namely, organic matter loss, N loss, and CEC/organic carbon (OC) ratio indicated that bokashi pre-composting followed by vermicomposting produced the highest values (98.7-70.7%, 97.67-96.65%, and 2.7-1.97%, respectively), when compared with the other method adapted in this study. Nevertheless, further studies with plants for plant growth evaluation are needed to assess the benefits and limitations of these two pre-composting methods prior to vermicomposting.

Vermicomposting as an advanced biological treatment for industrial waste from the leather industry.

The leather industry (tanneries) generates high amounts of toxic wastes, including solid and liquid effluents that are rich in organic matter and mineral content. Vermicomposting was studied as an alternative method of treating the wastes from tanneries. Vermicompost was produced from the following tannery residues: tanned chips of wet-blue leather, sludge from a liquid residue treatment station, and a mixture of both. Five hundred earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were added to each barrel. During the following 135 days the following parameters were evaluated: pH, total organic carbon (TOC), organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), C:N ratio, and chromium content as Cr (III) and Cr (VI). The results for pH, TOC and OM contents showed decreases in their values during the composting process, whereas values for CEC and total nitrogen rose, indicating that the vermicompost reached maturity. For chromium, at 135 days, all values of Cr (VI) were below the detectable level. Therefore, the Cr (VI) content had probably been biologically transformed into Cr (III), confirming the use of this technique as an advanced biological treatment. The study reinforces the idea that vermicomposting could be introduced as an effective technology for the treatment of industrial tannery waste and the production of agricultural inputs.

Atributos químicos do solo adubado com lodo de esgoto estabilizado por diferentes processos e cultivado com girassol / Soil chemical attributes fertilized with sewage sludge stabilized by different processes and cultivated with sunflower

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os atributos do solo em resposta a adubação com lodo de esgoto submetido a diferentes processos de estabilização. O experimento foi desenvolvido em solo CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO, com os tratamentos: testemunha (sem adubação), adubação com lodo de esgoto solarizado, adubação com lodo de esgoto compostado, adubação com lodo de esgoto vermicompostado, adubação com lodo de esgoto caleado e adubação química recomendada para a cultura. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições. O lodo de esgoto estabilizado de diferentes formas não influenciou os teores de matéria orgânica, o pH, a soma de bases (SB), a saturação por bases (V), a CTC efetiva (CTC(t)), a CTC potencial (CTC(T)) e os teores de H+Al do solo quando comparado à adubação química e ao tratamento sem adubação, exceto o lodo de esgoto caleado, que aumentou o pH, a SB, a V e a CTC(t) do solo.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil properties in response to fertilization with sewage sludge under different stabilization processes. The experiment was conducted in Haplic Cambisol, with the treatments: control (without fertilization), fertilization with sewage sludge solarized, fertilization with compost sewage sludge, fertilization with sewage sludge vermicomposted, fertilization with limed sewage sludge and chemical fertilizer recommended for culture. It was used a randomized block design with four replicates. The sewage sludge did not affect the organic matter content, pH, SB, V%, CTC(t), CTC(T) and the contents of H + Al when compared to chemical fertilizer and treatment without fertilization, except the limed sewage sludge, which increased the pH, SB, CTC(t), and V% of the soil.

Efeito da ação decompositora da minhoca californiana (Lumbricus rubellus) na composição química de um fertilizante organomineral / Effect of action putrefactive californian earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) in the chemical composition of a fertilizer organomineral

Avaliou-se a ação decompositora de minhocas Californianas (Lumbricus rubellus) na composição química de um fertilizante organomineral produzido a partir da mistura em diferentes proporções de resíduos orgânicos não degradados do rúmen de bovinos (ROND), cama de frango de granja (CFG), calcário dolomítico (Cal D) e fertilizante mineral 4-14-8 granulado (FM). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com nove tratamentos, constituídos de ROND; ROND + Cal D; ROND + Cal D + FM (quatro concentrações) e ROND + Cal D + CFG (três concentrações), em três repetições, os quais foram submetidos à vermicompostagem durante um período de 80 dias em condições controladas de umidade e temperatura. Entre as características químicas avaliadas, observou-se que o melhor efeito da utilização da cama de frango foi como fonte de P2O5, sendo que a disponibilidade de fósforo foi aumentada mediante a utilização da calagem. Entretanto, a calagem mostrou efeito significativo na redução do teor de nitrogênio no composto. A perda de nitrogênio foi observada em todos os tratamentos, sendo em menor grau no tratamento em que foram utilizados apenas resíduos de rúmen sob ação das minhocas. Quanto à utilização de matérias primas com relação C:N baixa, foi observado maiores perdas de nitrogênio, sendo recomendado acrescer à mistura materiais ricos em carbono. A utilização da vermicompostagem em conjunto com os demais materiais aplicados mostrou benefícios significativos na melhoria da composição química do fertilizante organomineral.

We evaluated the action putrefactive Californian worms (Lumbricus rubellus) in the chemical composition of an organomineral fertilizer produced from the mixture in different proportions of organic waste is not degraded in the rumen of cattle (ROND), Chicken manure (CFG) dolomitic limestone (Cal D) and 4-14-8 granular mineral fertilizer (FM). The experimental design was randomized blocks with nine treatments consisting of ROND; ROND + Cal D; ROND + ROND + Cal D + FM (four concentrations) and Cal D + CFG (three concentrations) and, with three replicates, which were subjected to vermicomposting for a period of 80 days under controlled conditions of humidity and temperature. Among the chemical characteristics evaluated, it was observed that the best effect of the use of poultry litter has been a source of P2O5, and phosphorus availability was increased through the use of lime. However, liming showed a significant effect in reducing the nitrogen content in the compost. The loss of nitrogen was observed in all treatments, and to a lesser extent in the treatment where residues were used only under the action of earthworms rumen. Regarding the use of raw materials with C:N ratio low, we observed greater loss of nitrogen, and recommended addition to the mix carbonrich materials. The use of vermicompost in combination with other materials used showed significant benefits in improving the chemical composition of the organomineral fertilizer.

A vermicompostagem do lodo de lagoas de tratamento de efluentes industriais consorciada com composto de lixo urbano / The vermicomposting of an industrial sludge combined with a compost of municipal solid refuse

A destinação dos resíduos sólidos constitui um sério problema ambiental para a humanidade, principalmente em regiões de grande concentração urbana, onde a disponibilidade de áreas para disposição dos rejeitos é quase sempre restrita. Com a intenção de fornecer mais uma alternativa para solução do problema, desenvolveu-se um estudo para avaliar a vermicompostagem de um lodo industrial, resultante do processamento de frutas, consorciado com composto de lixo urbano. Através desse processo, pode-se obter a reciclagem dos resíduos, produzindo-se um composto denominado húmus ou vermicomposto. Dentre os resultados obtidos pode-se destacar bons indicadores do nível de maturidade dos resíduos, representados pela relação carbono/nitrogênio, a influência da minhoca na elevação do pH e sua contribuição para uma estabilização mais acelerada da matéria orgânica.

The final disposal of solid wastes is a serious environmental problem, mainly in big towns, where the areas to put the refuses on are not much available. To provide one more alternative to solve this problem, a research was developed to analyse the vermicomposting of industrial sludge combined with a compost of municipal solid refuse. By this process, it was possible to obtain the recycling of the wastes, producing a material called humus or vermicompost. The results showed good maturity levels of the refuses, presented by the carbon/nitrogen relations, the worms influence in the pH elevation and their possible acceleration of the organic material stabilization.