A Novel Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Technology for Simultaneous Optical and Radionuclide Imaging of Cells.

Multimodality reporter gene imaging combines the sensitivity, resolution and translational potential of two or more signals. The approach has not been widely adopted by the animal imaging community, mainly because its utility in this area is unproven. We developed a new complementation-based reporter gene system where the large component of split NanoLuc luciferase (LgBiT) presented on the surface of cells (TM-LgBiT) interacts with a radiotracer consisting of the high-affinity complementary HiBiT peptide labeled with a radionuclide. Radiotracer uptake could be imaged in mice using SPECT/CT and bioluminescence within two hours of implanting reporter-gene-expressing cells. Imaging data were validated by ex vivo biodistribution studies. Following the demonstration of complementation between the TM-LgBiT protein and HiBiT radiotracer, we validated the use of the technology in the highly specific in vivo multimodal imaging of cells. These findings highlight the potential of this new approach to facilitate the advancement of cell and gene therapies from bench to clinic.

High-throughput functional analysis provides novel insight into type VII secretion in Staphylococcus aureus.

Successful colonization by the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus depends on its ability to interact with other microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus strains harbour a T7b subtype of type VII secretion system (T7SSb), a protein secretion system found in a wide variety of Bacillota, which functions in bacterial antagonism and virulence. Assessment of T7SSb activity in S. aureus has been hampered by low secretion activity under laboratory conditions and the lack of a sensitive assay to measure secretion. Here, we have utilized NanoLuc binary technology to develop a simple assay to monitor protein secretion via detection of bioluminescence. Fusion of the 11 amino acid NanoLuc fragment to the conserved substrate EsxA permits its extracellular detection upon supplementation with the large NanoLuc fragment and luciferase substrate. Following miniaturization of the assay to 384-well format, we use high-throughput analysis to demonstrate that T7SSb-dependent protein secretion differs across strains and growth temperature. We further show that the same assay can be used to monitor secretion of the surface-associated toxin substrate TspA. Using this approach, we identify three conserved accessory proteins required to mediate TspA secretion. Co-purification experiments confirm that all three proteins form a complex with TspA.

A Novel Method for the Early Detection of Single Circulating, Metastatic and Self-Seeding Cancer Cells in Orthotopic Breast Cancer Mouse Models.

BACKGROUND: Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths, but efficient targeted therapies against metastasis are still missing. Major gaps exist in our understanding of the metastatic cascade, as existing methods cannot combine sensitivity, robustness, and practicality to dissect cancer progression. Addressing this issue requires improved strategies to distinguish early metastatic colonization from metastatic outgrowth. METHODS: Luciferase-labelled MDA-MB-231, MCF7, and 4T1 breast cancer cells were spiked into samples from tumour-naïve mice to establish the limit of detection for disseminated tumour cells. Luciferase-labelled breast cancer cells (±unlabelled cancer-associated fibroblasts; CAFs) were orthotopically implanted in immunocompromised mice. An ex vivo luciferase assay was used to quantify tumour cell dissemination. RESULTS: In vitro luciferase assay confirmed a linear and positive correlation between cancer cell numbers and the bioluminescence detected at single cell level in blood, brain, lung, liver, and mammary fat pad samples. Remarkably, single luciferase-labelled cancer cells were detectable in all of these sites, as the bioluminescence quantified in the analysed samples was substantially higher than background levels. Ex vivo, circulating tumour cells, metastasis, and tumour self-seeding were detected in all samples from animals implanted with highly metastatic luciferase-labelled MDA-MB-231 cells. In turn, detection of poorly metastatic luciferase-labelled MCF7 cells was scarce but significantly enhanced upon co-implantation with CAFs as early as 20 days after the experiment was initiated. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the feasibility of using an ultrasensitive luciferase-based method to dissect the mechanisms of early metastatic colonization to improving the development of antimetastatic therapies.

Bioluminescent Systems for Theranostic Applications.

Bioluminescence, the light produced by biochemical reactions involving luciferases in living organisms, has been extensively investigated for various applications. It has attracted particular interest as an internal light source for theranostic applications due to its safe and efficient characteristics that overcome the limited penetration of conventional external light sources. Recent advancements in protein engineering technologies and protein delivery platforms have expanded the application of bioluminescence to a wide range of theranostic areas, including bioimaging, biosensing, photodynamic therapy, and optogenetics. This comprehensive review presents the fundamental concepts of bioluminescence and explores its recent applications across diverse fields. Moreover, it discusses future research directions based on the current status of bioluminescent systems for further expansion of their potential.

Split Luciferase Molecular Tension Sensors for Bioluminescent Readout of Mechanical Forces in Biological Systems.

The ability of proteins to sense and transmit mechanical forces underlies many biological processes, but characterizing these forces in biological systems remains a challenge. Existing genetically encoded force sensors typically rely on fluorescence or bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (FRET or BRET) to visualize tension. However, these force sensing modules are relatively large, and interpreting measurements requires specialized image analysis and careful control experiments. Here, we report a compact molecular tension sensor that generates a bioluminescent signal in response to tension. This sensor (termed PILATeS) makes use of the split NanoLuc luciferase and consists of the H. sapiens titin I10 domain with the insertion of a 10-15 amino acid tag derived from the C-terminal ß-strand of NanoLuc. Mechanical load across PILATeS mediates exposure of this tag to recruit the complementary split NanoLuc fragment, resulting in force-dependent bioluminescence. We demonstrate the ability of PILATeS to report biologically meaningful forces by visualizing forces at the interface between integrins and extracellular matrix substrates. We further use PILATeS as a genetically encoded sensor of tension experienced by the mechanosensing protein vinculin. We anticipate that PILATeS will provide an accessible means of visualizing molecular-scale forces in biological systems.

Emerging Synthetic Bioluminescent Reactions for Non-Invasive Imaging of Freely Moving Animals.

Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is an indispensable technique for visualizing the dynamics of diverse biological processes in mammalian animal models, including cancer, viral infections, and immune responses. However, a critical scientific challenge remains: non-invasively visualizing homeostatic and disease mechanisms in freely moving animals to understand the molecular basis of exercises, social behavior, and other phenomena. Classical BLI relies on prolonged camera exposure to accumulate the limited number of photons that traveled from deep tissues in anesthetized or constrained animals. Recent advancements in synthetic bioluminescence reactions, utilizing artificial luciferin-luciferase pairs, have considerably increased the number of detectable photons from deep tissues, facilitating high-speed BLI to capture moving objects. In this review, I provide an overview of emerging synthetic bioluminescence reactions that enable the non-invasive imaging of freely moving animals. This approach holds the potential to uncover unique physiological processes that are inaccessible with current methodologies.

Use of parvovirus B19-like particles in self-illuminated photodynamic therapy for solid tumors.

Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer photodynamic therapy, which uses light generated by bioluminescent proteins to activate photosensitizers and produce reactive oxygen species without the need for external irradiation, has shown promising results in cancer models. However, the characterization of delivery systems that can incorporate the components of this therapy for preferential delivery to the tumor remains necessary. In this work, we have characterized parvovirus B19-like particles (B19V-VLPs) as a platform for a photosensitizer and a bioluminescent protein. By chemical and biorthogonal conjugation, we conjugated rose Bengal photosensitizer and firefly luciferase to B19V-VLPs and a protein for added specificity. The results showed that B19V-VLPs can withstand decoration with all three components without affecting its structure or stability. The conjugated luciferase showed activity and was able to activate rose Bengal to produce singlet oxygen without the need for external light. The photodynamic reaction generated by the functionalized VLPs-B19 can decrease the viability of tumor cells in vitro and affect tumor growth and metastasis in the 4 T1 model. Treatment with functionalized VLPs-B19 also increased the percentage of CD4 and CD8 cell populations in the spleen and in inguinal lymph nodes compared to vehicle-treated mice. Our results support B19V-VLPs as a delivery platform for bioluminescent photodynamic therapy components to solid tumors.

Correlation between bioluminescent blinks and swimming behavior in the splitfin flashlight fish Anomalops katoptron.

BACKGROUND: The light organs of the splitfin flashlight fish Anomalops katoptron are necessary for schooling behavior, to determine nearest neighbor distance, and to feed on zooplankton under dim light conditions. Each behavior is coupled to context-dependent blink frequencies and can be regulated via mechanical occlusion of light organs. During shoaling in the laboratory individuals show moderate blink frequencies around 100 blinks per minute. In this study, we correlated bioluminescent blinks with the spatio-temporal dynamics of swimming profiles in three dimensions, using a stereoscopic, infrared camera system. RESULTS: Groups of flashlight fish showed intermediate levels of polarization and distances to the group centroid. Individuals showed higher swimming speeds and curved swimming profiles during light organ occlusion. The largest changes in swimming direction occurred when darkening the light organs. Before A. katoptron exposed light organs again, they adapted a nearly straight movement direction. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a change in movement direction coupled to light organ occlusion in A. katoptron is an important behavioral trait in shoaling of flashlight fish.

Subcellular imaging of MGAT1/MGAT2 homo- and heteromers in living cells using bioluminescence microscopy.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play fundamental roles in many biological processes including the functioning of glycosylation machineries present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus of mammalian cells. For the last couple of years, we have been successfully employing the most advanced version of the split luciferase complementation assay, termed NanoBiT, to demonstrate PPIs between solute carrier 35 (SLC35) family members with nucleotide sugar transporting activity and functionally related glycosyltransferases. NanoBiT has several unmatched advantages as compared with other strategies for studying PPIs. Firstly, the tendency of the free luciferase fragments to spontaneously associate is strongly reduced. As a consequence, the fragments of the reconstituted luciferase may dissociate upon the disruption of the PPI of interest. Secondly, the recombinant fusion proteins are expressed at low (near-endogenous) levels. Both of these features significantly minimize the possibility of obtaining false positive results. In this study we pushed the boundaries of this already powerful technique even further by coupling it with bioluminescence imaging of PPIs. Specifically, we visualized homo- and heterologous complexes formed by MGAT1 and MGAT2 glycosylation enzymes tagged with NanoBiT fragments and demonstrated ER-to-Golgi transitions between enzyme homo- and heteromers.

Receptor mediated biological activities of phytoestrogens.

Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds that have chemical structures and functions similar to estrogen. Phytoestrogens act as ligand-inducible transcription factors involved in cellular growth by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), specifically ER alpha (ERα) and beta (ERß). Through this mechanism, phytoestrogens have a physiological function similar to that of the female hormone 17ß-estradiol (E2), which can be useful in treating osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Furthermore, phytoestrogens have been found to elicit various cellular responses depending on their affinity for ERs; in particular, they show a greater affinity with for ERß. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the mode of action of eight phytoestrogens, namely kaempferol, coumestrol, glycitein, apigenin, daidzein, genistein, equol, and resveratrol, by evaluating their estrogenic activity as ER ligands. Based on the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based ER dimerization and transactivation assay results, all the phytoestrogens tested were identified as estrogen agonists by mediating ERα and ERß dimerization. The specific binding and functions of ERα and ERß were distinguished by differentiating between their dimerization activity. In addition, this study contributes to advancing our understanding of the overall mechanism of action involving both ERs.

Cytotoxic and radical activities of metal-organic framework modified with iron oxide: Biological and physico-chemical analyses.

Metal-organic framework (MOF) modified with iron oxide, Fe3O4-MOF, is a perspective drug delivery agent, enabling magnetic control and production of active hydroxyl radicals, •OH, via the Fenton reaction. This paper studies cytotoxic and radical activities of Fe-containing nanoparticles (NPs): Fe3O4-MOF and its components - bare Fe3O4 and MOF (MIL-88B). Luminous marine bacteria Photobacteriumphosphoreum were used as a model cellular system to monitor bioeffects of the NPs. Neither the NPs of Fe3O4-MOF nor MOF showed cytotoxic effects in a wide range of concentrations (<10 mg/L); while Fe3O4 was toxic at >3·10-3 mg/L. The NPs of Fe3O4 did not affect the bacterial bioluminescence enzymatic system; their toxic effect was attributed to cellular membrane processes. The integral content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using a chemiluminescence luminol assay. Bacteria mitigated excess of ROS in water suspensions of Fe3O4-MOF and MOF, maintaining bioluminescence intensity closer to the control; this resulted in low toxicity of these NPs. We estimated the activity of •OH radicals in the NPs samples with physical and chemical methods - spin capture technology (using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy) and methylene blue degradation. Physico-chemical interpretation of cellular responses is provided in terms of iron content, iron ions release and •OH radical production.

Quantification of the Engraftment Status of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Glioma Using Dual-Modality Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Bioluminescence Imaging.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The tumor-tropic properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enable them to serve as appealing cellular vehicles for delivering therapeutic agents to treat malignant glioma. However, the exact engraftment status of MSCs in glioma via different administration routes remains unclear due to the lack of quantitative analysis. This study aimed to quantify the engraftment of MSCs in glioma after administration via different routes using non-invasive dual-modality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bioluminescence imaging (BLI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MSCs were transduced with a lentivirus overexpressing ferritin heavy chain (FTH) and firefly luciferase (FLUC) reporter genes to yield FTH- and FLUC-overexpressed MSCs (FTH-FLUC-MSCs). Wistar rats bearing intracranial C6 glioma received peritumoral, intratumoral, intra-arterial, and intravenous injection of FTH-FLUC-MSCs, respectively. MRI and BLI were performed to monitor FTH-FLUC-MSCs in vivo. RESULTS: FTH-FLUC-MSCs administered via peritumoral, intratumoral and intra-arterial routes migrated specially toward the intracranial glioma in vivo, as detected by MRI and BLI. As quantified by the BLI signal intensity, the percentages of FTH-FLUC-MSCs in the glioma were significantly higher with peritumoral injection (61%) and intratumoral injection (71%) compared to intra-arterial injection (30%) and intravenous injection (0%). Peritumorally injected FTH-FLUC-MSCs showed a gradual decline, with approximately 6% of FTH-FLUC-MSCs still retained within the tumor up to 11 days after injection. Meanwhile, the number of FTH-FLUC-MSCs injected via other routes dropped quickly, and none were detectable by day 11 post-injection. CONCLUSION: Peritumoral delivery of FTH-FLUC-MSCs offers robust engraftment and could be used as the optimal delivery route for treating malignant glioma.

Long-Chain Alkylthio Cyclodextrin Derivatives for Modulation of Quorum-Sensing-Based Bioluminescence in Aliivibrio fischeri Model System.

Quorum sensing (QS) allows bacteria to coordinate their activities by producing and detecting low-molecular-weight signal molecules based on population density, thereby controlling the infectivity of bacteria through various virulence factors. Quorum-sensing inhibition is a promising approach to tackle bacterial communication. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a class of cyclic oligosaccharides that reversibly encapsulate the acyl chain of the signal molecules, thereby preventing their binding to receptors and interrupting bacterial communication. This results in the inhibition of the expression of various properties, including different virulence factors. To examine the potential quorum-quenching (QQ) ability of newly prepared cyclodextrin derivatives, we conducted short-term tests using Aliivibrio fischeri, a heterotrophic marine bacterium capable of bioluminescence controlled by quorum sensing. α- and ß-cyclodextrins monosubstituted with alkylthio moieties and further derivatized with quaternary ammonium groups were used as the test agents. The effect of these cyclodextrins on the quorum-sensing system of A. fischeri was investigated by adding them to an exponential growth phase of the culture and then measuring bioluminescence intensity, population growth, and cell viability. Our results demonstrate that the tested cyclodextrins have an inhibitory effect on the quorum-sensing system of A. fischeri. The inhibitory effect varies based on the length of the alkyl chain, with alkylthio substitution enhancing it and the presence of quaternary ammonium groups decreasing it. Our findings suggest that cyclodextrins can be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Luciferase transduction and selection protocol for reliable in vivo bioluminescent measurements in cancer research.

Bioluminescence imaging has become an essential non-invasive tool in cancer research for monitoring various cellular processes and tumor progression in vivo. In this article, we aimed to propose a transduction and selection protocol for reliable in vivo bioluminescent measurements in immunocompetent mouse models. Using two different heterogenous luciferase-expressing cell models, we underlined factors influencing transduction. The protocol was tested through an in vitro luciferase activity assay as well as using in vivo longitudinal monitoring of metastases formation (In Vivo Imaging System®). The data were cross validated with histological assessment. Our results demonstrated stable and proportional in vitro and in vivo bioluminescent signals correlating with actual metastatic burden. Furthermore, ex vivo analysis confirmed the accuracy of bioluminescent imaging in quantifying metastatic surface area. This protocol should ensure reliable and reproducible measurements in cancer research utilizing luciferase-positive cell lines, confirming the validity and accuracy of preclinical studies in immunocompetent models.

Monitoring RVFV Infection Using Bioluminescent Reporter Viruses In Vivo.

Rift Valley fever virus is able to infect multiple organs and cell types, and the course of infection varies between viral strains and between individuals in particular according to age, genetic background, and physiological status. Studies on viral and host factors involve detecting and quantifying viral load at multiple time points and in multiple tissues. While this is classically performed by genome quantification or viral titration, in vivo imaging techniques using recombinant viruses expressing a bioluminescent or fluorescent protein allow noninvasive longitudinal studies on the same group of mice over the entire course of disease and the detection of unsuspected sites of infection. Here, we describe the protocol to monitor and characterize mouse infection with Rift Valley fever virus by in vivo imaging using recombinant viruses expressing light-emitting reporter genes.

A novel method for measurements of sleep/wake states, feeding and drinking behaviors using the tracking technique of 3D positions in freely moving mice.

We have previously developed a 3D video tracking system which enables us to analyze long-term quantitative analysis of gene expression in freely moving mice. In the present study, we improved 3D video tracking and developed a system that analyzes more detailed behavioral data. We succeeded in simultaneously analyzing sleep-wake, feeding, and drinking behavior rhythms in the same individual using our tracking system. This system will make it possible to measure gene expression in each tissue in vivo in real time in relation to the various behavioral rhythms mentioned above.

Human primary cells can tell body time: Dedicated to Steven A. Brown.

The field of chronobiology has advanced significantly since ancient observations of natural rhythms. The intricate molecular architecture of circadian clocks, their hierarchical organization within the mammalian body, and their pivotal roles in organ physiology highlight the complexity and significance of these internal timekeeping mechanisms. In humans, circadian phenotypes exhibit considerable variability among individuals and throughout the individual's lifespan. A fundamental challenge in mechanistic studies of human chronobiology arises from the difficulty of conducting serial sampling from most organs. The concept of studying circadian clocks in vitro relies on the groundbreaking discovery by Ueli Schibler and colleagues that nearly every cell in the body harbours autonomous molecular oscillators. The advent of circadian bioluminescent reporters has provided a new perspective for this approach, enabling high-resolution continuous measurements of cell-autonomous clocks in cultured cells, following in vitro synchronization pulse. The work by Steven A. Brown has provided compelling evidence that clock characteristics assessed in primary mouse and human skin fibroblasts cultured in vitro represent a reliable estimation of internal clock properties in vivo. The in vitro approach for studying molecular human clocks in cultured explants and primary cells, pioneered by Steve Brown, represents an invaluable tool for assessing inter-individual differences in circadian characteristics alongside comprehensive genetic, biochemical and functional analyses. In a broader context, this reliable and minimally invasive approach offers a unique perspective for unravelling the functional inputs and outputs of oscillators operative in nearly any human tissue in physiological contexts and across various pathologies.

Bioluminescence-optogenetics-mediated gene therapy in a sleep-disordered breathing mouse model.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) incurs a huge individual, societal, and economic burden. Specific and selective targeting of hypoglossal motor neurons could be an effective means to treat OSA. Bioluminescent-optogenetics (BL-OG) is a novel genetic regulatory approach in which luminopsins, fusion proteins of light-generating luciferase and light-sensing ion channels, increase neuronal excitability when exposed to a suitable substrate. Here we develop and validate the feasibility of BL-OG for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Upon confirming that diet-induced obese mice represent an excellent SDB model, we employed a method of targeting the hypoglossal nucleus (12 N) by peripherally injecting retrogradely transported rAAV2/Retro. With AAV transduction, the eLMO3 protein is expressed in hypoglossal motor neurons (HMN); administration of CTZ results in production of bioluminescence that in turn activates the tethered channelrhodopsin, leading to an increase in the firing of HMN and a 2.7 ± 0.8-fold increase in phasic activity of the genioglossus muscle, a 7.6 ± 1.8-fold increase in tonic activity, and improvements in hypoventilation and apnea index without impacting sleep structure. This is therefore the first study to leverage the rAAV2/Retro vector to execute the BL-OG approach in SDB, which amplified genioglossus muscle discharge activity and increased airflow in mice after activation. This study marks the pioneering utilization of BL-OG in SDB research.

Application of luminescent Photobacterium Phosphoreum T3 for the detection of zearalenone and estimating the efficiency of their enzymatic degradation.

Zearalenone (ZEN), a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin, causes enormous economic losses in the food and feed industries. Simple, rapid, low-cost, and quantitative analysis of ZEN is particularly urgent in the fields of food safety and animal husbandry. Using the bioluminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum T3, we propose a bioluminescence inhibition assay to evaluate ZEN levels quickly. The limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and quantitative working range of this bioluminescence inhibition assay were 0.1 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL, and 5-100 µg/mL, respectively. The concentration-response curve of the bioluminescence inhibition rate and ZEN concentration was plotted within the range 5 to 100 µg/mL, as follows: y = 0.0069x2 - 0.0190x + 7.9907 (R2 = 0.9943, y is luminescence inhibition rate, x is ZEN concentration). First, we used the bioluminescence inhibition assay to detect the remaining ZEN in samples treated with purified lactonohydrolase ZHD101. The bioluminescence inhibition assay results showed a strong correlation with the HPLC analysis. Furthermore, we successfully evaluated the overall toxicity of samples treated with purified peroxidase Prx and H2O2 using the P. phosphoreum T3 bioluminescence inhibition assay. The results indicate that the degradation products of ZEN created by purified peroxidase Prx and H2O2 showed little toxicity to P. phosphoreum T3. In this study, a simple, rapid, and low-cost assay method of zearalenone by bioluminescent P. phosphoreum T3 was developed. The bioluminescence inhibition assay could be used to estimate the efficiency of enzymatic degradation of ZEN.

Miniaturizable Chemiluminescence System for ATP Detection in Water.

We present the design, fabrication, and testing of a low-cost, miniaturized detection system that utilizes chemiluminescence to measure the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy unit in biological systems, in water samples. The ATP-luciferin chemiluminescent solution was faced to a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) for highly sensitive real-time detection. This system can detect ATP concentrations as low as 0.2 nM, with a sensitivity of 79.5 A/M. Additionally, it offers rapid response times and can measure the characteristic time required for reactant diffusion and mixing within the reaction volume, determined to be 0.3 ± 0.1 s. This corresponds to a diffusion velocity of approximately 44 ± 14 mm2/s.