Adicción al uso del teléfono móvil inteligente en estudiantes de enfermería / Addiction to the use of smartphones among nursing students / Dependência do uso de smartphones em alunos de enfermagem

Resumen Marco contextual: Los teléfonos móviles inteligentes permiten acceder a información de manera inmediata. La adicción al uso de estos dispositivos es cada vez mayor, los teléfonos móviles inteligentes se han convertido en un elemento importante para los estudiantes de enfermería. Objetivo: Identificar la adicción al uso del teléfono móvil inteligente en estudiantes de enfermería. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, el muestreo fue aleatorio, la muestra se calculó considerando un nivel de confianza de 0,05, una potencia de 90%, un tamaño de efecto mediano de 0,09, la muestra se conformó por 149 estudiantes de enfermería. Resultados: El componente de uso, abuso y adicción al teléfono móvil inteligente se relacionó negativamente con el componente rasgo de personalidad (r s = -0,228; p = 0,005), el uso, abuso y adicción al teléfono móvil inteligente se relacionó positivamente con el gasto monetario (r s = 0,376; p = 0,001). Conclusión: Se identificó que existe un alto uso de los teléfonos móviles inteligentes, comprender el alcance de dicho fenómeno puede ayudar a plantear estrategias eficaces para prevenir la adicción al teléfono móvil inteligente.

Abstract Background: Smartphones provide immediate access to information, and nursing students consider them essential tools. However, the addiction to these devices is increasing. Objective: To identify smartphone addiction among nursing students. Methodology: A descriptive correlational study was conducted using the stratified random sampling method. The sample size was calculated based on a confidence level of 0.05, with 90% power, and a median effect size of 0.09. The study included 149 nursing students. Results: The component "Smartphone use, abuse, and addiction" correlated negatively with the component "Personality traits" (r s = -0.228; p = 0.005); the component "Smartphone use, abuse, and addiction" correlated positively with the component "Financial spending" (r s = 0.376; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Smartphone use is high. Understanding the extent of this phenomenon can aid in developing effective strategies to prevent smartphone addiction.

Resumo Enquadramento: Os telemóveis inteligentes estão permitem acesso imediato à informação. O vício no uso desses dispositivos é cada vez maior, os celulares inteligentes tornaram-se um elemento importante para os estudantes de enfermagem. Objetivo: Identificar a dependência do uso do smartphone em estudantes de enfermagem. Metodologia: Estudo correlacional descritivo, a amostragem foi aleatória, a amostra foi calculada considerando nível de confiança de 0,05, poder de 90%, tamanho de efeito médio de 0,09, a amostra foi composta por 149 estudantes de enfermagem. Resultados: O componente de uso, abuso e dependência de smartphone foi negativamente relacionado ao componente de traço de personalidade (r s = -0,228; p = 0,005), o uso, abuso e dependência de smartphone foi relacionado positivamente com gastos monetários (r s = 0,376; p = 0,001). Conclusão: Identificou-se que existe um alto uso de telefones móveis inteligentes, compreender a abrangência desse fenômeno pode ajudar a propor estratégias eficazes para prevenir o vício em celulares.

The examination of the relationships among digital addiction, loneliness, shyness, and social anxiety in adolescents / El examen de las relaciones entre adicción digital, soledad, timidez y ansiedad social en adolescentes

La adicción digital, que se determina como un problema común entre los adolescentes en los últimos años, afecta negativamente la vida de los adolescentes en muchos aspectos. El objetivo del estudio es examinar las relaciones entre la adicción digital, la soledad, la timidez y la ansiedad social de los adolescentes. Gate se reunió con adolescentes que completaron la Escala de adicción digital, la versión corta de la Escala de soledad de UCLA, la Escala de timidez y la Escala de gravedad del trastorno de ansiedad social DSM-5 - Formulario infantil. Las hipótesis sugeridas se han probado utilizando los datos recopilados de 991 adolescentes y un análisis de regresión jerárquica. Los resultados de la investigación encontraron una relación positiva y significativa entre la adicción digital, la soledad, la timidez y la ansiedad social entre los adolescentes. Además, los hallazgos muestran que la adicción digital, la soledad y la timidez predicen la ansiedad social. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la adicción digital, la soledad y la timidez tienen efecto sobre la ansiedad social. Según los hallazgos, se sugiere aplicar diversas intervenciones educativas por parte de profesionales de la salud mental a adolescentes que presenten signos de adicción digital, soledad, timidez y ansiedad social.(AU)

Digital addiction, which is determined as a common problem among adolescents in the last years, affects the lives of adolescents nega-tively in terms of many aspects. The aim of the study is to examine the re-lationships between adolescents' digital addiction, loneliness, shyness and social anxiety. Gate gathered from adolescents who completed Digital Ad-diction Scale, Short Form of UCLA Loneliness Scale, Shyness Scale, and DSM-5 Social Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale -Child Form. The suggest-ed hypotheses have been tested using the data gathered from 991 adoles-cents and hierarchical regression analysis. The research findings found a positive and significant relationship between digital addiction, loneliness, shyness and social anxiety among adolescents. Furthermore, the findings show that digital addiction, loneliness, and shyness predict social anxiety. The results obtained prove that digital addiction, loneliness and shyness have an effect on social anxiety. According to the findings, it is suggested to applyvarious educational interventions by mental health professionals to adolescents who show signs of digital addiction, loneliness, shyness, and social anxiety.(AU)

Psilocybin administered following extinction sessions does not affect subsequent cocaine cue reinstatement in male and female rats and mice.

There are currently no pharmacological treatments for cocaine use disorder. Recently there has been a great deal of interest in the potential of psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin to treat psychiatric disorders. Human studies have indicated that a single administration of psilocybin can have long-lasting effects. Few preclinical studies have examined a role for psilocybin in addiction models. The goal of the current study was to determine whether psilocybin would enhance extinction following cocaine self-administration in male and female mice and rats and thus result in an attenuation of cue-induced drug-seeking. In experiments in mice, 16 female and 19 male mice underwent 8d of cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) and extinction training. Immediately following extinction trials, mice were injected with vehicle or 1.0 mg/kg psilocybin. Following the conclusion of extinction training, mice were tested for cue-induced reinstatement. In experiments in rats, 24 female and 23 male rats underwent 15d of cocaine self-administration (0.8 mg/kg/infusion) and extinction training. Immediately following extinction trials, rats were injected with vehicle, 1.0 mg/kg psilocybin, or 2.5 mg/kg psilocybin. Following the conclusion of extinction training, rats were tested for cue-induced reinstatement. Psilocybin administered following extinction trials had no effect, as both female and male mice and rats demonstrated significant cue-induced reinstatement. These data suggest that psilocybin is ineffective at altering cocaine-seeking behavior in the paradigm and doses used in the current study. It remains to be seen whether treatment with psilocybin under different conditions may be useful in the long-standing goal of finding pharmacotherapies to treat CUD.

Sex-Specific ADNP/NAP (Davunetide) Regulation of Cocaine-Induced Plasticity.

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder estimated to effect 1-3% of the population. Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) is essential for brain development and functioning, shown to be protective in fetal alcohol syndrome and to regulate alcohol consumption in adult mice. The goal of this study was to characterize the role of ADNP, and its active peptide NAP (NAPVSIPQ), which is also known as davunetide (investigational drug) in mediating cocaine-induced neuroadaptations. Real time PCR was used to test levels of Adnp and Adnp2 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and dorsal hippocampus (DH) of cocaine-treated mice (15 mg/kg). Adnp heterozygous (Adnp +/-)and wild-type (Adnp +/-) mice were further tagged with excitatory neuronal membrane-expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) that allowed for in vivo synaptic quantification. The mice were treated with cocaine (5 injections; 15 mg/kg once every other day) with or without NAP daily injections (0.4 µg/0.1 ml) and sacrificed following the last treatment. We analyzed hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells from 3D confocal images using the Imaris x64.8.1.2 (Oxford Instruments) software to measure changes in dendritic spine density and morphology. In silico ADNP/NAP/cocaine structural modeling was performed as before. Cocaine decreased Adnp and Adnp2 expression 2 h after injection in the NAc and VTA of male mice, with mRNA levels returning to baseline levels after 24 h. Cocaine further reduced hippocampal spine density, particularly synaptically weaker immature thin and stubby spines, in male Adnp+/+) mice while increasing synaptically stronger mature (mushroom) spines in Adnp+/-) male mice and thin and stubby spines in females. Lastly, we showed that cocaine interacts with ADNP on a zinc finger domain identical to ketamine and adjacent to a NAP-zinc finger interaction site. Our results implicate ADNP in cocaine abuse, further placing the ADNP gene as a key regulator in neuropsychiatric disorders. Ketamine/cocaine and NAP treatment may be interchangeable to some degree, implicating an interaction with adjacent zinc finger motifs on ADNP and suggestive of a potential sex-dependent, non-addictive NAP treatment for CUD.

Associations between smartphone addiction, parenting styles, and mental well-being among adolescents aged 15-19 years in Gujarat, India.

BACKGROUND: The pervasive use of smartphones among adolescents has raised concerns about addiction and its impact on mental well-being. This study investigates the prevalence of smartphone addiction and its associations with socio-demographic factors, parenting styles, and mental health among Indian adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 560 school-going adolescents (aged 15-19) in Gujarat, India, from January to October 2023. Data was collected using validated scales: the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with smartphone addiction. RESULTS: The prevalence of smartphone addiction was 64.6%. Urban residence (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.8-3.3), higher parental education (AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.7-4.3 for graduate fathers), longer smartphone use (AOR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.7-3.6 for > 3 years), and higher socioeconomic status (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5-3.51) were associated with increased odds of addiction. Authoritarian and permissive parenting styles in both parents were positively associated with smartphone addiction, while authoritative parenting was negatively associated. Smartphone addiction was strongly associated with mental health issues, particularly with severe stress (AOR: 10.82, 95% CI: 5.11-22.88, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Smartphone addiction is highly prevalent among Indian adolescents and is significantly associated with urban living, higher socioeconomic status, non-authoritative parenting styles, and poor mental health. These findings underscore the need for digital literacy programs, parenting interventions promoting authoritative styles, and mental health support to foster healthy smartphone use among adolescents.

Incidence of buprenorphine-precipitated opioid withdrawal in adults with opioid use disorder: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Buprenorphine is an evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder, and the risk of precipitated withdrawal contributes to its underuse. The goal of this systematic review was to determine the incidence of buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal in adults with opioid use disorder. METHODS: This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023437634). We searched Medline, Embase Classic + Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to 10 November 2023, and included original research that reported the incidence of sublingual buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal in adults with opioid use disorder. Primary screening was completed by four independent reviewers. Full text review, data extraction and risk of bias assessments using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool were completed by two independent reviewers. The primary outcome was precipitated withdrawal. Secondary outcomes were baseline opioids used, induction dose, initial Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) score, location of induction, definition and severity of precipitated withdrawal and adverse events. The range of incidence of precipitated withdrawal across studies was described. RESULTS: Our search yielded 10 197 unique citations. Twenty-one cohort and five randomized trials met inclusion criteria (n = 4497, range 20-1293). The overall incidence of precipitated withdrawal ranged from 0 to 13.2%. Nine studies defined precipitated withdrawal; definitions were inconsistent. Most patients used heroin at baseline. The most common initial dose of buprenorphine was between 2 mg and 8 mg (range: 0.075 mg-24 mg). Initial minimum COWS score ranged from 5 to 13. Induction locations included home, inpatient, emergency department, pre-hospital, outpatient and residential units. Of the fifteen studies with cases of precipitated withdrawal, nine studies did not report the severity of withdrawal experienced. Other induction-related adverse events varied. The overall quality of included studies was poor. CONCLUSIONS: The best available evidence suggests the incidence of buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal in adults with opioid use disorder is low and should not be a barrier to use.

Some for a Good Time, Some for a Long Time: Women's Ratings of the Mate Value of Men with Different Addictions - An Experimental Study.

Background: The present study aimed to explore women's perception of men with different addictions in terms of their short- and long-term mate value. Objectives: 2,525 women (age range: 18-40, M = 28.35, SD = 6.39) were randomized to six conditions in a vignette-based experiment where a male of otherwise high mating value was described as suffering from either gambling, gaming, cannabis, anabolic androgenic steroid, and alcohol addiction or as not suffering from addiction (control). Results: Regarding long-term mate value of the target, the control target was rated higher than each of the targets. The gaming target was rated higher than the alcohol, cannabis, and gambling targets. Finally, the AAS target was rated as higher on long-term mate value than the alcohol and gambling addiction targets. Conclusions: Overall, women seem to perceive risk-taking in the face of uncertainty, reflected by gambling addiction, as an attractive behavioral tendency in men in terms of short-term mating. In contrast, potential long-term mates with gaming or chemical addictions are viewed more negatively, probably because it signals inadequate time and resources to be invested in a relationship.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the rehabilitation of patients with addiction: current status and future prospects.

INTRODUCTION: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are severe conditions that remain extremely challenging to treat in clinical practice. With high rates of non-response to current treatment options and several SUDs with no approved interventions, novel therapies are needed. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can non-invasively modulate the neurocircuitry of brain-based disorders, and investigation into its therapeutic potential for SUDs is growing rapidly. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we summarize the clinical research to date evaluating its safety and efficacy for various SUDs. We highlight the investigations comparing different stimulation parameters to present our current understanding on optimal stimulation parameters. Additionally, we cover key research avenues in the use of neuroimaging to guide treatment, cue-induction paradigms, and adjunctive or combination treatments that may optimize outcomes. EXPERT OPINION: Evidence of rTMS as an effective treatment for certain SUDs has emerged and is preliminary for others. There are a growing number of studies showing benefit and meta-analyses suggesting that rTMS can significantly reduce substance craving and consumption. However, the optimal approach has not been determined, and there is a great deal of heterogeneity in rTMS protocols and mixed outcomes. Further research into strategies for enhancing precision will be crucial in moving the field forward.

Reasons for using methamphetamine: Systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Use of methamphetamine has increased in the last decade. The reasons for using methamphetamine vary according to the characteristics of the users. The literature includes review studies on methamphetamine use; however, no systematic review on the reasons for using methamphetamine was found. This study aims to determine the reasons for methamphetamine use through a systematic review of the literature. METHOD: The data from a systematic review of the literature review were reported in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed, Science Direct, Ovid-Medline, and Google Scholar databases were scanned using the keywords "methamphetamine", "crystal", "meth", "addiction", "reason for use", and "motivation to use". The articles (n = 25,004) were reviewed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 21 articles were finally selected for this study. RESULTS: The reasons for using methamphetamine included improving performance, staying awake, increasing sexual performance and impulses, reducing the effects of withdrawal from other substances, coping with problems, socializing, having fun, and coping with pain and discomfort. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Methamphetamine users typically take this drug to provide performance enhancement and cope with problems in different areas. It is recommended to inform the users correctly about methamphetamine, to teach effective methods of coping with withdrawal, and to carry out supply prevention studies. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first systematic literature review to reveal the reasons why people take methamphetamine. Revealing these causes is very important in terms of intervention (basic, primary, secondary, and tertiary protection) strategies.

Effect of Phenobarbital-Based Alcohol Withdrawal Protocol on Provider Practice and Patient Outcomes-A Quality Improvement Study.

Introduction: Alcohol is the most common substance use disorder in the United States. Despite this prevalence, there remains significant heterogeneity in medical management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). While the 2020 American Society of Addition Medicine continues to recommend the use of benzodiazepines as first-line therapy for AWS, there is increasing use of phenobarbital in patients at high risk of severe AWS. Despite phenobarbital's favorable pharmacologic profile, historically, clinical utilization on general medicine services has been low and often restricted. In this project, we have examined practice patterns and associated clinical outcomes in adult patients experiencing AWS on the general medicine service pre and post implementation of a phenobarbital-based protocol for the treatment of severe AWS at our institution. Methods: This quality improvement study evaluated changes in management of AWS on general medicine units associated with implementation of a phenobarbital-based protocol and order set in the electronic medical record (EMR). Our primary outcome measures were receipt of a phenobarbital loading dose, concomitant benzodiazepine administration, and total benzodiazepine dose. Safety outcomes were also explored to assess clinical impacts of this protocol implementation. The project was determined "not research" by our Institutional Review Board. Results: Phenobarbital-protocol implementation was associated with increased frequency of receiving a phenobarbital loading dose (49.5% vs 9.4%; P < .001), decreased use of concomitant benzodiazepine/phenobarbital (4.3% vs 28.9%; P < .001), and decreased total benzodiazepine dose (7.8 vs 15.5 mg; P < .001). Regarding safety, there was no significant pre/post difference in the rate of ICU transfer, but among those transferred there was a trend toward decreased mechanical ventilation rate (100% vs 28.6%; P = .051), and a significantly reduced ICU length of stay (median 11 vs 3 days; P = .04). There were no pre/post differences in seizures, delirium or use of adjunct medications. Conclusions: This quality improvement study demonstrates a marked change in provider prescribing practices for treating AWS after implementation of an institutional phenobarbital-based protocol. We observed no difference in overall clinical outcomes after protocol implementation, although a larger follow-up study is needed to confirm this and to further explore the shorter ICU length of stay for patients with AWS postimplementation.

A methamphetamine vaccine using short monoamine and diamine peptide linkers and poly-mannose.

Methamphetamine (METH) substance use disorder is a long-standing and ever-growing public health concern. Efforts to develop successful immunotherapies are ongoing with vaccines that generate strong antibody responses are an area of significant research interest. Herein, we describe the development of a METH Hapten conjugate vaccine comprised of either two short-length peptides as linkers and mannan as an immunogenic delivery carrier. Initially, Hapten 1 (with a monoamine linker) and Hapten 2 (with a diamine linker) were synthesised. Each step of the Hapten synthesis were characterized by LC-MS and purified by Flash Chromatography and the identity of the purified Haptens were confirmed by 1H NMR. Haptens were conjugated with mannan (a polymannose), and conjugation efficiency was confirmed by LC-MS, TLC, 1H NMR, and 2,4 DNPH tests. The immunogenic potential of the two conjugated vaccines were assessed in mice with a 3-dose regimen. Concentrations of anti-METH antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All the analytical techniques confirmed the identity of Hapten 1 and 2 during the synthetic phase. Similarly, all the analytical approaches confirmed the conjugation between the Haptens and mannan. Mouse immunogenicity studies confirmed that both vaccine candidates were immunogenic and the vaccine with the monoamine linker plus adjuvants induced the highest antibody response after the second booster.

Psychedelics: From Cave Art to 21st-Century Medicine for Addiction.

BACKGROUND: Psychedelic substance use in ritualistic and ceremonial settings dates back as early as 8,500 BCE. Only in recent years, from the mid-20th century, we have seen the re-emergence of psychedelics in a therapeutic setting and more specifically for the treatment of addiction. This article aims to review research over the past 40 years using classic (psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], dimethyltryptamine [DMT], mescaline) and atypical (ketamine, ibogaine, 5-MeO-DMT, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) psychedelics for the treatment of addiction. SUMMARY: We will start with an overview of the pharmacology and physiological and psychological properties of psychedelic substances from pre-clinical and clinical research. We will then provide an overview of evidence gathered by studies conducted in controlled research environments and naturalistic and ceremonial settings, while we identify the proposed therapeutic mechanisms of each psychedelic substance. KEY MESSAGES: Classic and atypical psychedelics show promise as therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of addiction, through the improvement of psychological and physiological symptoms of dependence. A more comprehensive understanding of the ancient and present-day knowledge of the therapeutic potential of psychedelics can facilitate hope for psychedelic therapeutics in the treatment of addiction, especially for individuals who have failed other conventional treatment methods.

Biological significance and pathophysiological role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Central Nervous System.

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are endopeptidase reliant on zinc, are low in embryonic tissues but increases in response to a variety of physiological stimulus and pathological stresses. Neuro-glial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and leucocytes secrete MMPs, which cleave extracellular matrix proteins in a time-dependent manner. MMPs affect synaptic plasticity and the development of short-term memory by controlling the size, shape, and excitatory synapses' function through the lateral diffusion of receptors. In addition, MMPs influence the Extracellular Matrix proteins in the Peri-Neuronal Net at the Neuro-glial interface, which aids in the establishment of long-term memory. Through modulating neuronal, and glial cells migration, differentiation, Neurogenesis, and survival, MMPs impact brain development in mammals. In adult brains, MMPs play a beneficial role in physiological plasticity, which includes learning, memory consolidation, social interaction, and complex behaviors, by proteolytically altering a wide variety of factors, including growth factors, cytokines, receptors, DNA repair enzymes, and matrix proteins. Additionally, stress, depression, addiction, hepatic encephalopathy, and stroke may all have negative effects on MMPs. In addition to their role in glioblastoma development, MMPs influence neurological diseases such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, brain damage, pain, neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. To help shed light on the potential of MMPs as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases, this review summarizes their regulation, mode of action, and participation in brain physiological plasticity and pathological damage. Finally, by employing different MMP-based nanotools and inhibitors, MMPs may also be utilized to map the anatomical and functional connectome of the brain, analyze its secretome, and treat neurodegenerative illnesses.

Rationalising a spectrum of problematic exercise: A qualitative study.

Whilst a substantial body of evidence supports the benefits of exercise for physical and mental health, the overfocus on the benefits of exercise could result in harmful behaviours in some individuals. Conceptualised as a behavioural addiction, research often dichotomises the behaviour through a medical diagnostic model. The present qualitative study explored the meaning of problematic behaviour from the exerciser's perspective. Nineteen UK-based frequent exercisers were interviewed regarding their experiences. Thematic analysis described three themes: 'relentlessly pushing the limits' of their personal best and comparing to others; 'an enabling community' which could promote problematic behaviours; and 'the complexity of the ideal body' focussing on perceptions of weight maintenance. Transcending these themes was the notion of 'rationalising choices'. The results indicate that participants felt that the benefits outweighed the costs, encouraging them to continue, even when causing harm. These findings support the notion of problematic exercise as a continuum, rather than dichotomous.

Potential role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in substance use disorder: A systematic review of randomized trials.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) have a potential use in addiction treatment. Few studies have assessed the impact of GLP-1RA on substance use disorder (SUD), particularly in humans. The study aimed to do systematic review of clinical trials to assess GLP-1RA's effect on reducing SUD in patients. METHODS: The scientific literature was reviewed using the MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies including patients with a diagnosis of SU who were treated with GLP-1RA were selected. The primary outcome was GLP-1RA's therapeutic effect on SUD, and the secondary outcomes were therapeutic effects of GLP-1RA on weight, BMI and HbA1c. RESULTS: 1218 studies were retrieved, resulting in 507 papers after title and abstract screening. Following full-text review, only 5 articles met inclusion criteria. We incorporated a total of 630 participants utilizing Exenatide (n=3) and Dulaglutide (n=2) as GLP-1RAs. Therapeutic effect of GLP-1RA on SUD was assessed in 5 studies, with 3 demonstrating a significant decrease in SUD (alcohol and nicotine). GLP-1RA's impact on body weight, BMI, and HbA1c, was reported in 3 studies. These revealed a notable reduction in these parameters among the GLP-1RA treated group. CONCLUSION: This review will give an overview of current new findings in human studies; we suggest that the effects of GLP-1RA in SUD is a possible new option of therapy in addiction medicine.

The dimensional validity and reliability of the Italian smartphone addiction inventory of Yemeni university students.

The increasing usage of smartphones globally necessitates the creation of reliable and valid scales to evaluate their psychological effects, particularly within academic settings such as universities. The current study aimed to identify the factorial structure of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) in the Republic of Yemen. The sample consisted of 1920 university students (1136 males and 784 females). The data was analyzed with the AMOS V25 statistical program. The results of the factor analysis supported the goodness of fit of the five-factor model to the data with excellent indices: RMSEA = 0.052, CFI = 0.910, GFI = 0.931, AGFI = 0.915, TLI = 0.907, NFI = 0.915, RFI = 0.916, and RMR = 0.032, all of which are within the ideal range to support the goodness of fit of the model to the factorial structure of the inventory, as the values of the explained variances ranged between 0.740 and 0.834., with indices of reliability in measurement. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that four items loaded on the Time Spent factor, four items on the Compulsivity factor, eight items on the Daily Life Interference factor, five items on the Craving factor, and three items on the Sleep Interference factor, with all loadings being statistically significant (>0.001). Based on these findings, research direction and recommendations were provided.

Perceptions of Harm and Addictiveness for Nicotine Products, THC e-Cigarettes, and e-Cigarettes with Other Ingredients Among Adolescents, Young Adults, and Adults.

BACKGROUND: Perceptions of health harms and addictiveness related to nicotine products, THC e-cigarettes, and e-cigarettes with other ingredients are an important predictor of use. This study examined differences in perceived harm and addiction across such products among adolescents, young adults, and adults. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey (N = 6,131, ages 13-40 years old) in which participants reported perceived harm and addictiveness for 11 products (cigarettes, disposable nicotine e-cigarettes, pod-based nicotine e-cigarettes, other nicotine e-cigarettes, THC e-cigarettes, e-cigarettes with other ingredients, nicotine pouches, nicotine lozenges, nicotine gums, nicotine tablets, nicotine toothpicks). We applied adjusted regression models and conducted pairwise comparisons between age groups (13-17, 18-20, 21-25, and 26-40) and product use status (never, ever, and past-30-day use), adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and financial comfort. RESULTS: Overall, participants in younger age groups perceived products to be more harmful and addictive than those in older age groups, with the exception of e-cigarettes with other ingredients. For all products, participants who never used perceived each product to be more harmful than those who ever used. For all products, participants who used the products in the past 30-days had lower perceived harm and addictiveness compared to never and ever use. Certain sociodemographic groups, such as people who identify as LGBTQ+, Non-Hispanic Black, or Hispanic, had lower perceived harm and addictiveness for most products. DISCUSSION: Efforts should be made to educate all age groups and minoritized groups on harms and addictiveness of all nicotine products, THC e-cigarettes, and e-cigarettes with other ingredients.

Addiction to ultra-processed foods as a mediator between psychological stress and emotional eating during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic induced psychological distress, which is linked to emotional eating and symptoms of addiction to ultra-processed foods (UPFs). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether symptoms of addiction to UPFs mediate the relationship between psychological stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic and emotional eating behaviour. METHODS: A cross-sectional online study was conducted from May to November 2021 among 368 undergraduate Brazilian students. The participants answered demographic questions and completed validated scales, including the Coronavirus Stress Measure, Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 and Emotional Eating Questionnaire. Mediation analysis was employed to examine the hypothesised relationships. RESULTS: The results revealed a significant indirect effect, indicating that symptoms of food addiction mediated the association between perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic and emotional eating behaviour. Specifically, 61% of the influence of perceived stress on emotional eating during the pandemic was explained by symptoms of UPF addiction. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that addressing symptoms of UPF addiction could be pivotal in public health strategies aimed at promoting healthy eating habits among distressed undergraduate students in the post-COVID-19 era.

Exploring the association between internet addiction and time management among undergraduate nursing students.

BACKGROUND: Modern undergraduate nursing students face unique challenges as digital natives balancing internet activities with the substantial academic demands of nursing studies. Given the detrimental effects of internet addiction on students' academic performance and well-being, having time management skills is crucial. AIMS: To assess the prevalence and levels of internet addiction and time management and their association among undergraduate nursing students. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, survey-based research design was used. SETTING: The Faculty of Nursing at Alexandria University in Egypt. SUBJECTS: A stratified random sample consisting of 825 undergraduate nursing students. TOOLS: The internet addiction test and time management questionnaire were utilized to collect data. FINDINGS: Internet addiction was prevalent among 98.8% of students, with 56.0% exhibiting mild levels, 40.0% showing moderate levels, and 2.8% having severe levels. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between students' internet addiction and overall time management (r= - 0.387, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A considerable level of internet addiction was revealed among the great majority of undergraduate nursing students; however, many students also demonstrated strong time management skills. Furthermore, internet addiction and overall time management were negatively associated, indicating that students with higher levels of internet addiction tend to have poorer time management abilities. RECOMMENDATIONS: Individual counseling and educational training programs should be developed to teach nursing students how to manage time and effectively plan internet usage.