Impact of water quality on reprocessing equipment: Assessment of neurosurgical instruments cleaning and biofilm formation in hospital pipes.

Background: The presence of contamination and microorganisms at any stage of processing renders a method unsafe, leading to a high risk of cross-transmission and cross-infection. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the cleaning quality of aspirator instruments used in neurosurgical procedures. Methods: The experimental study was conducted at the materials and sterilization center, as well as the microbiology laboratory, of a philanthropic hospital in Brazil. A study protocol was implemented, which involved the analysis of 10 samples of Yasargil aspirators with varying dimensions. The samples were subjected to protein tests to detect the presence of organic matter and microbiological analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: The results indicated that 40% of the instruments tested positive for protein after manual cleaning. Furthermore, after automated cleaning, samples showed an increased microbiological load, with Escherichia coli accounting for 20% and Klebsiella aerogenes for 10% of the identified microorganisms. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of failures in the cleaning process of healthcare products and highlights the presence of biofilm in the pipes, thereby compromising the drinking water quality standard.

Candida species contamination in drinking groundwater from residence wells in three municipalities of midwestern Brazil and the potential human health risks.

Groundwater represents one of the largest safe drinking water sources worldwide; however, it has been threatened by increased human activities in recent years. Candida species express virulence factors that contribute to the establishment and worsening of infections, although little is known about the virulence profiles of these species in potable groundwater. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of yeasts in groundwater from residential wells and to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility profile, hydrolytic enzyme production, adhesion capacity, and biofilm formation of Candida spp. Fifty yeasts representing nine genera were isolated: Candida (48%), Meyerozyma (20%), Pichia (8%), Exophiala (8%), Clavispora (4%), Kodamaea (4%), Rhodotorula (4%), Hanseniaspora (2%), and Kazachstania (2%). Candida parapsilosis was the most commonly isolated species, and approximately 29% of the Candida isolates were resistant to at least one azole. All Candida isolates were able to produce hydrolytic enzymes and adhere to polystyrene, and most were classified as hydrophobic. Candida spp. can establish and form biofilms when cultivated in different media such as Sabouraud broth, water, and calcium hypochlorite. The use of contaminated groundwater for human consumption represents a possible route for the transmission of clinically relevant yeasts that can cause fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and establish effective measures for groundwater treatment to ensure the quality and safety for consumption.

[Evaluation of surface water quality in recreational areas, an integrative proposal of chemical and microbiological markers]. / Evaluación de la calidad de aguas superficiales en espacios recreacionales , una propuesta integradora de marcadores químicos y microbiológicos.

Climate change affects the interactions between water systems, ecosystems, and the atmosphere. It also increases the risk of the presence of microorganisms which affect the systems that use these resources. The impact of the population on the water resources has become more evident in recent years, highlighting the close relationship between the levels of inorganic components and microbiological contamination of water and community health. The characterization of the variables that account for water pollution is a complex process. In this paper, it is proposed to quantified nitrites and phosphorous as chemical markers and fecal coliforms, genomic human adenovirus and/or picobirnavirus and infectious human enterovirus detection as microbiological markers for the prevention of water-borne infections in individuals exposed to superficial aqueous matrices by recreational activities.

El cambio climático afecta a las interacciones entre los sistemas hídricos, los ecosistemas y la atmósfera. También aumenta el riesgo de la presencia de microorganismos que afectan a los sistemas que utilizan estos recursos. El impacto de la población sobre los recursos hídricos se ha hecho más evidente en los últimos años, destacando la estrecha relación entre los niveles de componentes inorgánicos así como la contaminación microbiológica del agua y la salud de la comunidad. La caracterización de las variables que dan cuenta de la contaminación del agua es un proceso complejo. En este trabajo se propone la cuantificación de nitritos y fósforo como marcadores químicos y la detección de coliformes fecales, adenovirus humanos genómicos y/o picobirnavirus y enterovirus humanos infecciosos como marcadores microbiológicos para la prevención de infecciones de origen hídrico en individuos expuestos a matrices acuosas superficiales por actividades recreativas.

Microbiological quality of water from public drinking fountains in northwestern São Paulo, Brazil / Qualidade microbiológica da água de bebedouros públicos no noroeste de São Paulo, Brasil

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of the water and the maintenance and physical structure of public drinking fountains located in the city of Araçatuba ­ SP. Methods: To assess the presence or absence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in the drinking water 41 samples were randomly collected. Thirteen samples were collected in the year 2018 and 28 samples in 2019. Results: All samples collected in the year 2018 showed no total coliforms and E. coli. However, the samples collected in the year 2019 showed coliforms in 10% (3/28). All the drinking fountains analyzed demonstrated to be inadequate in at least one of the qualitative criteria considered. Conclusion: Our results indicate that are necessary periodic maintenance of the public drinking fountains and the monitoring of its water since these parameters serve as indicators of the integrity of the drinking water distribution system.

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água, a manutenção e estrutura física de bebedouros públicos localizados no município de Araçatuba - SP. Métodos: Para avaliar a presença ou ausência de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais na água de consumo, 41 amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente. Treze amostras foram coletadas no ano de 2018 e 28 amostras em 2019. Resultados: Todas as amostras coletadas no ano de 2018 não apresentaram coliformes totais e E. coli. Porém, as amostras coletadas no ano de 2019 apresentaram coliformes em 10% (3/28). Todos os bebedouros analisados demonstraram ser inadequados em pelo menos um dos critérios qualitativos considerados. Conclusão: Nossos resultados indicam que são necessários a manutenção periódica dos bebedouros públicos e o monitoramento de sua água, visto que esses parâmetros servem como indicadores da integridade do sistema de distribuição de água potável.

Análise microbiológica e correlação do ph da água dos bebedouros utilizada para o consumo humano em escolas do município de Alagoa Grande ­ Paraíba / Microbiological analysis of the water of drinking fountains used for human consumption in schools of the county of Alagoa Grande ­ Paraíba

Introdução: a análise microbiológica das águas em escolas é de suma importância, visto que crianças em idade escolar são extremamente vulneráveis podendo desenvolver doenças por causa das condições do seu sistema gastrointestinal. Objetivo: avaliar os parâmetros microbiológicos da água de bebedouros destinados ao consumo humano de escolas de Alagoa Grande ­ PB. Metodologia: foram realizadas avaliações microbiológicas das águas disponíveis nos bebedouros, analisando a potabilidade, bem como as torneiras destes, fazendo levantamento da quantidade de fungos e bactérias encontrados. Os testes foram realizados nos laboratórios do Centro Universitário Maurício de Nassau ­ Campina Grande. Resultados: 24% das amostras estudadas apresentaram positividade para o grupo coliforme e termotolerante, portanto, não estão em estado potável para o consumo, e que a manutenção da limpeza dos bebedouros que armazenam a água está deficiente, revelando elevado número de microrganismos e presença de contaminação de todos. Conclusão: as higienizações dos aparelhos, bem como o monitoramento da água consumida nas escolas, são essenciais no controle de doenças que obviamente prejudicam o rendimento escolar dos alunos. As escolas em parcerias com instituições de saúde devem se mobilizar no sentido de capacitar e educar os funcionários que realizam a limpeza dos bebedouros, os alunos e a comunidade que os utilizam, visando a colaboração de todos para melhorar a qualidade da água consumida.

Introduction: the microbiological testing of water available in schools is of paramount importance, as school-age children are extremely vulnerable to developing diseases because of their gastrointestinal system conditions, which underscore the importance of water quality in schools and proper maintenance of the same. The water for consumption is that which is called potable water. The water that do not fit into the standards of potability can lead to pathologies to humans through their consumption. The main pathologies carried by the waters are typhoid fever, cholera, salmonellosis, shigellosis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, verminoses, amebiasis and giardiasis. The present study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of water from drinking fountains intended for human consumption in schools in Alagoa Grande-PB. Metodology: the microbiological analyzes were carried out of the water available in the drinking fountain, analyzing the potability, as well as the taps of these, surveying the amount of fungi and bacteria found. The tests were executed in the laboratories of the Mauricio de Nassau Faculty ­ Campina Grande and it was found that. Resulting: 24% of the samples studied presented positivity to the coliform and thermotolerant group, therefore, were not in the potable state for consumption, and that the cleaning of the water fountains is deficient, revealing presence of a high numbers of microorganisms. The fact that the coliform group and thermotolerants were not detected in the other water samples analyzed does not mean that the water is totally safe, since high numbers of fungal and bacterial colonies were found in the nozzles of the drinking fountains. Conclusion: the results showed that the hygiene of the devices, as well as the monitoring of the water consumed in schools, are essential in the control of diseases that obviously impair the students' school performance. The schools in partnerships with health institutions should mobilize to train and educate water cleaners, students, and the community that use them, in order to collaborate with each other to improve the quality of water consumed.

Diagnóstico de la calidad físico química y biológica del agua en el Golfo de Fonseca, La Unión, El Salvador. Propuestas para el desarrollo sostenible: en asocio con el Centro de Educación e Instrucción Naval de El Salvador, CEIN-Base Naval de La Unión / Diagnosis of the physical, chemical and biological quality of water in the Gulf of Fonseca, La Unión, El Salvador. Proposals for sustainable development: in association with the Naval Education and Training Center of El Salvador, CEIN-La Unión Naval Base

Este estudio permitió conocer la calidad microbiológica del agua del Golfo de Fonseca, a través de un programa de monitoreo realizado durante 12 meses, en 9 puntos de muestreo distribuidos en 3 sectores. "A" estero La Manzanilla-Isla Perico, "B" Ciudad de La Unión ­ bocana río Goascorán y "C" estero El Tamarindo ­ Isla Meanguera. El propósito fue obtener registros de contaminación de aguas costeras para el país y el impacto que las aguas residuales producen en el ambiente costero y la pérdida de la calidad del agua para actividades tales como la maricultura y la recreación. Entre las bacterias encontradas se encuentran: Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Vibrios y Heterótrofas. Dichas bacterias están asociadas con diferentes enfermedades para la salud humana, tal es el caso de las pseudomonas, las cuales están frecuentemente asociadas a infecciones de los tractos respiratorio y urinario. Los resultados obtenidos de Vibrio indican que el agua no es apta para uso en acuicultura, ni para uso recreativo, el agua se encuentra en el límite de referencia en cuanto al uso con propósito de producción acuícola y límite de referencia en cuanto al riesgo de consumo de productos pesqueros.

This study allowed to know the microbiological quality of the water of Golfo de Fonseca, through a monitoring program carried out during 12 months, in 9 sampling points distributed in 3 sectors. "A" La Manzanilla estuary- Isla Perico, "B" City of La Unión - Río Goascorán mouth and "C" El Tamarindo estuary - Isla Meanguera. The purpose was to obtain records of coastal water pollution for the country and the impact that wastewater produces on the coastal environment and the loss of water quality for activities such as mariculture and recreation. Among the bacteria found are: Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Vibrios and Heterotrophs. These bacteria are associated with different diseases for human health, such is the case of pseudomonas, which are frequently associated with infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts. The results obtained from Vibrio indicate that the water is not suitable for use in aquaculture, nor for recreational use, the water is at the reference limit in terms of use for the purpose of aquaculture production and the reference limit regarding the risk of consumption. of fishery products.

Household coping strategies associated with unreliable water supplies and diarrhea in Ecuador, an upper-middle-income country.

The Sustainable Development Goals recognize that the availability and quality of improved water sources affect how households use and benefit from these sources. Although unreliability in piped water supplies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been described, few studies have assessed household coping strategies in response to unreliable water supplies and associated health outcomes. We characterized unreliability in the piped water supply of the town of Borbón, Ecuador over the twelve years following a major upgrade, as well as household coping strategies and associations with diarrhea. We examined trends in primary and secondary drinking water sources, water storage, and water treatment using longitudinal data collected from 2005 to 2012. In 2017, a follow-up survey was administered (N = 202) and a subset of 84 household water samples were tested for chlorine residual levels and microbial contamination. From 2005 to 2017, access to a household water connection increased from 19.4% to 90.3%. However, reliability decreased over time, as in the latter half of 2009, households had access to piped water 79% of the time, compared to 63% by 2017. Piped water samples were highly contaminated with total coliforms (100% of samples) and Escherichia coli (89% of samples). From 2005 to 2017, households less likely to report drinking water treatment (50.6%-5.0%). And from 2009 to 2017, bottled water was increasingly consumed as the primary drinking water source (18.8%-62.4%). From 2005 to 2012, having a household connection was not statistically significantly associated with diarrhea case status (OR: 0.86 95%CI: 0.53, 1.39). Neither household water treatment nor bottled water consumption were negatively associated with diarrhea. Increased water storage was associated with diarrhea (OR: 1.33 per 10L of water stored, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.69). Household water treatment, and consumption of purchased bottled water, two coping strategies that households may have undertaken in response to an unreliable water supply, were not associated with a reduced likelihood of diarrhea. These data suggest a need to understand how impoverished rural households in LMICs respond to unreliable water supplies, and to develop heath messaging appropriate for this context.

Tolerancia al plomo de aislamientos nativos de Pseudomonas spp. de aguas residuales del Valle de Aburrá / Tolerance lead of native pseudomonas spp. wastewater from Aburrá Valley

RESUMEN El plomo (Pb) es un metal pesado cuyas características físico-químicas lo convierten en un contaminante ambiental persistente, bioacumulable y de alta toxicidad. La biorremediación surge como una alternativa con múltiples ventajas en comparación con los tratamientos convencionales para remover contaminantes como metales pesados de aguas residuales, basándose en las capacidades de tolerancia y mecanismos de resistencia de los microorganismos. Con el fin de conocer la tolerancia de Pseudomonas spp. al plomo presente en aguas contaminadas, se obtuvieron cuatro aislados nativos, procedentes de aguas residuales colectadas en el río del Valle de Aburrá (zona norte), los cuales se caracterizaron bioquímicamente. Se realizaron bioensayos de tolerancia en diferentes concentraciones de plomo por difusión en agar, como prueba tamiz, y determinación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria, determinando la viabilidad del microorganismo en cada exposición. No se presentó diferencia significativa para la tolerancia al plomo entre los aislados, identificados bioquímicamente como Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ni entre las diferentes concentraciones de plomo a las cuales fueron expuestos los aislados. A partir de estos resultados, se discute a cerca de los mecanismos reportados por diferentes autores, mediante los cuales Pseudomonas spp. puede actuar en presencia de Plomo. De esta manera, se concluye que los aislados de Pseudomonas spp. presentan mecanismos de tolerancia y/o resistencia hasta concentraciones de 2500 mg/L en presencia de nitrato de plomo, como potenciales agentes que pueden integrarse en procesos que impulsan nuevas tecnologías de biorremediación.

ABSTRACT Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal whose physicochemical characteristics make it a persistent environmental pollutant, bioaccumulable and highly toxic. Bioremediation emerges as an alternative with multiple advantages compared to conventional treatments to remove contaminants such as heavy metals from wastewater, based on the tolerance capacities and/or resistance mechanisms of microorganisms. In order to know the tolerance of Pseudomonas spp. to the lead present in contaminated waters, four native isolates were obtained, coming from wastewater collected in the north from Aburrá Valley River, which were characterized biochemically. Tolerance bioassay was carried out in different concentrations of lead by agar diffusion, as a screening test, and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration, determining the viability of the microorganism in each exposure. There was no significant difference for lead tolerance between the isolates, identified biochemically as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nor between the different concentrations of lead to which the isolates were exposed. From these results, we discuss about the mechanisms reported by different authors, by means of which Pseudomonas spp. can act in the presence of lead. In this way, it is concluded that the isolates of Pseudomonas spp. they present tolerance and/or resistance mechanisms up to 2500 mg/L in the presence of lead nitrate, as potential agents that can be integrated into processes that promote new bioremediation technologies.

Água em elevada temperatura: é viável a sua aplicabilidade no controle do biofilme de equipo odontológico? / Water at high temperature: is its applicability for biofilm control of dental unit viable?

Na Odontologia, as linhas d'água de equipos odontológicos são substratos para a formação de biofilme e, consequentemente, dispersão dessa contaminação microbiana para água destinada ao tratamento odontológico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a atividade antibiofilme da água em elevada temperatura contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa, visando à sua aplicabilidade em linhas d'água de equipos odontológicos para o controle dessa problemática. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo experimental/laboratorial in vitro. Alíquotas de 2mL de Tryptic Soy Broth com 1% do inóculo bacteriano padronizado (106UFC/mL) de P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) foram inoculadas em cada um dos poços de placas de poliestireno de 24 poços. Em seguida, fragmentos de linha d'água (FL) de 1cm (n=48) foram transferidos para os poços das placas. A incubação foi efetuada em estufa de agitação a 37°C por 24h em 80rpm. Decorrido o período de incubação, os FL foram enxaguados com 5mL de solução salina a 0,85% por três vezes para retirada das células planctônicas. Posteriormente, as amostras foram transferidas para duas placas de 24 poços contendo 2mL de água purificada do tipo II (osmose reversa) esterilizada em cada poço. Grupos experimentais com temperaturas e tempos de exposição diferentes foram avaliados: temperatura ambiente (controle) - (n=24) e a 60°C (n=24), e 30s (n=12) e 60s (n=12). As amostras dos FL foram transferidas para microtubos contendo 1mL de Tryptic Soy Broth e pérolas de vidro. Os tubos foram homogeneizados em agitador de tubos por 2min e, em seguida, alíquotas de 50µL in natura e diluídas (diluição decimal seriada até 10-5) foram semeadas em placas de Petri (60x15mm) com Cetrimide Agar. Após o período de incubação em estufa a 37°C por 24h, os números de unidades formadoras de colônia expressas por FL (UFC/FL) foram determinados. Além disso, as amostras dos FL foram fixadas, desidratadas, metalizadas e submetidas à análise por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise estatística empregando-se os testes de Shapiro-Wilk e U de Mann-Whitney por meio do software BioEstat® (versão 5.3) e nível de significância a=5%. Houve diferença entre a comparação das medianas das cargas bacterianas expostas à água à temperatura ambiente (335.000UFC/FL) e a 60°C (2.030UFC/FL) por 30s (p=0,0005), com redução de 3logUFC/FL. Ainda, a comparação entre as medianas das cargas bacterianas expostas à água à temperatura ambiente (173.000UFC/FL) e a 60°C (1.780UFC/FL) por 60s mostrou diferença (p=0,0047), com redução de 2logUFC/FL. A MEV demonstrou a presença de biofilme em todas as amostras analisadas, entretanto nos FL expostos à água a 60°C, os bastonetes (P. aeruginosa) foram evidenciados em menor quantidade e com características morfológicas atípicas. Em conclusão, a exposição do biofilme de P. aeruginosa formado nos FL de equipo odontológico à água em elevada temperatura reduziu a carga e alterou a morfologia bacteriana, demonstrando possível aplicabilidade na biossegurança: controle de contaminação/infecção na Odontologia

In dentistry, dental unit waterlines were substrates for biofilm formation and, consequently, dispersion of this microbial contamination for distilled water to dental treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate water antibiofilm activity at high temperature against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, aiming at its applicability in dental unit waterlines for controlling this problem. It is an in vitro experimental/laboratory study. 2mL aliquots of Tryptic Soy Broth with 1% of standardized bacterial inoculum (106CFU/mL) of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) were inoculated on each one of 24-well polystyrene plates. Next, fragments of waterline (FW) of 1cm (n=48) were transferred for plates wells. The incubation was carried out in an incubator shaker at 37°C for 24h at 80rpm. After the incubation period elapsed, the FW were flushed with 5mL of saline solution at 0.85% by three times for removing planktonic cells. Subsequently, the samples were transferred to two 24-well plates containing 2mL of type II purified water (reverse osmosis) sterilized in each well. Experimental groups with different temperatures and exposition times were evaluated: room temperature (control) - (n=24) and at 60°C (n=24), and 30s (n=12) and 60s (n=12). The FW samples were transferred to microtubes containing 1mL of Tryptic Soy Broth and glass beads. The tubes were homogenized in an orbital shaker for 2min and, following this, diluted in natura 50µL aliquots (serial decimal dilution up to 10-5) were seeded in Petri plates (60x15mm) with Cetrimide Agar. After the incubation period in chamber at 37°C for 24h, the numbers of colony-forming units expressed per FW (CFU/FW) were determined. Furthermore, the FW samples were fixed, dehydrated, metalized and submitted to analysis through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data collected were submitted to statistical analysis using Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U tests through BioEstat® (version 5.3) software and a=5% significance level. There was a difference between the comparison of medians of bacterial loads exposed to water at room temperature (335,000CFU/FW) and at 60°C (2,030CFU/FW) for 30s (p=0.0005), with reduction of 3logCFU/FW. Moreover, the comparison between the medians of bacterial loads exposed to water at room temperature (173,000CFU/FW) and at 60°C (1,780CFU/FW) for 60s showed difference (p=0.0047), with a reduction of 2logCFU/FW. The SEM demonstrated biofilm presence on all analyzed samples, but on FW exposed to water at 60°C, the rods (P. aeruginosa) were evidenced in less quantity and with atypical morphological characteristics. In conclusion, the exposition of P. aeruginosa biofilm formed in dental unit FW to water at high temperature reduced the load and changed the bacterial morphology, demonstrating a possible applicability in biosafety: contamination/infection control in dentistry

Evaluation of a protocol for reducing the microbial contamination of dental unit water.

Biofilm on dental unit waterlines can spread microbial contamination in the water. The aim of this study was to investigate microbial contamination of water from supplies and dental units before and after the implementation of a protocol for microbial quality improvement and maintenance of dental unit water. The microbial load was evaluated in water from 27 taps and dental units (reservoirs, air-water syringes and highspeed outputs without handpieces) using the PetrifilmT system (total aerobic bacteria and fungi) and conventional culture media (enterobacteria and Legionella spp.). The bacterial load in water samples from taps and reservoirs was within the parameter established by Brazilian legislation (<500CFU/mL); but the bacterial load in samples from air-water syringes and high-speed outputs without handpieces was not. The implementation of the protocol for the maintenance of microbial quality in dental unit water reduced bacterial load in highspeed outputs without handpieces (p=0.004). Enterobacteria and Legionella spp. were not isolated from any of the water samples from taps and dental units.

Biofilme nas linhas d\'água de equipos odontológicos pode propagar contaminando microbiana na água. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a contaminando microbiana da água de abastecimentos e equipos odontológicos antes e após a implementando de um protocolo para melhoria e manutenndo da qualidade microbiològica da água de equipos dontológicos. Avaliou-se a carga microbiana da água de 27 torneiras e equipos (reservatórios, seringas tríplice e alta rotando sem as penas de mdo) de uma clínica odontológica por meio do sistema PetrifilmT (bacterias aeróbias totais e fungos) e meios de cultura convencionais (enterobactérias e Legionella spp.). A carga bacteriana em amostras de água das torneiras e reservatórios estava dentro do paràmetro estabelecido pela legislando brasileira (<500 UFC/mL), mas a carga bacteriana das seringas tríplices e das saídas dos alta rotando sem as penas de mdo ndo estava. A implementando do protocolo para manutenndo da qualidade da água dos equipos reduziu a carga bacteriana nas saídas dos alta rotando sem as penas de mdo (p=0,004). Enterobactérias e Legionella spp. ndo foram isoladas de qualquer das amostras de água das torneiras e dos equipos odontológicos.

Evaluation of a protocol for reducing the microbial contamination of dental unit water

Biofilm on dental unit waterlines can spread microbial contamination in the water. The aim of this study was to investigate microbial contamination of water from supplies and dental units before and after the implementation of a protocol for microbial quality improvement and maintenance of dental unit water. The microbial load was evaluated in water from 27 taps and dental units (reservoirs, airwater syringes and highspeed outputs without handpieces) using the Petrifilm™ system (total aerobic bacteria and fungi) and conventional culture media (enterobacteria and Legionella spp.). The bacterial load in water samples from taps and reservoirs was within the parameter established by Brazilian legislation (<500CFU/mL); but the bacterial load in samples from airwater syringes and highspeed outputs without handpieces was not. The imple mentation of the protocol for the maintenance of microbial quality in dental unit water reduced bacterial load in highspeed outputs without handpieces (p=0.004). Enterobacteria and Legionella spp. were not isolated from any of the water samples from taps and dental units (AU)

Biofilme nas linhas d'água de equipos odontológicos pode propagar contaminação microbiana na água. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a contaminação microbiana da água de abastecimentos e equipos odontológicos antes e após a implemen tação de um protocolo para melhoria e manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água de equipos odontológicos. Avaliouse a carga microbiana da água de 27 torneiras e equipos (reservatórios, seringas tríplice e alta rotação sem as peças de mão) de uma clínica odontológica por meio do sistema Petrifilm™ (bactérias aeróbias totais e fungos) e meios de cultura convencionais (enterobactérias e Legionella spp.). A carga bacteriana em amostras de água das torneiras e reservatórios estava dentro do parâmetro estabelecido pela legislação brasileira (<500 UFC/mL), mas a carga bacte riana das seringas tríplices e das saídas dos alta rotação sem as peças de mão não estava. A implementação do protocolo para manutenção da qualidade da água dos equipos reduziu a carga bacteriana nas saídas dos alta rotação sem as peças de mão (p=0,004). Enterobactérias e Legionella spp. não foram isoladas de qualquer das amostras de água das torneiras e dos equipos odontológicos (AU)

Qualidade da água em clínica odontológica na perspectiva microbiológica: uma proposta de intervenção / Water quality in a dental clinic in the microbiological perspective: a proposal of intervention

Na odontologia, o biofilme formado nas linhas d'água de equipos odontológicos pode disseminar a contaminação microbiana na água. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a contaminação microbiana da água de abastecimento e de equipos odontológicos antes e após a implementação de um protocolo para melhoria e manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água de equipos odontológicos, bem como desenvolver produtos antibiofilme com possível aplicabilidade nas linhas d'água. A carga microbiana da água de 27 torneiras e equipos (reservatórios, seringas tríplice e alta rotação) de uma clínica odontológica foi avaliada por meio do sistema Petrifilm(TM) (bactérias aeróbias totais e fungos) e meios de cultura convencionais (enterobactérias e Legionella spp.) em duas etapas distintas, sendo a segunda análise realizada após a implementação de um protocolo para melhoria e manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água dos equipos. Ainda, as atividades antibacteriana (concentração inibitória mínima - hipoclorito de sódio, ácido cítrico, bicarbonato de sódio, cloreto de sódio, dodecil sulfato de sódio, peróxido de hidrogênio, polissorbato 20 e quitosana) e antibiofilme (biomassa total e viabilidade celular) foram determinadas in vitro a partir de substâncias e produtos com possível aplicabilidade na desinfecção de linhas d'água de equipos. As amostras de água das torneiras apresentaram carga bacteriana dentro do parâmetro estabelecido pela legislação brasileira, no entanto, as seringas tríplices e os alta rotação não. A implementação do protocolo para manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água dos equipos demonstrou uma redução nas cargas bacteriana e fúngica apenas nos alta rotação. Enterobactérias e Legionella spp. não foram isoladas das amostras de água das torneiras e dos equipos. De acordo com a concentração inibitória mínima, o ácido cítrico, bicarbonato de sódio, cloreto de sódio, hipoclorito de sódio e peróxido de hidrogênio demonstraram as melhores atividades antibacterianas. As melhores atividades antibiofilme (biomassa total) foram do peróxido de hidrogênio a 5% (E. coli e P. aeruginosa), ácido cítrico a 30% (P. aeruginosa) e bicarbonato de sódio a 30% (S. aureus). Os produtos (Wanitox A e Wanitox B) desenvolvidos apresentaram atividade antibiofilme (viabilidade celular) contra a E. coli e S. aureus. Assim, os produtos desenvolvidos nesta pesquisa apresentaram possível aplicabilidade no enfrentamento do biofilme nas linhas d'água de equipos odontológicos, que permanece como um dos grandes desafios na odontologia. Ainda, pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para o aperfeiçoamento e aplicabilidade destes produtos

In dentistry, biofilm formed on dental unit waterlines can disseminate microbial contamination in water. The objective of this research was to determine the microbial contamination of water from supplies and dental units before and after the implementation of a protocol for improvement and maintenance of microbiological water quality of water from dental units as well as to develop antibiofilm products with possible applicability in waterlines. The microbial load of water from 27 taps and dental units (reservoirs, air-water syringes and high-speed turbines) in a dental clinic was evaluated through a Petrifilm(TM) system (total aerobic bacteria and fungi) and conventional culture mediums (enterobacteria and Legionella spp.) in two distinct stages, being the second analysis performed after the implementation of a protocol for improvement and maintenance of microbiological water quality of water from dental units. Moreover, the antibacterial (minimum inhibitory concentration - sodium hypochlorite, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate, hydrogen peroxide, polysorbate 20 and chitosan) and antibiofilm (total biomass and cell viability) activities were determined in vitro from substances and products with possible applicability in disinfection of dental unit waterlines. The water samples from taps presented bacterial load within the parameter established by Brazilian legislation; however, air-water syringes and high-speed turbines did not. The protocol implementation for maintenance of microbiological water quality of water from dental units showed a decrease on bacterial and fungal loads only on high-speed turbines. Enterobacteria and Legionella spp. were not isolated from water samples from taps and dental units. According to minimum inhibitory concentration, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide showed the best antibacterial activities. The best antibiofilm activities (total biomass) were from 5% hydrogen peroxide (E. coli and P. aeruginosa), 30% citric acid (P. aeruginosa) and 30% sodium bicarbonate (S. aureus). The developed products (Wanitox A and Wanitox B) showed antibiofilm activity (cell viability) against E. coli and S. aureus. Thus, the products developed in this research presented a possible applicability in confrontation with biofilm on dental unit waterlines, and this remains as a major challenge in dentistry. Besides, additional researches are necessary for enhancement and applicability of these products

Calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua de piscinas de dos complejos recreacionales del Estado Zulia / Physicochemical and microbiological quality of swimming pool water of two recreational complexes in Zulia State

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua de piscinas de dos complejos recreacionales ubicados al oeste de la ciudad de Maracaibo, estado Zulia, de acuerdo con lo establecido en las normas sanitarias venezolanas (Gacetas Oficiales 4044 y 36395). Se realizó un muestreo en veinte (20) piscinas destinadas a actividades recreativas ubicadas en dos complejos. Los parámetros que se midieron para analizar la calidad sanitaria del agua de piscinas fueron: color verdadero, conductividad eléctrica, sólidos totales, sólidos disueltos totales, turbidez, alcalinidad total, cloro libre residual, dureza total, pH, coliformes totales, coliformes fecales y organismos heterótrofos. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos sólidos disueltos, turbidez y color verdadero presentaron concentraciones promedios menores a los establecidos por las normas sanitarias vigentes; sin embargo, los valores promedios de cloro residual y pH se encontraron fuera de los rangos recomendados. Los parámetros microbiológicos mostraron que un 30% de las piscinas analizadas presentaron un valor promedio de organismos heterótrofos de 1107 UFC/mL, mayor al límite establecido por la normativa venezolana. Con respecto a los coliformes, un 75 y 60% de las piscinas presentaron al menos un tubo positivo durante la prueba de coliformes totales y fecales, respectivamente.

The present study had as objective to analyze the quality physical-chemical and microbiological of the water of swimming pools of two recreational complexes located in west of the city of Maracaibo, Zulia state, in accordance with the established in the sanitary Venezuelan procedure, the official gazettes 4044, and 36395. Sampling was conducted in twenty (20) aimed at recreational pools located on two recreational complex. The parameters were measured to analyze the quality of water in swimming pools were true color, electrical conductivity, total solids, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total alkalinity, residual free chlorine, total hardness, pH, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and heterotrophic organismes. The physicochemical parameters: dissolved solids, turbidity and electrical conductivity presented average concentrations less than those established by the sanitary standards; however, the mean values of residual chlorine and pH were found outside the recommended ranges. The microbiological tests showed that 30% of the pools tested had an average value of heterotrophic organisms of 107 CFU / mL, higher than the limit set by Venezuelan law. 75 and 60% of the pools presented at least one positive test tube for total and fecal coliforms, respectively

Calidad microbiológica del agua en dos instituciones de salud del eje cafetero, Colombia 2015 / Microbiological quality of water in two health institutions in the Eje Cafetero, Colombia 2015

Objetivo: analizar la calidad microbiológica del agua de los servicios de hospitalización, Unidad de cuidados intensivos y Cirugía pre y pos desinfección de grifos de dos instituciones de salud del Eje Cafetero durante el tercer trimestre del 2015. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo observacional, transversal, Se tomaron muestras de agua de tres puntos críticos como son área de quirófanos, hospitalización y unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se realizó una toma de muestras antes de realizar la desinfección del grifo, y otra después de la desinfección para de esta manera determinar si el filtro instalado en los grifos influía en los resultados microbiológicos, las muestras se analizaron por filtración por membrana. Resultados: se encontró que en una de las instituciones existen gran presencia de mohos y levaduras, aerobios mesófilos, en concentraciones mayores e inviables sanitariamente antes de realizar desinfección del grifo. Y con presencia en menor concentración pos-desinfección posiblemente debido a la ausencia de desinfección de grifos y almacenamiento en tanques. En la segunda institución no se presentaron recuentos significativos de microorganismos.Conclusiones: una de las instituciones cuenta con agua inviablemente sanitaria en uno de sus puntos críticos, debido a la alta presencia de Mohos y Levaduras, y aerobios mesófilos, el cual imposibilita su consumo según el decreto 2115 de 2007, y normas internacionales...(AU)

Objective: analyze the microbiological quality of water services hospitalization, ICU and surgery two health institutions in the Eje Cafetero during the third quarter of 2015.Materials and methods: observational, cross-sectional study water samples were taken three critical points as are operating rooms, hospital and intensive care unit.One sample was performed prior to disinfection tap and another after disinfection to thereby determine if the filter installed on the taps influenced microbiological results, the samples were analyzed by membrane filtration. Results: we found that in one of the institutions there are large presences of molds and yeasts, mesophilic aerobic; in older and unviable before performing disinfection sanitary tap concentrations. And present in lower concentration post-disinfection possibly due to the lack of disinfection of storage tanks and faucets. In the second institution no significant counts of microorganisms were presented. Conclusions: an institution has health unfeasibly water in one of its critical points due to the high presence of molds and yeasts, and mesophilic aerobic, which precludes their consumption by decree 2115 of 2007, and international standards...(AU)

Calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú / Bacteriological quality of water for consumption in three Peruvian areas

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar la calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú. Materiales y Método Se realizó un estudio transversal. La recolección de datos se realizó en Cajamarca, Huancavelica y Huánuco durante el 2012-2013. El muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado multietápico. Incluyó 706 viviendas. Se evalúo presencia de coliformes totales y E. coli mediante el kit Readycult ®. Se recolectó 100 mL de agua utilizada para preparación de alimentos. La determinación de cloro residual se realizó mediante análisis semicuantitativo (Chlorine Test®). Se estableció como concentración ideal de cloro residual ≥0,5 mg/L. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante muestras complejas con factor de ponderación. Se calcularon porcentajes y chi cuadrado. Se definió buena calidad bacteriológica: agua con cloro libre adecuado, ausencia de coliformes totales y E. coli. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado del jefe del hogar. Resultados Del total de muestras evaluadas, 78,6 % tuvieron coliformes totales en Cajamarca, 65,5 % en Huancavelica y 64,1 % en Huánuco, El 72,0 % tuvieron E. coli en Cajamarca, 37,4 % en Huancavelica y 17,5 % Huánuco. En Cajamarca, el 8,6 % de las muestras de agua fueron de buena calidad bacteriológica, mientras que en Huancavelica fue 4,3% y en Huánuco, 7,2 %. Conclusiones La mayoría de las muestras de agua tuvieron mala calidad bacteriológica evidenciándose coliformes totales. Las tres cuartas partes de los hogares de Cajamarca, la tercera parte de Huancavelica y casi la quinta parte de Huánuco tuvieron E. coli en el agua de consumo humano.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the bacteriological quality of drinking water in Huancavelica, Cajamarca and Huánuco during 2012-2013 Material and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, stratified and multistage. The sample included 706 households. The Readycult ® kit was used to assess the presence of total coliforms and E. coli. 100 mL of water used for food preparation was collected. The determination of residual chlorine was performed by semiquantitative analysis using Chlorine Test Reagent ®. It was established as the ideal residual chlorine concentration ≥0,5 mg/L. The statistical analysis considered the necessary weight for complex samples. We calculed percentages and chi square. The informed consent of the head of household is requested. It was defined as good bacteriological quality of water: water sample with adequate free chlorine, in the absence of total coliforms and E. coli. Results The samples tested, 78.6 % had total coliforms in Cajamarca, Huancavelica and 65.5 % at 64.1 % in Huanuco. The 72.0 % had E. coli in Cajamarca, Huancavelica 37.4 % and 17.5 % in Huánuco. In Cajamarca, 8.6 % of the water samples were of good bacteriological quality, while in Huancavelica was 4.3 % and Huanuco, 7.2 %. Conclusions Most of the water samples were of poor bacteriological quality. Most of the water samples had total coliforms. Three-quarters of households in Cajamarca, Huancavelica third and almost one fifth of Huanuco had the presence of E. coli in drinking water.(AU)

Qualidade da água tratada para hemodiálise e intercorrências clínicas apresentadas pelos pacientes em tratamento: enfoque para metais e agentes microbiológicos / Quality of treated water for hemodialysis and clinical intercurrences presented by patients in treatment: a focus on metals and microbiological agents

A contaminação por metais e agentes microbiológicos na água de hemodiálise pode ocasionar manifestações clínicas nos pacientes em tratamento, como anemia, dor óssea, picos hipertensivos, distúrbios neurológicos, episódios de hipotensão, náuseas e vômitos. Avaliar e garantir níveis mínimos de contaminação por metais e micro-organismos na água de hemodiálise pode, assim, aumentar a segurança do paciente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a qualidade da água tratada para hemodiálise e as intercorrências clínicas apresentadas pelos pacientes. Foi utilizado um questionário para a coleta de informações referentes aos aspectos demográficos e hábitos de consumo, e um instrumento de registro mensal de intercorrências clínicas e parâmetros clínico-laboratoriais; tais informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevista e no prontuário do paciente, respectivamente. As dosagens de metais em sangue foram realizadas por EAA (Chama/ Forno de Grafite) no Setor de Metais do HCFMRP/USP, e em água por ICP/MS no Laboratório de Toxicologia e Saúde Ambiental da Universidade Rovira i Virgili, Espanha. A quantificação de bactérias heterotróficas foi realizada pelo Método "Pour Plate", a de Coliformes totais e E. coli por Tubos Múltiplos e a detecção de fungos filamentosos por Membrana Filtrante no Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Parasitologia Ambiental da EERP/USP. A quantificação de endotoxina foi realizada pela técnica cromogênica do lisado de Limulus Amebocyte, no Laboratório de Vacinas Gênicas da FMRP/USP. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicado o teste Wilcoxon- Mann Whitney bilateral ou Teste t bilateral no software R®, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis no software GraphPad Prism 6®, e ajustados modelos de regressão no software SAS/STAT®. Verificou-se que a concentração de Pb sérico entre os pacientes que exercem/exerciam atividades relacionadas à maior exposição a metais foi significativamente maior (p-valor = 0,0208) que aqueles que nunca realizaram tais atividades. A concentração média de Cu, Pb e Zn na água após filtração por osmose reversa (AFOR) foi inferior ao preconizado na RDC nº 154/2004 e RDC nº 11/2014 da ANVISA, somente o Al (15,35 ± 14,53 µg/L) apresentou concentração média superior a tais normativas. Não foi detectado presença, durante todo o período do estudo, de Cd, coliformes totais, E. coli e endotoxina na água AFOR. A contagem de bactérias heterotróficas foi significativamente maior (p-valor <0,0001) na água após a pré- filtração (APF) do que na água potável (AP) e na água AFOR. As concentrações de cloro total e nitrato foram significativamente maiores (p-valor <0,0001) na AP em relação à água APF e na água AFOR. A contagem de bactérias heterotróficas e a concentração de nitrato na água AFOR foi inferior ao preconizado nas normativas, o cloro total apresentou concentração média superior ao estabelecido na RDC nº 11/2014, mas dentro do limite preconizado pela RDC nº 154/2004. Foi verificado presença de fungos filamentosos em todos os pontos de coleta. Constatou-se que a diminuição da concentração de Cu e nitrato em água de hemodiálise foram significativos (p-valor = 0,001 e 0,0354, respectivamente) para explicar o aumento da concentração de hemoglobina em sangue. Embora a água utilizada no preparo do dialisato tenha apresentado excelente qualidade microbiológica e físico-química é importante o monitoramento contínuo para garantia dos parâmetros de qualidade e prevenção de intercorrências clínicas

The contamination by metals and microbiological agents in hemodialysis water can cause clinical manifestations in hemodialysis patients, such as anemia, bone pain, hypertensive peaks, neurological disturbances, hypotension episodes, nausea and vomiting. Evaluating and assuring minimum levels of contamination by metals and microorganisms in hemodialysis water can improve patient safety. The aim of the study was assess the relationship between the quality of treated water for hemodialysis and the clinical intercurrences presented by patients. A questionnaire was used to collect information about demographic characteristics and consumer habits, and an instrument was applied for monthly recording of clinical intercurrences and clinical laboratorial parameters. The data were obtained by interviews and from clinical records, respectively. Concentrations of metals in blood were determined by AAS (flame/graphite furnace) in the Metals Sector of HCFMRP/USP, and in water by ICP/MS in the Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health of University Rovira i Virgili, Spain. The quantification of heterotrophic bacteria was performed by the pour plate method, the total coliforms and E. coli by multiple tubes, and filamentous fungi by the membrane filter at the Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Parasitology of the EERP/USP. The quantification of endotoxin was performed by the chromogenic technique of Limulus Amebocyte lysate, at the Gene Vaccine Laboratory of the FMRP/USP. For data analysis, the bilateral Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney or bilateral t-test was applied using the R® software, the Kruskal-Wallis test using GraphPad Prism 6®, and adjusted regression models with SAS/STAT®. The results showed that patients who reported having or having had job activities with high exposure to metals showed serum concentrations of Pb significantly higher (p-value = 0.0208) than patients without job exposure to metals. The mean concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in the water after reverse osmosis (ARO) were below the threshold limits set by RDC nº 154/2004 and RDC nº 11/2014 from the ANVISA; only Al (15.35 ± 14.53 µg/L) was present in average concentration higher than resolutions. The presence of Cd, total coliforms, E. coli and endotoxins in the water ARO during the study was not detected. The counting of heterotrophic bacteria was significantly higher (p-value <0.0001) in the water after the pre-filtration (APF) than the potable water (PW) and the wate ARO. The concentrations of total chlorine and nitrate were significantly higher (p-value <0.0001) in the PW than the water APF and the water ARO. The counting of heterotrophic bacteria and concentration of nitrate in the water ARO were below the reference limits, while the total chlorine was present in higher concentration than the established in RDC nº 11/2014 but lower than that in RDC nº 154/2004. Filamentous fungi were detected at all sampling points. The decrease in the levels of Cu and nitrate in hemodialysis water were significant (p value = 0.001 and 0.0354, respectively) to explaining the increase of hemoglobin concentration in the blood samples. Although the water used for dialysis showed excellen microbiological and physicochemical quality, it is important to monitor it regularly to assure the quality parameters and prevent clinical intercurrences

Estudo da Qualidade das Águas Adicionadas de Sais Produzidas no Estado Do Ceará / Study on the Quality of Salt-Added Water Produced In the State of Ceará, Brazil

Avaliar a qualidade da água bruta utilizada comomatéria-prima e água envasada, obtida de indústriasprodutoras de Águas Adicionadas de Sais no Estado doCeará. Material e Métodos: Foram coletadas 270 amostrasamostras, em quinze empresas. Foram realizadas análisesmicrobiológicas de determinação de coliformes totais eEscherichia coli; Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Clostridium perfringens; bactérias heterotróficas e análisesfísico-químicas de determinação de nitrato, nitrito; clororesidual e pH. Resultados: Verificou-se que a água bruta emonze (73,33%), das quinze empresas, não atendeu aospadrões de potabilidade da água para consumo humano.Com relação à água envasada constatou-se que quatorze(93,33%) empresas, não atenderam aos parâmetrosmicrobiológicos e físico-químicos para água mineral naturale água para consumo humano. Conclusao: A maioria dasamostras analisadas neste estudo nao atenderam aospadrões de potabilidade de água para consumo humano, deacordo com a legislação vigente. Dessa forma, se faznecessária a atualização da legislação sanitária da águaadicionada de sais envasada, visando à prevenção de danosà saúde da população...

To evaluate the quality of raw water used as rawmaterial and bottled water, obtained from “salt-added water”companies in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Material andMethods: A total of 270 samples of fifteen brands werecollected. Microbiological analyses were performed in orderto determine the countings of total coliforms and Escherichiacoli; Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridiumperfringens; and heterotrophic bactéria. Physicochemicalanalyses were performed to determine the product’s levelsof nitrate, nitrite, residual chlorine, and pH. Results: In eleven(73.33%) of the fifteen brands, the raw water did not meetthe standards for potable water for human consumption.With respect to bottled water, it was found that fourteen(93.33%) brands did not meet the microbiological and physicochemicalparameters for natural mineral water and water forhuman consumption. Conclusion: Most of the samplesanalyzed in this study did not meet the water potabilitystandards for human consumption. Thus, it is necessary toupdate the health legislation on salt-added bottled water, inorder to avoid damages to people’s health...

A pilot study of solar water disinfection in the wilderness setting.

OBJECTIVE: Solar disinfection of water has been shown to be an effective treatment method in the developing world, but not specifically in a wilderness or survival setting. The current study sought to evaluate the technique using materials typically available in a wilderness or backcountry environment. METHODS: Untreated surface water from a stream in rural Costa Rica was disinfected using the solar disinfection (SODIS) method, using both standard containers as well as containers and materials more readily available to a wilderness traveler. RESULTS: Posttreatment samples using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, as well as Nalgene and Platypus water containers, showed similarly decreased levels of Escherichia coli and total coliforms. CONCLUSIONS: The SODIS technique may be applicable in the wilderness setting using tools commonly available in the backcountry. In this limited trial, specific types of containers common in wilderness settings demonstrated similar performance to the standard containers. With further study, solar disinfection in appropriate conditions may be included as a viable treatment option for wilderness water disinfection.

Métodos inmunológicos utilizados en la identificación rápida de bacterias y protozoarios en aguas / Immunological methods for the quick identification of bacteria and protozoa in water

Entre las enfermedades relacionadas con el agua según su uso se encuentran las causadas por sustancias químicas y por agentes biológicos. Dentro de estas últimas, las ocasionadas por bacterias y protozoarios patógenos incrementan cada día la lista de enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes. Los métodos de ensayo para la determinación de microorganismos patógenos en el agua no han variado mucho en los últimos años, principalmente para los indicadores bacterianos de contaminación fecal, y por lo general se realizan por métodos convencionales. Sin embargo, existen situaciones, sobre todo en la aparición de brotes de enfermedades, en las que se hace necesario detectar el microorganismo patógeno en agua como posible agente causal, por lo que se ha recomendado el uso de métodos rápidos y confiables. Dentro de estos se encuentran los inmunoensayos, de los cuales los métodos por precipitación y aglutinación, los enzimoinmunoensayos, las técnicas de inmunofluorescencia directa e indirecta y la citometría de flujo son muy útiles en la detección de microorganismos en agua. Mención aparte merece la separación inmunomagnética o inmunocaptura como paso previo a otras técnicas avanzadas. Nos proponemos con este trabajo exponer las ventajas y desventajas de estos métodos, los principios en los cuales se basan y ejemplificar algunos de los más utilizados en microbiología de aguas, así como recalcar su importancia(AU)

Diseases related to the use of water may be caused by chemical substances or biological agents. Among the latter, a prominent role is played by pathogenic bacteria and protozoa, which constantly add to the list of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Assay methods to identify pathogenic microorganisms in water have not changed much in recent years, particularly with respect to bacterial indicators of fecal contamination, and tests are usually conducted by conventional methods. However, in certain situations, especially when a disease outbreak occurs, it is necessary to determine what pathogenic microorganism is the possible causal agent, and quick, reliable methods have been recommended to achieve this aim. These include immunoassays, among which precipitation and agglutination methods, enzyme immunoassays, direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques and flow cytometry have proven very useful to detect microorganisms in water. Special mention should be made of immunomagnetic separation or immunocapture as a step preceding other advanced techniques. The present paper is aimed at presenting the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, as well as the principles on which they are based. Examples are provided of the methods most commonly used in water microbiology, highlighting their importance(AU)

Métodos inmunológicos utilizados en la identificación rápida de bacterias y protozoarios en aguas / Immunological methods for the quick identification of bacteria and protozoa in water

Entre las enfermedades relacionadas con el agua según su uso se encuentran las causadas por sustancias químicas y por agentes biológicos. Dentro de estas últimas, las ocasionadas por bacterias y protozoarios patógenos incrementan cada día la lista de enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes. Los métodos de ensayo para la determinación de microorganismos patógenos en el agua no han variado mucho en los últimos años, principalmente para los indicadores bacterianos de contaminación fecal, y por lo general se realizan por métodos convencionales. Sin embargo, existen situaciones, sobre todo en la aparición de brotes de enfermedades, en las que se hace necesario detectar el microorganismo patógeno en agua como posible agente causal, por lo que se ha recomendado el uso de métodos rápidos y confiables. Dentro de estos se encuentran los inmunoensayos, de los cuales los métodos por precipitación y aglutinación, los enzimoinmunoensayos, las técnicas de inmunofluorescencia directa e indirecta y la citometría de flujo son muy útiles en la detección de microorganismos en agua. Mención aparte merece la separación inmunomagnética o inmunocaptura como paso previo a otras técnicas avanzadas. Nos proponemos con este trabajo exponer las ventajas y desventajas de estos métodos, los principios en los cuales se basan y ejemplificar algunos de los más utilizados en microbiología de aguas, así como recalcar su importancia

Diseases related to the use of water may be caused by chemical substances or biological agents. Among the latter, a prominent role is played by pathogenic bacteria and protozoa, which constantly add to the list of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Assay methods to identify pathogenic microorganisms in water have not changed much in recent years, particularly with respect to bacterial indicators of fecal contamination, and tests are usually conducted by conventional methods. However, in certain situations, especially when a disease outbreak occurs, it is necessary to determine what pathogenic microorganism is the possible causal agent, and quick, reliable methods have been recommended to achieve this aim. These include immunoassays, among which precipitation and agglutination methods, enzyme immunoassays, direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques and flow cytometry have proven very useful to detect microorganisms in water. Special mention should be made of immunomagnetic separation or immunocapture as a step preceding other advanced techniques. The present paper is aimed at presenting the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, as well as the principles on which they are based. Examples are provided of the methods most commonly used in water microbiology, highlighting their importance