A case study on the endeavour to identify the "unidentifiable" fallen soldiers of WWI on the Italian front.

If there is a category of war victims for whom the identification process has been and still remains an extremely challenging issue, it is the soldiers of World War One. There are various reasons for this, including unreliable identity tags, the unprecedented number of casualties, and the level of destruction caused by the massive use of "new" weapons. In Italy, this phenomenon was so severe and well-known that a monument was erected in Rome specifically in memory of those unknown soldiers ("Tomba del Milite Ignoto"). However, modern techniques in forensic archaeology and anthropology can facilitate identification even in this extreme context. In the casework described here, the presence of human remains was reported to the judicial authorities, which were subsequently located and excavated in a remote region of the Italian Alps using a range of techniques, including drone imagery, GPR, and micromorphological surveying. During the archaeological excavation of the human remains, a World War One zinc identification tag in very poor condition was found adjacent to the body. The biological profile was estimated (male, 20-30 years old, 166 cm±3.27 cm), and a trauma survey was performed. Thanks to the restoration of the ID tag, parts of the name and enrolment number were found and cross-referenced with the anthropological data of the subject, matching the information in the available military records. The victim had no siblings or offspring, making it impossible to identify descendants. However, the operation led to a contextual/presumptive identification of the soldier and the discovery of his story. He was a native of Tuscany, who died during the "Punitive Expedition" (1916) and was buried, probably by his comrades, in a small flat area hidden from enemy lines. In investigations like this, the involvement of local communities, whether groups or individuals, is crucial. In this case report, it will be shown how multidisciplinary approaches and collective actions can play a pivotal role in resolving highly intricate scenarios, such as those pertaining to armed conflicts.

Waist-to-weight index and cognitive impairment: Understanding the link through depression mediation in the NHANES.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, several studies have suggested that obesity may play an important role in cognitive impairment. Individuals with cognitive impairment often also exhibit depressive symptoms. This study aimed to explore the association between obesity and cognitive impairment and to elucidate the mediating role of depressive symptoms in this association. METHODS: Older participants in the U.S. were examined in this cross-sectional study (n = 2391). The WWI was computed as follows: WWI = waist circumference/square root of body weight. The Consortium for Alzheimer's Disease Word Learning (CERAD-WL), the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) were used to evaluate cognitive function. Depression symptoms were evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). Subgroup analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were utilized to investigate the relationships between the WWI and depressive symptoms and cognitive decline. Threshold effects were computed using a two-segment linear regression model. To ascertain whether depression mediates the relationship between the WWI and cognitive impairment, mediation analysis was also employed. RESULTS: A total of 2391 participants were included, 33.29 % of whom had cognitive impairment. There was a significant correlation between the WWI and depressive symptoms and cognitive function (P < 0.05). With increasing WWI quartiles, the prevalence of cognitive impairment increased (Q1: 27.09 %, Q2: 33.00 %, Q3: 31.44 %, Q4: 41.64 %). It was highly likely that the WWI and cognitive impairment were positively correlated (OR = 1.34, 95 % CI = 1.13, 1.59), and this link was steady across all subgroups (P for trend >0.05). A nonlinear curve with an inflection point of 10.71 connected the WWI and cognitive deterioration. A significant correlation was found between the WWI and cognitive impairment on the left side of the inflection point (OR = 3.58, 95 % CI = 1.57, 8.15). With a 5.4 % mediation rate, mediation analysis revealed that depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between cognitive impairment and the WWI. CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive association between the WWI and the incidence of cognitive impairment in older Americans. Among other factors, depressive symptoms slightly mediated the association between the WWI and cognitive impairment. However, large-scale prospective studies are still needed to analyse the interactions between the three factors in depth.

Association of weight-adjusted waist index with cardiovascular disease and mortality among metabolic syndrome population.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is prevalent and significantly impacts global public health, with obesity being a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mortality. Traditional metrics like body mass index (BMI) have limitations in assessing obesity-related risks. The weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) has emerged as a novel obesity metric, this study aimed to evaluate the association of WWI with CVD and mortality in MetS patients. This study used data from 12,641 participants with MetS, derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted from 1999 to 2020. The WWI was calculated, and its association with CVD and mortality was assessed using multivariate logistic and Cox regression models. The study controlled for potential confounders and performed subgroup and sensitivity analyses to validate the robustness of the findings. The predictive performance of WWI was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves further were used to evaluate the associations between WWI and mortality of the MetS population. As WWI values escalated, there was a proportional rise in the risk of CVD and mortality in MetS. The fully adjusted continuous model revealed a 32.0% elevated likelihood of CVD development, a 69.5% increased probability of heart failure (HF), a 51.1% heightened risk for CVD mortality, and a 22.8% augmented risk for all-cause mortality with each one-unit increment in WWI. Comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of WWI, the top quartile exhibited a significantly increased risk of CVD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.883; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.276-2.633, p-value = 0.001), HF (OR = 2.909; 95% CI: 1.490-5.677, p-value = 0.002), CVD mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.088; 95% CI: 1.279-3.409, p-value = 0.003), and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.394; 95% CI: 1.070-1.816, p-value = 0.014) among individuals with MetS. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses substantiated the consistency and stability of these associations across various demographic groups. The ROC analysis demonstrated that WWI outperforms BMI in predicting adverse outcomes in MetS. The KM curves validated that higher WWI values was correlated with diminished survival rates in MetS population. The WWI served as a significant indicator for assessing the risk of CVD and mortality in the MetS population. This study recommended the regular assessment of WWI in MetS individuals for evaluating their risk of CVD and mortality, potentially enhancing preventive and treatment strategies for this patient population.

The association between Weight-adjusted-Waist Index (WWI) and cognitive function in older adults: a cross-sectional NHANES 2011-2014 study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of obesity on cognitive function has engendered considerable interest. Weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) has emerged as a novel and innovative marker of obesity that reflects weight-independent abdominal obesity. However, the association between WWI and cognitive function remains unclear. To address this gap, the present study aims to explore the relationship between weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) and cognitive performance in older adults. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional investigation using datasets from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. The study included 3,472 participants (48.59% male, 51.41% female) of various races (Mexican American, Other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Other), with a mean age of 69.95 years (SD = 6.94). Multivariate regression and smoothing curve fitting were used to investigate the linear and nonlinear relationship between WWI and cognitive performance in the following domains: learning and memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed, as measured by Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Word Learning subtest (CERAD-WL), Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), respectively. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests were conducted to examine the stability of this relationship across groups. Machine learning models based on random forests were used to analyze the predictive performance of WWI for cognitive function. RESULTS: A total of 3,472 participants were included in the analysis. The results revealed significant negative associations between WWI and low scores on the CERAD-WL [-0.96 (-1.30, -0.62)], AFT [-0.77 (-1.05, -0.49)], and DSST [-3.67 (-4.55, -2.79)]. This relationship remained stable after converting WWI to a categorical variable. In addition, this significant negative association was more pronounced in men than women and diminished with advancing age. Non-linear threshold effects were observed, with correlations intensifying between WWI and CERAD-WL when WWI surpassed 12.25, AFT when WWI surpassed 11.54, and DSST when WWI surpassed 11.66. CONCLUSIONS: A higher WWI, indicating increased abdominal obesity, was associated with deficits in learning, memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed among older adults. These findings suggest that abdominal obesity may play a crucial role in cognitive decline in this population. The stronger relationship observed between WWI and cognition in men highlights the need for gender-specific considerations in interventions targeting abdominal obesity. The results demonstrate the importance of interventions targeting abdominal obesity to preserve cognitive performance in older adults.

The Link Between Weight-Adjusted-Waist Index and Psoriasis in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on 2009-2014 and 2003-2006 Data.

Purpose: The weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) is a new indicator that may be used to assess obesity. However, there has never been any prior research indicating a link between psoriasis and WWI. Hence, the aim of this investigation is to search for the correlation between the two. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional analyses used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2003 to 2006 and 2019 to 2014. Through multivariate logistic regression, the connection between Psoriasis and WWI was explored, while subgroup analyses aimed to identify possible causes. Furthermore, Smoothed curve fitting was also performed to further understand the association. The non-linear connection was examined through the use of threshold effects. Results: There were 21,916 participants over the age of 20 in the research. Psoriasis and WWI were revealed to be positively correlated [1.25 (1.14, 1.38)] using multivariate logistic regression analysis. This association was observed in both men [1.50(1.29,1.78)] and hypertensive patients [1.37(1.16,1.62)] in subgroup analysis. Furthermore, we noticed a curvilinear association between WWI and psoriasis, wherein the inflection point was identified as 10.15. To the left of the inflection point, there existed a negative correlation [0.12(0.02,0.91)] while to the right, a positive one [1.68(1.03,2.72)]. Conclusion: According to our findings, psoriasis and WWI are related, although more extensive prospective research is still required to support this conclusion.

The weight-adjusted waist index and frailty: A cohort study from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVES: This cohort study's aim was to assess the association between the weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) and frailty among middle-aged and elderly individuals in China. METHODS: Seven-year complete follow-up data from 10,349 adults aged ≥45 years, initially surveyed in 2 011 in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, were analyzed, including clinical demographic characteristics, anthropometric indices, frailty scores, and relevant covariates. The WWI was calculated as waist circumference divided by the square root of the body weight. Frailty was evaluated using the Frailty Index. Relationships between the WWI and frailty were evaluated via Cox proportional hazards modeling. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses assessed the effectiveness of obesity-related indicators in predicting frailty. RESULTS: Over a median 84-month follow-up period, frailty occurred in 23.7% (2453/10,349) of participants. After potential confounder adjustment, the WWI positively correlated with frailty (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.14; 95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.20; p < 0.001). After WWI-stratification into quartiles based on frailty and covariate adjustment, regression analyses were conducted; the adjusted hazard ratios exhibited a significant upward trend (p < 0.001). The subgroup analyses revealed higher positive correlations between the WWI and frailty in males and those aged ≥65 years and lower correlations in those with a high school or higher educational level and in married or cohabiting individuals. The strong positive correlation was unaltered in the other subgroup analyses. The WWI outperformed all other obesity-related indicators as a frailty predictor. CONCLUSIONS: The WWI is a dependable and innovative obesity-related predictor of frailty and could help in mitigating its development.

Association between weight-adjusted-waist index and depression: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Depression has become a multifaceted global health issue, with complex connections to obesity. Weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) can effectively evaluate central obesity, but the relationship between WWI and depression has not been well studied. The study aims to investigate the potential correlation between these two health parameters. Methods: According to the data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this cross-sectional study used multiple regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and smooth curve fitting to explore the relationship between WWI and depression. The assessment ability of WWI was evaluated and compared to other obesity indicators using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: This study analyzed 38,154 participants. Higher WWI is associated with higher depression scores (ß = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.36-0.47). After adjusting for various confounding factors, the positive correlation between WWI and depression remained significant (P for trend < 0.0001). Nonlinear positive correlation was detected with a breakpoint of 11.14. ROC analysis shows that compared to other obesity indicators (ROCWWI = 0.593; ROCBMI = 0.584; and ROCWC = 0.581), the correlation between WWI and depression has better discrimination and accuracy. DII mediated 4.93%, SII mediated 5.08%, and sedentary mediated 0.35% of the total association between WWI and depression. Conclusion: WWI levels were related to an increased likelihood of depression and showed a stronger relationship than BMI and waist circumference. Our findings indicated that WWI may serve as a simple anthropometric index to evaluate depression.

Associations of weight-adjusted-waist index and depression with secondary infertility.

Background: Obesity and psychological factors were identified as risk factors for female infertility. The study investigated the correlation between WWI, depression, and secondary infertility, focusing on the potential mediating role of depression. Methods: According to the data from NHANES, this cross-sectional study used multiple regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and smooth curve fitting to explore the relationship between WWI, depression, and secondary infertility. The diagnostic ability of WWI was evaluated and compared to other obesity indicators using the ROC curve. The mediating effect test adopted the distribution of the product. Results: This study involved 2778 participants, including 381 (13.7%) women with secondary infertility. Results showed that higher WWI (OR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.11-1.56) and depression scores (OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06) were associated with secondary infertility. There was a positive correlation between WWI and secondary infertility (nonlinear p = 0.8272) and this association was still consistent in subgroups (all P for interaction> 0.05). Compared with other obesity indicators, WWI (AUC = 0.588) also shows good predictive performance for secondary infertility. Mediation analysis showed that depression mediated the relationship between 3.94% of WWI and secondary infertility, with a confidence interval of Za * Zb excluding 0. Conclusion: WWI exhibited a relatively good correlation in predicting secondary infertility than other obesity indicators, and depression may be a mediator between WWI and secondary infertility. Focusing on the potential mediating role of depression, the risk of secondary infertility due to obesity may be beneficially reduced in women.

Association between weight-adjusted waist index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is the most important driver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); nevertheless, the relationship of weight-adjusted waist index (WWI), a new obesity index, with NAFLD is unclear. METHODS: This retrospective study used data from the NAGALA project from 1994 to 2016. WWI values were calculated using waist circumference (WC) and weight measurements of the participants. Three stepwise adjusted logistic regression models were developed to assess the relationship of WWI with NAFLD in the whole population and in both sexes. Additionally, we also conducted a series of exploratory analysis to test the potential impact of body mass index (BMI), age, smoking status and exercise habits on the association of WWI with NAFLD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to estimate cut-off points for identifying NAFLD in the entire population and in both sexes. RESULTS: The current study included a population of 11,805 individuals who participated in health screenings, including 6,451 men and 5,354 women. After adjusting for all non-collinear variables in the multivariable logistic regression model, we found a significant positive correlation of WWI with NAFLD. For each unit increase in WWI, the risk of NAFLD increased by 72% in the entire population, by 84% in men, and by 63% in women. Furthermore, subgroup analyses revealed no significant discrepancies in the correlation of WWI with NAFLD across individuals with varying ages, exercise habits, and smoking status (all P-interaction > 0.05), except for different BMI groups (P-interaction < 0.05). Specifically, compared to the overweight/obese group, the relationship of WWI with NAFLD was significantly stronger in the non-obese group, especially in non-obese men. Finally, based on the results of ROC analysis, we determined that the WWI cut-off point used to identify NAFLD was 9.7675 in men and 9.9987 in women. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to establish a positive correlation between WWI and NAFLD. Moreover, assessing the influence of WWI on NAFLD in individuals without obesity may yield more valuable insights compared to those who are overweight or obese.

Relationship between cognitive function and weight-adjusted waist index in people ≥ 60 years old in NHANES 2011-2014.

BACKGROUND: Widespread attention has been given to the detrimental effects of obesity on cognitive function. However, there is no evidence on the connection between low cognitive performance and the WWI (weight-adjusted waist index). This study looked into the connection between poor cognitive performance and the WWI in senior Americans. METHODS: A cross-sectional research study was carried out with information from the NHANES 2011-2014. With multivariate linear regression models, the pertinence between the WWI and low cognitive function in persons older than 60 years was examined. The nonlinear link was described using threshold effect analyses and fitted smoothed curves. Interaction tests and subgroup analysis were also conducted. RESULTS: The study had 2762 individuals in all, and subjects with higher WWI values were at greater risk for low cognitive function. In the completely adjusted model, the WWI was positively connected with low cognitive performance assessed by CERAD W-L (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.45, p = 0.0239), AFT (OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.09-1.54, p = 0.0029), and DSST (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.30-1.94, p < 0.0001). The effect of each subgroup on the positive correlation between the WWI and low cognitive performance was not significant. The WWI and low cognitive performance as determined by CERAD W-L and AFT had a nonlinear connection (log-likelihood ratio < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Among older adults in the United States, the risk of low cognitive performance may be positively related to the WWI.

Relationship between gout, hyperuricemia, and obesity-does central obesity play a significant role?-a study based on the NHANES database.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to evaluate how various measures of obesity, such as body mass index(BMI), body roundness index(BRI), and weigh adjusted waist index(WWI), influence urate levels, prevalence of gout and to compare the disparities among these obesity indicators. METHODS: By analyzing the 2001-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we assessed the relationship between BMI, WWI, and BRI indices and urate levels, hyperuricemia, and the prevalence of gout. Smoothed curve fitting was used to determine whether there was a nonlinear relationship between BMI,WWI, and BRI indices and urate levels, hyperuricemia, and the prevalence of gout, and threshold effects analysis was used to test this relationship. We also used ROC curves to determine the diagnostic efficacy of BMI, WWI, and BRI on the prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout. RESULTS: The study incorporated a total of 29,310 participants aged over 20 years, out of which 14,268 were male. Following the adjustment for the pertinent confounding factors, it was observed that higher levels of BMI, WWI, and BRI were significantly associated with a gradual and dose-dependent increase in urate levels. In the sensitivity analysis, each unit increment in BMI, WWI, and BRI levels exhibited an 8%, 72%, and 26% respective elevation in the risk of hyperuricemia, as well as a 5%, 31%, and 15% respective increase in the risk of gout. Dose-response curves provided evidence of a linear positive correlation between BMI, WWI, BRI, and urate levels, as well as the prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout. Based on the response from the ROC curve, overall, the diagnostic efficacy of BRI for hyperuricemia and gout surpasses that of BMI. CONCLUSION: The central obesity indices WWI and BRI levels are superior to BMI in detecting the prevalence of urate levels, hyperuricemia, and gout, and although a clear causal relationship has not yet been established, it is important to recognize the impact of central obesity on uric acid levels and to give it due attention.

A new innovative method to measure the cost of war: future with fewer conflicts via harm reduction approaches.

BACKGROUND: The destruction of World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII) changed the world forever. In this analysis, the economic costs of WWI and WWII are considered via a harm reduction approach to highlight the cost of war via the mortality of military personnel. The harm reduction philosophy and homeostasis of a biological cell are utilized as a pragmatic approach and analogy to give a greater context to the findings, despite the omission of civilian casualties and military disabilities. METHODS: Tangible (e.g., loss of wages, productivity, and contributions) and intangible (e.g., quality of life) costs are estimated based on the value of each military personnel derived from secondary data and a mathematical model. This is the first study to estimate the cost of war based on soldier's mortality during the first and second World War. RESULTS: Based on the tangible value, the WWI and WWII cost for the military personnel was US$43.204 billion ($13 billion ≤ α ≤ $97 billion) and US$540.112 billion ($44 billion ≤ α ≤ $1 trillion). When the intangible cost is considered, it is estimated that the WWI cost was beyond US$124 trillion ($43 trillion ≤ ß ≤ $160 trillion), and the WWII cost was above US$328 trillion ($115 trillion ≤ ß ≤ $424 trillion). The sensitivity analyses conducted for WWI and WWII demonstrate different ranges based on tangible and intangible values. CONCLUSIONS: In the current climate of increasing hostilities, inequalities, global warming, and an ever-changing world, economic prosperities are directly linked to peace, stability, and security. Therefore, any future decisions for military conflicts need to increasingly consider harm reduction approaches by considering the cost of life and potential disabilities for each nations' soldiers, sailors, and pilots.

Association between Weight-Adjusted Waist Index and depressive symptoms: A nationally representative cross-sectional study from NHANES 2005 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms are strongly associated with the development of various diseases and are one of the leading causes of disability in the world. However, the relationship between weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) and depressive symptoms has not been studied. This study aimed to assess the relationship between depressive symptoms and WWI. METHODS: This study took NHANES data from 2005 to 2018 with 32,374 participants. Depressive symptoms were measured by a questionnaire (PHQ-9).WWI was determined by dividing the square root of waist circumference (cm) by weight (kg). Multivariate logistic regression models, smoothed curve fitting, and weighted generalized additive model (GAM) regression were used to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and WWI, BMI, and waist circumference. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were also performed. RESULTS: In fully adjusted models, the OR (95 % CI) for WWI and depressive symptoms with WWI, BMI, and waist circumference were 1.18 (1.05, 1.34), BMI 1.01 (1.00, 1.02, 1.01 (1.00, 1.01), respectively. Participants in the highest quartile (Q4) had a 49 % higher depressive symptoms compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR = 1.49, 95 % CI:1.14-1.96). Subgroup analyses and interaction tests showed a stable relationship between depressive symptoms and WWI. LIMITATIONS: It is difficult to determine a causal relationship between the two; questionnaire collection may be somewhat biased; CONCLUSIONS: WWI was positively associated with depressive symptoms. This association was stronger than BMI and waist circumference. However, this relationship was stable. This study emphasizes the potential utility of WWI in preventing depressive symptoms and improving prognosis in the population.

Relationship between weight-adjusted waist circumference index and prevalence of gallstones in U.S. adults: a study based on the NHANES 2017-2020.

Objective: We aimed to assess the association between weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) and gallstone prevalence in US adults. Methods: We selected individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2017 to 2020 and used logistic regression analyses, subgroup analyses, and dose-response curves to assess the association between WWI and gallbladder stone prevalence and age, sex, and ethnicity. Results: A total of 7971 participants aged ≥20 years were enrolled in our study; 828 patients had a self-reported history of gallstones. After correcting for confounders, for each unit of WWI after Ln conversion, the prevalence of gallbladder stones increased by 34% (OR=1.34, 95% CI:1.20, 1.50). Dose-response curves showed a positive correlation between WWI and gallbladder stone prevalence.According to the subgroup analysis, the positive association between TyG index and high-frequency HI was more significant in males(OR=1.34, 95% CI:1.07, 1.69), <40 years old(OR=1.42, 95% CI:1.18, 1.71), white people Americans(OR=1.35, 95% CI:1.08, 1.68) and other races(OR= 1.56, 95% CI:1.13, 2.14). Conclusion: Higher WWI was positively associated with the prevalence of gallbladder stones and was associated with gender, age, and ethnicity. This is noteworthy, although a causal relationship could not be established.

Dietary fat types consumption association with obesity and coronary indices.

This article aims to study the different dietary fat types associated with obesity and coronary indices. A sample of 491 healthy adults was included in a cross-sectional manner. Dietary fats intake, obesity indices (conicity index (CI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body roundness index (BRI), and weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI)), and cardiovascular indices (cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)) were calculated and studied. Participants with an acceptable intake of omega-3 had a higher BRI score (1⋅90 ± 0⋅06 v. 1⋅70 ± 0⋅06). Participants with an unacceptable intake of cholesterol had a higher CI (1⋅31 ± 0⋅11 v. 1⋅28 ± 0⋅12; P = 0⋅011), AVI (20⋅24 ± 5⋅8 v. 18⋅33 ± 6⋅0; P < 0⋅001), BRI (2⋅00 ± 1⋅01 v. 1⋅70 ± 1⋅00; P = 0⋅003), WWI (11⋅00 ± 0⋅91 v. 10⋅80 ± 0⋅97; P = 0⋅032), and lower AIP (0⋅46 ± 0⋅33 v. 0⋅53 ± 0⋅33; P = 0⋅024). Total fat, saturated fat (SFA), and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) intake had a significant moderate correlation with AVI and BRI. The monounsaturated fat (MUFA) intake had a significantly weak correlation with CI, AVI, BRI, WWI, and AIP. Cholesterol and omega-6 had weak correlations with all indices. Similar correlations were seen among male and female participants. The different types of fat intake significantly affected obesity and coronary indices, especially SFA and PUFA, as well as omega-3 and cholesterol. Gender and the dietary type of fat intake have a relationship to influence the indicators of both obesity and coronary indices.

Relationship between the weight-adjusted-waist index and kidney stone: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: At present, a growing number of studies have shown a positive association between obesity and kidney stone, while traditional anthropometric measures, such as body mass index (BMI) and Waist circumference (WC), have limited ability to assess the risk of kidney stone. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between the weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) and the risk of kidney stone. METHOD: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2009 and 2016 were used. A total of 17,292 participants from NHANES were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to investigate the relationship between WWI and kidney stone. Interaction analysis was performed for subgroups to verify the results. Meanwhile, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to analyze the efficacy of different anthropometric indices in predicting the risk of kidney stone. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we found a positive and independent association between kidney stone and WWI. After adjusting for all covariates, a one-unit increase in WWI was associated with a 36% increase in the risk of kidney stones. Dose-response curve analysis showed that WWI was non-linear correlated with the prevalence of kidney stone. In ROC analysis, WWI showed better discrimination for kidney stone (area under the curve: 0.612; 95% CI: 0.599-0.626; optimal cutoff value: 11.063) compared with other indices. CONCLUSION: In this study, increased WWI was strongly associated with the risk of kidney stone.

The relationship between obesity associated weight-adjusted waist index and the prevalence of hypertension in US adults aged ≥60 years: a brief report.

Objectives: The main objective was to examine the relationship between weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) and the prevalence of hypertension among individuals aged ≥60 years who participated in the NHANES between 2011 and 2018 years. Methods: The data for this study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2018. In this population-based study, we focused on participants who were over 60 years old. Data were collected from the aforementioned survey, and the variable of interest was WWI, which was calculated as waist (cm) divided by the square root of body weight (kg). Multivariable logistic regression model was applied to calculate adjusted ORs with 95% CIs in order to explore any possible correlation between WWI and the prevalence of hypertension. Subgroup analysis were used to verify the stability of the relationship between WWI and the prevalence of hypertension. The interaction tests were also conducted in this research. Results: Results revealed that adults aged ≥60 years who were in the highest WWI quartile had significantly higher chances of developing hypertension when compared to those in the lowest quartile, after adjusting for covariates and potential confounders (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that there is a strong correlation between elevated levels of WWI and the risk of developing hypertension among older adults. As such, WWI could serve as a unique and valuable biomarker for identifying hypertension risk at an earlier stage in the older adults population.

Association between weight-adjusted-waist index with hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis: a nationally representative cross-sectional study from NHANES 2017 to 2020.

Background: The negative effects of obesity on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis have received considerable attention in recent years. The weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) reflects weight-independent centripetal obesity. Herein, we provide the first investigation of a link between WWI, hepatic steatosis, and liver fibrosis. Methods: We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2020 to conduct a cross-sectional study. The linear relationship between WWI, controlled attenuation parameters, and liver stiffness measurements (LSM) was investigated using multivariate linear regression models. The nonlinear relationship was described using fitted smoothed curves and threshold effect analyses. Subgroup analyses were performed based on gender, age, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, drinking, and smoking. Results: This population-based study included 7,594 people, 50.74% of whom were men and 49.26% of whom were women. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between WWI and hepatic steatosis [CAP, ß=7.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) (4.42, 10.78), P<0.0001]. This positive association was stronger when excessive alcohol intake was present compared to when it was absent (P for interaction = 0.031), and when hypertension was present compared to when it was not (P for interaction = 0.014). The linear relationship between WWI and liver fibrosis was not statistically significant on multiple regression analysis [LSM, ß=0.03, 95% CI (-0.26, 0.32), P=0.84]. However, a U-shaped association was seen between WWI and LSM, with a negative correlation when WWI< 10.92 and a positive correlation when WWI > 10.92. Conclusion: We report a strong association between WWI and hepatic steatosis, and suggest that it may potentially be used as a simple anthropometric index to predict hepatic steatosis.

[Beyond the trenches, two German pioneers of plastic surgery]. / Au-delà des tranchées, deux pionniers allemands de la chirurgie plastique.

Cosmetic and reconstructive surgery has existed in many forms since antiquity, but it was the impulse given by the Great War that gave birth to plastic and cosmetic surgery as we know it today. After the Great War, the names of the most famous pioneers of the allies' side are Sir Harold Gillies, Mac Indoe and also Hippolyte Morestin; however, the surgeons of the enemy axis, beyond the trenches, faced the same constraints with their own war casualties. We present the destinies of two great pioneers of plastic surgery within the beautiful German Bismarckian period: Professor Erich Lexer, and "non-professor" Jakob Joseph.