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Abstract Introduction: Spinal anesthesia requires palpation of surfaces in order to identify the intervertebral spaces in the lumbar spine. In elderly individuals, the procedure is more challenging due to age-related degenerative changes in the spine. Objective: To determine which technique between ultrasound (US) guidance or the use of anatomical landmarks to guide spinal anesthesia ensures a higher success rate in elderly patients. Methods: prospective observational cohort study in patients with an indication to receive subarachnoid anesthesia, regardless of the type of surgical intervention, carried out at Hospital Universitario del Valle and Fundación Hospital San José Buga. Data were collected over a 12-month period at the time of making the puncture. The treating anesthetists were free to choose between US guidance or the use of anatomical landmarks. Results: Overall, 80 patients were assessed, including men and women over 65 years of age (mean 78.5±19.04). The number of punctures as well as needle redirections were significantly lower in the US-guided group. Additionally, in the group in which anatomical landmarks were used to guide the puncture, the marked site did not coincide with the actual puncture site confirmed with US in 37.5% of cases (p<0.001). This could result in inadequate block or complications associated with intradural puncture. Conclusions: US-guided neuroaxial anesthesia in elderly individuals could facilitate success on the first attempt.
Resumen Introducción: La anestesia espinal se realiza mediante palpación de superficies para la identificación de los espacios intervertebrales lumbares. En adultos mayores el procedimiento presenta mayor dificultad debido a los cambios degenerativos de la columna vertebral asociados a la edad. Objetivo: Evaluar cuál técnica de anestesia espinal garantiza una mayor tasa de éxito entre la guiada por ultrasonido (US) y la guiada por reparos anatómicos (RA) en adultos mayores. Métodos: Estudio observacional de cohorte prospectivo en pacientes con indicación de suministro de anestesia subaracnoidea independientemente de la intervención quirúrgica, llevado a cabo en el Hospital Universitario del Valle y la Fundación Hospital San José Buga. En un lapso de 12 meses se recolectaron datos durante la realización de la punción, según decisión del anestesiólogo tratante, guiada por US vs. RA. Resultados: En total se evaluaron 80 pacientes entre hombres y mujeres, mayores de 65 años, con edad media de 78,50±9,04. El número de punciones, así como de redireccionamientos, fue significativamente menor en el grupo guiado por US. Adicionalmente, se observó que en el grupo guiado por RA, el 37,5 % no coincidía con el sitio demarcado con el espacio real de punción confirmado con US (p<0,001). Podría ser la causa de un bloqueo inadecuado o de complicaciones de la punción intradural. Conclusiones: La técnica de anestesia neuroaxial guiada por US en adultos mayores podría facilitar el bloqueo neuroaxial al primer intento de punción.
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Abstract Introduction: Although the subclavian vein offers significant advantages over other approaches for ultrasound-guided central venous access, it is not the first choice in the pediatric population, mainly due to its proximity to the pleura and the subclavian artery. Objective: To assess the sonoanatomical characteristics of the subclavian vein and adjacent structures using the supraclavicular approach in a pediatric population. Materials and methods: Observational, intraoperative, cross-sectional study, between June 2021 and March 2022. The population consisted of ASA I, II and III children taken to non-emergent surgical procedures under general anesthesia. Images were acquired with the patients under general anesthesia, using a high-frequency linear probe to identify the subclavian vein and measure the anatomical landmarks. Results: A total of 67 children were recruited; mean age was 6 years (IQR: 2-12 years), with male sex predominance (61%). Median weight was 22 kg (IQR: 12.2-34 Kg) and median height was 115 cm (IQR: 88-142 cm). Measurements in relation to the vessel showed a mean distance from the skin of 0.70 cm (SD: 0.18 cm), while mean distance from the skin to the pleura was 1.31 cm (SD: 0.28 cm). Mean vein diameter was 0.49 cm (IQR: 0.40-0.63 cm). The mean hypothetical approach angle to the vessel was 22.09 degrees (SD: 4.37 degrees), while the approach angle to the pleura was 39 degrees (SD: 5.31 degrees). No concurrent visualization of the vein and artery was documented in any of the recorded sonoanatomy windows. The tests pointed to an average difference of 0.61 cm in vessel depth in relation to the pleura, and the angle of approach to the vessel was 16.91 degrees smaller when compared with the angle of approach to the pleura (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Using this technique, the supraclavicular approach to the subclavian vein in children is safe and feasible, with an average skin-to-vessel distance of 0.70 cm, minimizing the risk of pleural puncture. Additional studies are required to optimize this technique in the pediatric population.
Resumen Introducción: Aunque la vena subclavia ofrece ventajas significativas sobre otros abordajes para el acceso venoso central guiado por ultrasonido, no se considera la primera opción en la población pediátrica, principalmente debido a su proximidad con la pleura y la arteria subclavia. Objetivo: Evaluar las características sonoanatómicas de la vena subclavia y sus estructuras adyacentes utilizando el abordaje supraclavicular en la población pediátrica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal durante el periodo intraoperatorio, desde junio de 2021 hasta marzo de 2022. Participaron niños ASA I, II y III sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos no emergentes bajo anestesia general. Se realizaron las imágenes bajo anestesia general, utilizando un transductor lineal de alta frecuencia para identificar la vena subclavia y medir características anatómicas. Resultados: Se reclutaron 67 niños, con una mediana de 6 años (RIQ 2-12 años), predominando el sexo masculino (61 %). La mediana de peso fue de 22 kg (RIQ12,2-34 kg) y la de estatura fue de 115 cm (RIQ 88-142 cm). Las mediciones del vaso mostraron una distancia media de la piel al vaso de 0,70 cm (DE: 0,18 cm) y una de la piel a la pleura de 1,31 cm (DE: 0,28 cm). El diámetro de la vena tuvo una mediana de 0,49 cm (RIQ 0,40-0,63 cm). El ángulo hipotético de aproximación al vaso presentó una media de 22,09 grados (DE: 4,37 grados), mientras que el ángulo de aproximación a la pleura fue de 39 grados (DE: 5,31 grados). No se documentó la visualización simultánea de la arteria y la vena en ninguna de las ventanas sonoanatómicas registradas. Las pruebas indicaron una diferencia promedio de 0,61 cm en la profundidad del vaso respecto a la pleura, y 16,91 grados menos en el ángulo de aproximación al vaso comparado con el ángulo pleural (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Mediante esta técnica, el abordaje supraclavicular para punción de la vena subclavia en niños es seguro y viable, con una distancia promedio de la piel al vaso de 0,70 cm, minimizando el riesgo de punción pleural. Se requieren estudios adicionales para optimizar esta técnica en la población pediátrica.
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Abstract During the preanesthetic assessment of the obstetric patient, it is critical to assess the patient's cardiovascular baseline condition, identify any potential risks, and facilitate behavioral modification to develop an individualized management strategy aimed at minimizing complications. Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a valuable instrument for assessing the morphology and function of the heart prior to surgery. Cardiac POCUS is not designed to replace comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography, which is the realm of cardiovascular anesthesiology and cardiology. However, when used in conjunction with anamnesis, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and previous laboratory results, cardiac POCUS is a valuable adjunct in the diagnostic toolbox of anesthesiologists. It allows for direct visualization of the heart and great vessels, with added benefits of speed, availability, and low risk for the patient. The purpose of this manuscript is to explore and describe the advantages of cardiac POCUS in the preanesthetic period of obstetric patients and its potential value for anesthesiologists through the identification of potentially hazardous conditions that may require individualized preoperative management.
Resumen Durante la valoración preanestésica de la paciente obstétrica, es fundamental evaluar la condición cardiovascular basal de la paciente, identificar riesgos potenciales y facilitar modificaciones conductuales para desarrollar una estrategia de manejo individualizada, dirigida a minimizar las complicaciones. La ecografía cardíaca a la cabecera del paciente (POCUS) es un instrumento valioso para evaluar la morfología y la función del corazón antes de un procedimiento quirúrgico. El POCUS cardiaco no está diseñado para sustituir a la ecocardiografía transtorácica formal, que corresponde al área de anestesiología cardiovascular y a la cardiología. Sin embargo, cuando se usa en conjunto con la anamnesis, el examen físico, el electrocardiograma y los resultados de exámenes de laboratorio previos, el POCUS cardiaco es un complemento valioso dentro del arsenal diagnóstico de los anestesiólogos. Permite la visualización directa del corazón y de los grandes vasos, con beneficios adicionales de velocidad, disponibilidad y bajo riesgo para la paciente. El objetivo del presente manuscrito es explorar y describir las ventajas del POCUS cardiaco durante el periodo preanestésico en pacientes obstétricas y su valor potencial para los anestesiólogos, a través de la identificación de condiciones eventualmente peligrosas que pudieran requerir un manejo preoperatorio individualizado.
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Abstract Despite the well-known benefits of spinal anesthesia (SA), this technique remains underutilized among pediatric anesthesiologists. According to the data from the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network, SA accounted for less than 5% of all neuraxial techniques. Some of the factors for underutilization of SA include: Limited duration, unfamiliarity with the technique in younger children, and surgeon preference for general anesthesia. The safe and successful use of SA in children involves recognition of anatomical and physiological differences between adults and children owing to differences in bony structures, spinal cord growth and cerebrospinal fluid physiology. Reports on successful use of SA in children for various surgeries have increased. This educational review summarizes what is known about SA in children, reviews the literature from the last decade and provides suggestions for development of SA in children. Technical considerations, role of ultrasound, guidance on dosing, physiological effects, unexplained aspects of the mechanism of action and combined caudal/SA are discussed.
Resumen A pesar de los beneficios bien conocidos de la anestesia raquídea (AR), esta técnica sigue siendo subutilizada entre los anestesiólogos pediátricos. De acuerdo con los datos de la Red Regional de Anestesia Pediátrica, la AR representó menos del 5% de todas las técnicas neuroaxiales. Algunos de los factores a los que se atribuye dicha subutilización son: su duración limitada, la falta de familiaridad con la técnica en niños de menor edad, y la preferencia del anestesiólogo por la anestesia general. El uso seguro y exitoso de la AR en niños implica el claro conocimiento de las diferencias anatómicas y fisiológicas entre adultos y niños, en virtud de las diferencias en las estructuras óseas, el crecimiento de la médula espinal y la fisiología del líquido cefalorraquídeo. Los reportes sobre el uso exitoso de la AR en niños para diferentes cirugías ha aumentado. La presente revisión educativa resumen la información conocida sobre AR en niños, revisiones de la literatura de la última década y ofrece sugerencias para el desarrollo de la AR en población pediátrica. Se discuten consideraciones técnicas, el papel de la ecografía, orientación sobre la dosificación, los efectos fisiológicos, aspectos no explicados del mecanismo de acción y la combinación de anestesia raquídea/caudal.
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Abstract The incorporation of new technologies such as ultrasound, J-Plasma (helium plasma) and MicroAire (power assited liposuction) has facilitated liposculpture procedures, resulting in greater patient satisfaction. The benefits of these technologies are accompanied by low reported complications; this case is the fourth description of pneumomediastinum secondary to the use of Renuvion® (J-Plasma) after liposuction for fat removal in the arms and thighs. This rare complication should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis during the study of clinical dyspnea and subcutaneous emphysema in the postoperative period.
Resumen La incorporación de nuevas tecnologías, como ultrasonido, J-Plasma (plasma de helio) y el Microaire (vibroliposucción), ha facilitado los procedimientos de lipoescultura consiguiendo una mayor satisfacción del paciente. Los beneficios de estas tecnologías se acompañan de bajas complicaciones reportadas; el presente caso constituye la cuarta descripción de neumomediastino secundario a la utilización de Renuvion® (J-Plasma) posterior a la extracción de grasa en brazos y muslos por medio de liposucción; esta infrecuente complicación se debe considerar diagnóstico diferencial en el estudio de presentación clínica de disnea y enfisema subcutáneo durante el posoperatorio.
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Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze the application value of opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) in renal cyst decompression by laparoscopy. Method: A total of 124 patients undergoing renal cyst decompression by laparoscopy in our hospital were selected and divided into opioid anesthesia (OA) and OFA groups (n = 62). Fentanyl and remifentanil were used for anesthesia induction in the OA group, while lidocaine and dexmedetomidine were employed for anesthesia induction in the OFA group. The homeostasis indicators (cortisol [Cor], adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], C-reactive protein [CRP], and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) were also compared 10 min before anesthesia (Ta), at the end of operation (Tb), and 24 h after operation (Tc). Results: At T1-T3, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, mean airway pressure, and partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide were all lower in OFA group than those in OA group (p < 0.05). At Tb-Tc, the levels of Cor, ACTH, CRP, and IL-6 were all higher in both groups than those at Ta (p < 0.05), while they were lower in OFA group than those in OA group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: OFA is more beneficial to the respiratory and circulatory system and homeostasis of patients, and has higher anesthetic safety.
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Background: Closed reduction and a closed cast are common treatments for patients with acute distal radius fractures in the emergency room. Many of the common analgesic techniques such as hematoma block may not be effective, which can hinder the stabilization and reduction of fractures. Case report: An 81-year-old woman who had a Colle's fracture (metaphyseal fracture with dorsal angulation) of the left distal radius arrived at the emergency room. Due to intense pain and need for proper pain management, an ultrasound-guided block of the radial nerve prior to its bifurcation into deep and superficial branches was carried out as an alternative to infiltration of the fracture site. The fracture could be reduced and immobilized with a closed cast as a result of the peripheral nerve block, which caused the patient the least amount of discomfort. Conclusions: The reduction of a distal radius fracture in the emergency room can be accomplished with safe and efficient analgesia using an ultrasound-guided supracondylar radial nerve block close to the beginning of the deep and superficial branches. This is, as far as we are aware, the first report of an ultrasound-guided supracondylar nerve block utilized to treat a distal radius fracture in our nation.
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BACKGROUND: The Nociception Level Index has shown benefits in estimating the nociception/antinociception balance in adults, but there is limited evidence in the pediatric population. Evaluating the index performance in children might provide valuable insights to guide opioid administration. AIMS: To evaluate the Nociception Level Index ability to identify a standardized nociceptive stimulus and the analgesic effect of a fentanyl bolus. Additionally, to characterize the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of fentanyl with the Nociception Level Index response during sevoflurane anesthesia. METHODS: Nineteen children, 5.3 (4.1-6.7) years, scheduled for lower abdominal or urological surgery, were studied. After sevoflurane anesthesia and caudal block, a tetanic stimulus (50 Hz, 60 mA, 5 s) was performed in the forearm. Following the administration of fentanyl 2 µg/kg intravenous bolus, three similar consecutive tetanic stimuli were performed at 5-, 15-, and 30-min post-fentanyl administration. Changes in the Nociception Level Index, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and bispectral index were compared in response to the tetanic stimuli. Fentanyl plasma concentrations and the Nociception Level Index data were used to elaborate a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model using a sequential modeling approach in NONMEM®. RESULTS: After the first tetanic stimulus, both the Nociception Level Index and the heart rate increased compared to baseline (8 ± 7 vs. 19 ± 10; mean difference (CI95) -12(-18--6) and 100 ± 10 vs. 102 ± 10; -2(-4--0.1)) and decrease following fentanyl administration (19 ± 10 vs. 8 ± 8; 12 (5-18) and 102 ± 10 vs. 91 ± 11; 11 (7-16)). In subsequent tetanic stimuli, heart rate remained unchanged, while the Nociception Level Index progressively increased within 15 min to values similar to those before fentanyl. An allometric weight-scaled, 3-compartment model best characterized the pharmacokinetic profile of fentanyl. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling analysis revealed hysteresis between fentanyl plasma concentrations and the Nociception Level Index response, characterized by plasma effect-site equilibration half-time of 1.69 (0.4-2.9) min. The estimated fentanyl C50 was 1.93 (0.73-4.2) ng/mL. CONCLUSION: The Nociception Level Index showed superior capability compared to traditional hemodynamic variables in discriminating different nociception-antinociception levels during varying fentanyl concentrations in children under sevoflurane anesthesia.
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Objective: To compare the efficacy of intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) administrations of azaperone (3 mg kg-1), midazolam (0. 3 mg kg-1), and ketamine (7 mg kg-1) combination (AMK) in pigs. Study design: Randomized clinical trial. Animals: sixteen adult male pigs, immunocastrated, of mixed lineage. Methods: In phase I, these animals were randomly assigned to intranasal (GIN, n = 8) and intramuscular (GIM, n = 8) groups for arterial blood sample collection at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after AMK administrations for gas and electrolyte analysis. In phase II, performed 1 week after phase I, the 16 pigs were allocated to both groups (GIM, n = 16/GIN, n = 16) and submitted to the same chemical restraint (CR) protocol, with a 96-h interval between administrations. Behavioral parameters (degree of CR, muscle relaxation, loss of postural reflex, and sound stimulus response) and vital parameters (pulse rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature) were evaluated after recumbency (Trec) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after administrations. In addition, the latency period and duration of CR were determined. Results: Latency to recumbency and duration of CR in GIN were shorter. CR scores did not vary between groups. Muscle relaxation was more intense in GIN at Trec. An initial tachycardia was observed, followed by a reduction in heart rate from T5 to T90 in both treatments (p < 0.05). The respiratory rate was higher at T45, T60, and T90 in GIN compared to baseline. Rectal temperature reduced in GIM from T45 onwards. PaCO 2 t elevated at T90 in the GIM (p < 0.05) and there was an incidence of mild hypoxemia in 47% of the animals in the GIM. Conclusions and clinical relevance: IN administration was as effective as IM administration in promoting safe chemical restraint, with minimal changes in homeostasis, with a shorter duration and latency period.
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Dental fear and phobia are prevalent worldwide, with local anesthesia being the most feared procedure. This study aimed to determine whether photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), used as a pre-anesthetic, could modulate puncture pain and enhance the effectiveness of local anesthesia. In this controlled, randomized, double-blind study, 49 participants were divided into an experimental group (n = 24), which received infrared laser therapy (100 mW, at 808 nm, 8 J, 80 s at a single point) immediately before standard anesthesia; and control group (n = 25), which received the standard anesthetic technique and sham laser. Pain levels were measured using the visual analog scale, and anesthetic efficacy was assessed through electrical tests (latency), percentage of failures, and cartridge usage. Anxiety levels were evaluated using the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Cardiovascular parameters were evaluated through blood pressure, oxygen levels, and heart rate. This randomized, double-blind study found no difference between groups in these experimental conditions. The bias toward a positive PBMT result was sufficiently removed. Autonomic responses of the PBMT group were maintained stable during the procedure.
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Needle-free buccal anesthesia improves dental treatment outcomes for both patients and dentists. In this study, we report on an assessment of the enhancement effects of α-bisabolol on the in vitro transmucosal permeation of prilocaine hydrochloride (PCl) and lidocaine hydrochloride (LCl) from needleless buccal films. We also evaluated the mechanical properties of the film, which consisted of Methocel™ K100 LV as the film-forming polymer (3% m·m-1), PEG 400 as a cosolvent (15% m·m-1 based on drug loading), α-bisabolol (15 and 30% m·m-1 based on drug loading), and the drugs combined at a 1:1 ratio (15 mg·unit-1). The porcine esophageal epithelium was used as a membrane barrier, and artificial saliva was the release medium. After a 1 h experiment at 25 ± 2 °C, α-bisabolol significantly decreased, rather than enhanced, the permeation fluxes (five-fold), permeability coefficients (seven-fold), and retentions (two-fold) of both PCl and LCl through the epithelium, regardless of the concentration. Moreover, the resistance and flexibility of the films markedly decreased compared to those without α-bisabolol. Therefore, under the experimental conditions, using α-bisabolol as a buccal permeation enhancer for the hydrophilic local anesthetics PCl and LCl from buccal films is not feasible.
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OBJECTIVE: Emergence delirium is frequently observed in pediatric patients. With advancements in video-based interventions, such as cartoons, video games, and virtual reality, these modalities may contribute to a reduced incidence of emergency delirium among children. However, robust evidence supporting their efficacy remains necessary. METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic search across multiple databases, including Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library, to identify all randomized controlled trials comparing video-based interventions with control treatments in pediatric emergence delirium. Data were aggregated and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4 to evaluate the effectiveness of video-based interventions. RESULTS: The analysis included eight randomized controlled trials comprising 872 children. The intervention group showed a trend toward lower Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scores (p = 0.10) and fewer emergence delirium events (p = 0.52). Seven studies demonstrated that video-based interventions significantly reduced preoperative anxiety, as indicated by decreased scores on the modified Yale Pre-operative Anxiety Scale (p < 0.00001). Anesthesia duration did not significantly differ between the intervention and control groups (p = 0.16). Notably, subgroup analyses revealed a significant reduction in Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scores among children under seven years of age (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Video-based interventions were linked to lower Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scores and a decreased incidence of emergence delirium events. However, these results did not reach statistical significance across the broader sample. Notably, in children under seven, these interventions significantly reduced the scores. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.
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Background: Spinal anesthesia is the most preferred method for cesarean section (C-section). This meta-analysis was performed to determine the effect of low and high intrathecal doses of pethidine on the maternal outcomes after C-section. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was performed. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to derive odds ratios (ORs) from dichotomous data. Results: Seventeen randomized controlled trials with 1304 C-section patients were included. Patients who had received intrathecal pethidine experienced decreased shivering and intensity of shivering (OR 0.13; P<0.001) and (OR 0.21; P<0.001), respectively. Moreover, vomiting (OR 2.47; P=0.002) and pruritus (OR 5.92; P<0.001) were significantly higher in the pethidine group. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of nausea (OR 2.55; P=0.06) and hypotension (OR 0.91; P=0.67). Conclusions: Intrathecal pethidine can effectively decrease shivering, although it increases the risk of vomiting and pruritus. No significant difference was found both in the maternal hypotension and nausea.
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BACKGROUND: To examine the relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), age, and mortality rates after emergency surgery. METHODS: In this observational study, a total of 851 patients undergoing emergency surgery between January 2022 and January 2023 were retrospective examined. Using 30 and 180 days mortality data, NLR differences and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed using a 65-year threshold. A multiple logistic regression model was constructed incorporating age and NLR. Finally, Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed for mortality. RESULTS: Among 851 patients, the 30 and 180 days mortality rates were 5.2% and 10.8%, respectively. Median NLR in 30 days was 5.6 (3.1 to 9.6) in survivors and 8.7 (4.6 to 13.4) in deceased patients (p < 0.0001); in 180 days, it was 5.5 (3.1 to 9.8) and 8.8 (4.8 to 14.5), respectively (p < 0.0001). In the 30- and 180-days mortality analyses, median NLRs were 5.1 (2.9 to 8.9) and 4.9 (2.9 to 8.8) in survivors and 10.6 (6.9 to 16.6) and 9.3 (5.4 to 14.9) in deceased patients aged < 65 years, respectively. The ROC AUC in patients younger than 65 years was higher for 30 days (AUC 0.75; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.87) and 180 days (AUC 0.73; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.81). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the NLR (odds ratio, 1.03 [95% CI 1.005 to 1.053; p = 0.0133) and age (odds ratio, 1.05 [95% CI 1.034 to 1.064; p < 0.0001) significantly contributed to the model. Survival analysis revealed differences in the 180 days mortality (p = 0.0006). CONCLUSION: We observed differences in preoperative NLR between patients who survived and those who died after emergency surgery. Age impacts the use of NLR as a mortality risk factor. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT06549101, retrospectively registered.
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Linfocitos , Neutrófilos , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Estudios Retrospectivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Edad , Curva ROC , Recuento de Linfocitos , Urgencias Médicas , Recuento de LeucocitosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Kidney transplant recipients face complex perioperative challenges due to comorbidities from chronic kidney disease. This study aimed to assess perioperative complications in kidney transplant recipients and evaluate the association between the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and complication severity using the Clavien-Dindo (CD) classification. METHODS: A prospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary hospital in South Brazil from September 2020 to March 2022, including 230 adult kidney transplant recipients. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and complications were collected. Complications were categorized using the CD scale, and their relationship with CCI was analyzed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression. RESULTS: Mean age was 49.2 ± 12.7 years, with 58.7% male recipients. The mean CCI score was 3.65 ± 1.5 points. Intraoperative complications occurred in 10.9% of patients, with notable issues including bleeding and airway difficulties. In the immediate postoperative period, 9.1% required urgent dialysis. In the 30-day follow-up, 57.8% had delayed graft function, 21.7% infections, 11.3% had vascular complications, and the mortality was 1.7%. CCI was not a significant predictor of severe complications; however, congestive heart failure was strongly associated with severe complications (HR = 6.6 95% CI 2.6-6.7, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a low overall comorbidity profile, kidney transplant recipients faced significant perioperative challenges. The lack of a significant association between the CCI score and severe complications suggests that traditional risk assessment tools may not fully capture the risks specific to the early postoperative period in kidney transplantation, and future research should focus on developing more refined risk assessment models for chronic kidney disease patients.
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BACKGROUND: This study compares dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine as potential adjuvants for spinal anesthesia. Dexmedetomidine enhances sensory block and minimizes the need for pain medication, while buprenorphine, a long-acting opioid, exhibits a favorable safety profile compared to traditional opioids. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE were systematically searched in December 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: RCTs with patients scheduled for lower abdominal, pelvic, or lower limb surgeries; undergoing spinal anesthesia with a local anesthetic and buprenorphine or dexmedetomidine. RESULTS: Eight RCTs involving 604 patients were included. Compared with dexmedetomidine, buprenorphine significantly reduced time for sensory regression to S1 (Risk Ratio [RR = -131.28]; 95% CI -187.47 to -75.08; I2 = 99%) and motor block duration (RR = -118.58; 95% CI -170.08 to -67.09; I2 = 99%). Moreover, buprenorphine increased the onset time of sensory block (RR = 0.42; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.81; I2 = 93%) and increased the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (RR = 4.06; 95% CI 1.80 to 9.18; I² = 0%). No significant differences were observed in the duration of analgesia, onset time of motor block, time to achieve the highest sensory level, shivering, hypotension, or bradycardia. CONCLUSIONS: The intrathecal administration of buprenorphine, when compared to dexmedetomidine, is linked to reduction in the duration of both sensory and motor blocks following spinal anesthesia. Conversely, buprenorphine was associated with an increased risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting and a longer onset time of sensory block. Further high-quality RCTs are essential for a comprehensive understanding of buprenorphine's effects compared with dexmedetomidine in spinal anesthesia.
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INTRODUCTION: Remifentanil is a short-acting opioid and can be administered during surgery without the risk of delayed postoperative recovery but concerns about hyperalgesia and the shortages of remifentanil lead anesthetists to consider long-acting opioids for Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA). Sufentanil is a more potent opioid with a longer context-sensitive half-life but can promote good postoperative analgesia due to its residual effect. This meta-analysis aimed to compare the recovery profile of remifentanil and sufentanil for TIVA. METHODS: The search strategy was performed in PubMed, CENTRAL, and Web of Science for RCTs comparing sufentanil and remifentanil as part of TIVA in adults undergoing noncardiac surgery. Risk of bias and the quality of evidence were performed using RoB2 and GRADEpro, respectively. The primary outcome was time to tracheal extubation. Secondary analyses included postoperative analgesia, respiratory depression, and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV). RESULTS: Sufentanil increases the time to extubate, MD = 4.29 min; 95% CI: 2.33 to 6.26; p = 0.001. It also reduces the need for postoperative rescue analgesia, logOR = -1.07; 95% CI: -1.62 to -0.52; p = 0.005. There were no significant differences between both opioids for PONV, logOR = 0.50; 95% CI: -0.10 to 1.10; p = 0.10 and respiratory depression, logOR = 1.21; 95% CI: -0.42 to 2.84; p = 0.15. CONCLUSION: Sufentanil delays the time to tracheal extubation compared with remifentanil but is associated with a reduced need for postoperative rescue analgesia. No significant differences were observed between the two opioids in terms of postoperative respiratory depression or PONV.
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PURPOSE: Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is an inherited neurologic disorder characterized by progressive peripheral neuropathies. The use of peripheral nerve blocks (PNB) in patients with CMT disease has been controversial because of concerns about exacerbating existing neurologic impairments and the "double hit" hypothesis. We aimed to assess the use of PNB in pediatric patients with CMT disease undergoing orthopedic surgery to address the limited data available in the literature on this topic. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we included all pediatric patients with CMT disease scheduled for orthopedic surgery receiving PNB at our centre. All of the patients had preoperative neurologic exams and received one or more ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia techniques. Data extracted included details of anesthesia technique, surgical procedure, opioid consumption, and pain scores during the first three postoperative days. We also reviewed any complications such as neurologic deficits and local anesthetic toxicity. We used descriptive statistics to summarize the findings. RESULTS: We included 25 patients, 14 of whom (56%) presented with pre-existing neurologic deficits, primarily in the lower extremities. Postoperative assessments revealed no new neurologic impairments in 24/25 (96%) patients, with only one patient experiencing a nerve injury possibly related to the surgical procedure. Opioid consumption was low in the postanesthesia care unit and on the day of surgery. No additional complications were noted in the first 72 hr after surgery. CONCLUSION: Despite concerns, PNB showed favourable outcomes in a pediatric cohort with CMT disease, with low opioid consumption and pain scores and minimal complications during follow-up. These findings match previous reports of adult patients with CMT disease and suggest that the benefits of PNB may outweigh the perceived risks in pediatric patients with CMT disease.
RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: La maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) est une maladie neurologique héréditaire caractérisée par des neuropathies périphériques progressives. L'utilisation de blocs nerveux périphériques (BNP) chez la patientèle atteinte de CMT est controversée en raison des inquiétudes concernant l'exacerbation des déficiences neurologiques existantes et de l'hypothèse d'une « double insulte ¼. Notre objectif était d'évaluer l'utilisation de BNP chez les patient·es pédiatriques atteint·es de CMT bénéficiant d'une chirurgie orthopédique afin de pallier les données limitées disponibles dans la littérature à ce sujet. MéTHODE: Dans cette étude de cohorte rétrospective, nous avons inclus tou·tes les patient·es pédiatriques atteint·es de CMT devant bénéficier d'une chirurgie orthopédique et recevant un BNP dans notre centre. Tou·tes ont bénéficié d'examens neurologiques préopératoires et ont reçu une ou plusieurs techniques d'anesthésie régionale échoguidées. Les données extraites comprenaient des détails sur la technique d'anesthésie, l'intervention chirurgicale, la consommation d'opioïdes et les scores de douleur au cours des trois premiers jours postopératoires. Nous avons également examiné toutes les complications telles que les déficits neurologiques et la toxicité des anesthésiques locaux. Nous avons utilisé des statistiques descriptives pour résumer les résultats. RéSULTATS: Nous avons inclus 25 patient·es, dont 14 (56 %) présentaient des déficits neurologiques préexistants, principalement dans les membres inférieurs. Les évaluations postopératoires n'ont révélé aucune nouvelle déficience neurologique chez 24 patient·es sur 25 (96 %), une seule personne ayant subi une lésion nerveuse possiblement liée à l'intervention chirurgicale. La consommation d'opioïdes était faible en salle de réveil et le jour de l'opération. Aucune complication supplémentaire n'a été notée dans les 72 premières heures après la chirurgie. CONCLUSION: Malgré les inquiétudes, le BNP a montré des résultats favorables dans une cohorte pédiatrique atteinte de CMT, avec une faible consommation d'opioïdes et des scores de douleur et des complications minimes pendant le suivi. Ces résultats correspondent à des comptes rendus antérieurs de patient·es adultes atteint·es de CMT et suggèrent que les avantages des BNP pourraient l'emporter sur les risques perçus chez la patientèle pédiatrique atteinte de CMT.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth , Bloqueo Nervioso , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Niño , Bloqueo Nervioso/métodos , Femenino , Masculino , Adolescente , Estudios de Cohortes , Ultrasonografía Intervencional/métodos , Dolor Postoperatorio , Preescolar , Procedimientos Ortopédicos/métodos , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Nervios Periféricos , Anestésicos Locales/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Abstract Surgery is a key pillar in medical care, and both the surgical as well as the anesthetic components are essential within the health systems in countries of all levels of development. Every year, close to 230 million surgical procedures are performed worldwide, with pediatric surgery being representative, as around 85% of children require a surgical procedure. However, the issue of education and training of the people involved in pediatric surgery who can provide safe surgical and anesthetic care in medium and low income countries has been absent from the global health debate. The development of anesthesia in pediatrics faces many challenges: it is a relatively new specialty, it has to deal with clinical challenges associated with anatomical, physiological, psychological and procedure-related differences, while it faces the reality of few training opportunities which results in a limited number of duly trained and qualified specialists in pediatric anesthesiology. In Latin America, the possibility of applying to a specialization in pediatric anesthesia is limited. In particular in Colombia it has not been possible to establish a pediatric anesthesia subspecialty, creating the need to promote formal and informal training in this discipline in order to ensure that safe, good quality anesthetic care is provided to children. This article describes the development of pediatric anesthesia training in the world and in Colombia, highlighting the relationship between the incidence of anesthetic complications and the need for training in this discipline.
Resumen La cirugía es una parte indispensable en la atención médica, siendo el componente quirúrgico y el anestésico fundamentales dentro del sistema de salud en países de todos los niveles de desarrollo. Anualmente, se realizan alrededor de 230 millones de procedimientos quirúrgicos en todo el mundo, siendo la cirugía pediátrica un porcentaje, ya que alrededor del 85 % de los niños requiere un procedimiento quirúrgico; sin embargo, la prestación de servicios quirúrgicos y anestésicos seguros desde la formación y entrenamiento de los actores involucrados en la atención quirúrgica infantil en países de medianos y bajos ingresos ha estado ausente del discurso de salud global. El desarrollo del campo de la anestesia en pediatría enfrenta múltiples retos: es una especialidad relativamente nueva, presenta desafíos clínicos relacionados con las diferencias anatómicas, fisiológicas, psicológicas y procedimentales, así como existen pocas oportunidades de entrenamiento con el consecuente número limitado de especialistas en anestesiología pediátrica capacitados y calificados. Para América latina, las posibilidades de aplicar a una especialización en anestesiología pediátrica son limitadas y específicamente para Colombia no ha sido posible crear la subespecialidad de anestesiología pediátrica, por lo que se debe fomentar la formación formal e informal en esta disciplina, con el fin de ofrecer una atención anestésica segura y con calidad para los niños. Este artículo hace un recuento del desarrollo de la formación en anestesiología pediátrica en el mundo y en Colombia, visibilizando la relación con la incidencia de complicaciones anestésicas y la necesidad de formación en esta disciplina.
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Abstract Postoperative pain management in hip surgery is classified as severe and its inadequate control leads to complications that increase patient morbidity and mortality. The PENG block is advocated as a safe, opioid-sparing analgesic technique, which provides an adequate level of analgesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze about the efficacy, safety and therapeutic appropriateness of the PENG block in hip surgery. To this end, a narrative review is conducted using various databases such as PubMed and the Cochrane library. In all of the studies analyzed, an adequate postoperative pain control was achieved using the PENG block, with reduction in pain assessment scales and opioid consumption in the first postoperative hours. Improved results were also seen as compared with other regional blocks. There were few adverse effects and none of them was classified as severe. The PENG block contributes with numerous advantages and few adverse effects for hip surgery. Further studies are needed on this block, whether alone or in combination with other regional techniques, so as to include it in analgesia protocols, developing a standardized approach and study the outcomes in more controlled settings.
Resumen El manejo del dolor posoperatorio en cirugía de cadera se cataloga como severo y su inadecuado control conduce a complicaciones que aumentan la morbimortalidad de los pacientes. El bloqueo PENG se postula como una técnica analgésica segura, ahorradora de opioides, que otorga un nivel analgésico adecuado. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar acerca de la eficacia, seguridad y el lugar terapéutico del bloqueo PENG en cirugía de cadera. Para ello, se hace una revisión narrativa utilizando distintas bases de datos como PubMed y la biblioteca Cochrane. En todos los estudios analizados se observó un adecuado control del dolor posoperatorio con el uso del bloqueo PENG, con reducción en las escalas de evaluación del dolor y en el consumo de opioides en las primeras horas del posoperatorio. También se evidenciaron mejores resultados en comparación con otros bloqueos regionales. Los efectos adversos fueron escasos, y ninguno se catalogó como grave. El bloqueo PENG aporta numerosas ventajas con escasos efectos adversos para cirugía de cadera. Es necesario continuar estudiando este bloqueo, solo o en combinación con otras técnicas regionales, e incluirlo en protocolos de analgesia, estandarizarlo y estudiar sus resultados en escenarios más controlados.