Body fat predicts urinary tract infection in kidney transplant recipients: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The association between obesity and infectious diseases is increasingly reported in the literature. There are scarce studies on the association between obesity and urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation (KTx). These studies defined obesity based on body mass index, and their results were conflicting. The present study aimed to evaluate this association using bioelectrical impedance analysis for body composition evaluation, and obesity definition. METHODS: A single-center cohort study was conducted. Demographic, clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were collected at KTx admission, and bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed to measure the visceral fat area, waist circumference, and total fat mass. The occurrence of urinary tract infection (symptomatic bacteriuria and/or histological evidence of pyelonephritis) was evaluated within three months after KTx. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were included in the cohort, and 67 were included in the final analysis. Urinary tract infection was diagnosed in 23.9% of the transplanted patients. Waist circumference (HR: 1.053; 95% CI 1.005-1.104; p = 0.032), visceral fat area (HR: 1.015; 95% CI 1.003-1.027; p = 0.014), and total fat mass (HR: 1.075; 95% CI 1.008-1.146; p = 0.028) were associated with urinary tract infection occurrence after KTx, using Cox regression models. Patients with high waist circumference (above 102 cm for men and above 88 cm for women) had a 4.7 times higher risk of a urinary tract infection than those with normal waist circumference (HR: 4.726; 95% CI 1.267-17.630; p = 0.021). Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with high waist circumference, high visceral fat area, and high total fat mass had more urinary tract infections (Log-rank test p = 0.014, p = 0.020, and p = 0.018, respectively). Body mass index was not able to predict urinary tract infection in the study sample. CONCLUSIONS: Waist circumference, visceral fat area, and total fat mass, assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis, were predictors of urinary tract infection risk within the first three months after KTx.

Gender Differences in the Predictive Value of Obesity Indices for Insulin Resistance in Adult Mexican Individuals.

BACKGROUND: Obesity-linked insulin resistance (IR) is an important risk factor for metabolic diseases, and anthropometric indices are commonly used for risk assessment. AIM: The study aimed to assess possible differences between women and men in the predictive value and association of nine obesity indices with IR, as assessed by HOMA-IR, in a nondiabetic adult population. METHODS: The cross-sectional study included individuals recruited from a hospital in Mexico City. Indices evaluated were waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, visceral adiposity index, body adiposity index (BAI), relative fat mass (RFM), and conicity index (CI). Fasting plasma glucose and insulin were measured to calculate HOMA-IR. Correlation analysis was performed between obesity indices and HOMA-IR. Receiver operating characteristics curve analyses were performed to determine predictive accuracy and cut-off values of obesity indices for IR. A binary logistic regression (BLR) analysis with OR calculation was performed to determine the strength of association with HOMA-IR. RESULTS: We included 378 individuals (59% females, mean age 46.38 ±12.25 years). The highest Pearson coefficient value was observed for BMI among women, while among men, the highest values were found for BMI and BAI. WC among women, and BAI and RFM among men showed the highest sensitivity, while the highest specificity was observed for WHR among women and WC among men with respect to insulin prediction. In the adjusted BLR model, BMI, WC, and WHR among women and WC and RFM and BAI among men were independently associated with IR, showing the highest odds ratio (OR). CONCLUSION: In Mexican adults, WC, WHR, RFM and BAI could be complementary tools for BMI in screening for IR.

Development and validation of equation for predicting body composition in elderly women / Desarrollo y validación de ecuaciones para la predicción de la composición corporal en ancianas / Desenvolvimento e validação de equações para predição da composição corporal em idosas

ABSTRACT Introduction: Body composition assessment (BCA) using anthropometric measurements (AM) is used to monitor the nutritional and health status of the elderly. As predictor variables, MAs must be valid, practical, and quick, as they favor adherence and avoid possible resistance and embarrassment on the part of those being assessed and being minimally invasive. Objective: To develop and validate equations using accessible and minimally invasive anthropometric measurements for BCA in elderly women. Methods: 100 women (68.1±6.15 years) were randomly assigned to two groups: validation (n=40; 68.1±6.15 years); and estimation (n=60; 68.4±6.70 years). DXA was selected as the criterion measure, and MAs (body mass, height, skinfolds, circumferences) were selected as predictor variables. Means were compared using the paired Student's t-test; correlations were verified using Pearson's r-test; equations using Multiple Linear Regression. The level of agreement between the groups' results was checked using the Bland-Altman technique. Results: Two equations developed and tested (E3 and E4) met the validation criteria as they showed adequate correlation coefficients (E3: r=0.73; E4: r=0.70), low constant errors (E3: EC= −0.56; E4: EC=-0.90), total error (E3: ET=3.22; E4: ET=3.06) lower than the Standard Error of Estimate (E3: EPE=3.24; E4: EPE=3.21), indicating no statistically significant difference between the two BCA techniques observed (p>0.05). The Bland-Altman technique showed good agreement between the results of the two techniques. Conclusion: Two were validated: E3 (%Gdxa= −41.556 + 4.041(BMI) + 0.165(DcCox) − 0.440(CircCox) + 0.269(CircQuad) − 0.053(BMI)²); and E4 (%GdxaE4= 15.329 + 1.044(BMI) −1.055(CircAbra) + 0.282(CircQuad) + 0.164(DcCox) − 0.262(CircCox)). Notably, the small number of measurements were located in areas of the body that are easily accessible and have little body exposure, which minimizes possible embarrassment and favors adherence by the elderly. Level of Evidence IV; Correlational study to build a predictive equation.

RESUMEN Introducción: La evaluación de la composición corporal (ECC) mediante medidas antropométricas (MA) se utiliza para monitorizar el estado nutricional y de salud de las personas mayores. Las MA, como variables predictoras, deben ser válidas, prácticas y rápidas, ya que favorecen la adherencia y evitan posibles resistencias y vergüenzas por parte de los evaluados, además de ser mínimamente invasivas. Objetivo: Desarrollar y validar ecuaciones utilizando medidas antropométricas de fácil acceso y mínimamente invasivas para la ECC en mujeres de edad avanzada. Métodos: 100 mujeres (68,1±6,15 años) asignadas aleatoriamente a dos grupos: validación (n=40; 68,1±6,15 años); estimación (n=60; 68,4±6,70 años). Se seleccionó la DXA como medida criterio, y las MA (masa corporal, estatura, pliegues cutáneos, circunferencias) como variables predictoras. Las medias se compararon mediante la prueba t de Student emparejada; las correlaciones se comprobaron mediante la prueba r de Pearson; las ecuaciones mediante Regresión Lineal Múltiple. El nivel de concordancia entre los resultados de los grupos se comprobó mediante la técnica de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Dos ecuaciones desarrolladas y probadas (E3 y E4) cumplieron los criterios de validación, ya que mostraron coeficientes de correlación adecuados (E3: r=0,73; E4: r=0,70), errores constantes bajos (E3: EC= −0,56; E4: EC=-0,90), error total (E3: ET=3,22; E4: ET=3,06) inferior al error estándar de estimación (E3: EPE=3,24; E4: EPE=3,21), lo que indica que no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las dos técnicas de ECC (p>0,05). La técnica de Bland-Altman mostró una buena concordancia entre los resultados de las dos técnicas. Conclusión: Se validaron dos: E3 (%Gdxa= −41,556 + 4,041(IMC) + 0,165(DcCox) − 0,440(CircCox) + 0,269(CircQuad) − 0,053(IMC)²); y E4 (%GdxaE4= 15,329 + 1,044(IMC) −1,055(CircAbra) + 0,282(CircQuad) + 0,164(DcCox) − 0,262(CircCox)). Es de destacar que el reducido número de mediciones se localizaron en zonas del cuerpo de fácil acceso y con poca exposición corporal, lo que minimiza posibles situaciones embarazosas y favorece la adherencia por parte de los ancianos. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Estudio correlacional para construir una ecuación predictiva.

RESUMO Introdução: A avaliação da composição corporal (ACC) com auxílio das medidas antropométricas (MA) é utilizado no acompanhamento do estado nutricional e de saúde das populações idosas. As MAs como variáveis preditoras, devem ser válidas, práticas e rápidas, pois favorecem a adesão e evitam possíveis resistências e constrangimento das avaliadas, além de minimamente invasivas. Objetivo: Desenvolver e validar equações utilizando medidas antropométricas de fácil acesso e minimamente invasivas, para ACC de idosas. Métodos: 100 mulheres (68,1±6,15 anos) distribuídas aleatoriamente por dois grupos: validação (n=40; 68,1±6,15 anos); estimativa (n=60; 68,4±6,70 anos). Como medida critério selecionou-se a DXA, como variáveis preditoras as MAs (massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas, circunferências). As médias foram comparadas com o teste t de Student pareado; as correlações verificadas com o teste r Pearson; as equações com a Regressão Linear Múltipla. O nível de concordância entre os resultados dos grupos foi verificado com a técnica Bland-Altman. Resultados: Duas equações desenvolvidas e testadas (E3 e E4) atenderam aos critérios de validação, pois, apresentaram coeficientes de correlação adequados (E3: r=0,73; E4: r=0,70), erros constantes baixos (E3: EC= −0,56; E4: EC=-0,90), erro total (E3: ET=3,22; E4: ET=3,06) menores que o Erro Padrão de Estimativa (E3: EPE=3,24; E4: EPE=3,21), indicando não existir diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as duas técnicas de ACC observadas (p>0,05). A técnica Bland-Altman demonstrou boa concordância entre os resultados das duas técnicas. Conclusão: Duas equações foram validadas: E3 (%Gdxa= −41,556 + 4,041(IMC) + 0,165(DcCox) - 0,440(CircCox) + 0,269(CircQuad) - 0,053(IMC)²); e E4 (%GdxaE4= 15,329 + 1,044(IMC) −1,055(CircAbra) + 0,282(CircQuad) + 0,164(DcCox) - 0,262(CircCox)). Destaca-se o fato do reduzido número de medidas situarem-se em áreas corporais de fácil acesso e de pouca exposição corporal, que minimizam possíveis constrangimentos e favorecem a adesão das idosas. Nível de Evidência IV; Estudo correlacional para construção de equação preditiva.

Diagnostic Performance of the Measurement of Skinfold Thickness for Abdominal and Overall Obesity in the Peruvian Population: A 5-Year Cohort Analysis.

The escalating prevalence of overall and abdominal obesity, particularly affecting Latin America, underscores the urgent need for accessible and cost-effective predictive methods to address the growing disease burden. This study assessed skinfold thicknesses' predictive capacity for overall and abdominal obesity in Peruvian adults aged 30 or older over 5 years. Data from the PERU MIGRANT 5-year cohort study were analyzed, defining obesity using BMI and waist circumference. Receiver operating characteristic curves and area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Adults aged ≥ 30 (n = 988) completed the study at baseline, with 47% male. A total of 682 participants were included for overall and abdominal obesity analysis. The 5-year prevalence values for overall and abdominal obesity were 26.7% and 26.6%, respectively. Subscapular skinfold (SS) best predicted overall obesity in men (AUC = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.75-0.88) and women (AUC = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.67-0.88). Regarding abdominal obesity, SS exhibited the highest AUC in men (AUC = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.77-0.89), while SS and the sum of trunk skinfolds showed the highest AUC in women. In secondary analysis excluding participants with type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) at baseline, SS significantly predicted DM2 development in men (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.58-0.83) and bicipital skinfold (BS) did in women (AUC = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62-0.84). The findings highlight SS significance as an indicator of overall and abdominal obesity in both sexes among Peruvian adults. Additionally, SS, and BS offer robust predictive indicators for DM2.

El porcentaje de grasa corporal y su relación con la presión arterial en adultos de áreas rurales y urbanas

Fundamento: el exceso de grasa corporal se encuentra marcado por un desequilibrio permanente entre el consumo de alimentos y el gasto energético de los seres humanos que generan diversos riesgos para salud, entre ellos el aumento de la presión arterial. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la presión arterial en adultos de áreas rurales y urbanas del municipio del Carmen de Chucurí, Colombia. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y correlacional con enfoque cuantitativo a una muestra escogida de forma aleatoria, compuesta por 406 sujetos para los habitantes del sector rural y 409 del sector urbano entre los 18 y 40 años del municipio Carmen Chucurí. Se evaluó la masa corporal, con la utilización de la herramienta denominada impedancia eléctrica y el equipo marca OMRON HBF-514C y la presión arterial y se utilizó el tensiómetro digital OMRON HEM-4030. Resultados: el principal hallazgo de esta investigación fue la asociación positiva y significativa entre el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la presión arterial diastólica en hombres y mujeres rurales del municipio Carmen de Chucurí. Conclusiones: el porcentaje de grasa corporal se asocia positiva y significativamente con la presión arterial diastólica en hombres y mujeres rurales del municipio Carmen de Chucuri, para los demás parámetros analizados no fue evidente una correlación significativa.

Foundation: excess body fat is marked by a permanent imbalance between food consumption and energy expenditure of human beings that generate various health risks, including increased blood pressure. Objective: determine the relationship between the percentage of body fat and blood pressure in adults from rural and urban areas of the municipality of Carmen de Chucurí, Colombia. Method: a descriptive and correlational study with a quantitative approach was carried out on a randomly chosen sample, composed of 406 subjects for the inhabitants of the rural sector and 409 of the urban sector between 18 and 40 years of age from the Carmen Chucurí municipality. Body mass was evaluated, with the use of the tool called electrical impedance and the OMRON HBF-514C brand equipment, and blood pressure and the OMRON HEM-4030 digital blood pressure monitor was used. Results: the main finding of this research was the positive and significant association between the percentage of body fat and diastolic blood pressure in rural men and women in the Carmen de Chucurí municipality. Conclusions: the percentage of body fat is positively and significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure in rural men and women of the Carmen de Chucuri municipality; for the other parameters analyzed, a significant correlation was not evident.

Evaluation of thyroid functions and obesity in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with many chronic diseases. METHODS: Obesity and thyroid function tests were evaluated retrospectively and cross-sectionally for 782 obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 49.3±11.5 years, and the majority were obese (67.9%) or overweight (26.6%). The mean age of the patients in Group 2 (moderate/severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) was higher than that of Group 1 (simple snoring/mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome). The rate of severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome among obese patients (35.2%) was significantly higher than that of normal-weight (11.6%) and overweight (18.3%) patients (p=0.001). The oxygen desaturation index/apnea-hypopnea index and levels of leukocytes and C-reactive protein were significantly higher, while mean/minimum saturation values and hemoglobin, hematocrit, and free triiodothyronine levels were significantly lower among obese patients compared with overweight and normal-weight patients (p=0.001). Leukocytes, C-reactive protein, and apnea-hypopnea index/oxygen desaturation index values were higher, and mean/minimum saturation values were lower in Group 2 than in Group 1. CONCLUSION: There were relationships between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity and body mass index. Obesity could be a critical predisposing factor for sleep disturbances. The prevention and control of obesity is important while being treated for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Is functional training an efficient approach to improve body composition in older people? A systematic review.

Introduction: Increases in fat mass and reductions in lean mass are associated with the frailty and mortality of older people. In this context, Functional Training (FT) is an option to increase lean mass and reduce fat mass in older people. Thus, this systematic review aims to investigate the effects of FT on body fat and lean mass in older people. Methods: We included randomized controlled clinical trials, with at least one intervention group that employed FT, with the age of participants ≥60 years; and participants physically independent and healthy. We performed the systematic investigation in Pubmed MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. We extracted the information and used the PEDro Scale to assess the methodological quality of each study. Results: Our research found 3,056 references with five appropriate studies. Of the five studies, three presented reductions in fat mass, all of them with interventions between three and 6 months, different training dose parameters, and 100% of the sample was composed of women. On the other hand, two studies with interventions between 10 and 12 weeks presented conflicting results. Conclusion: Despite the limited literature about lean mass, it appears that long-term FT interventions may reduce fat mass in older women. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=399257, identifier CRD42023399257.

Assessment of body composition by whole-body densitometry: what radiologists should know.

The analysis of body composition is a fundamental part of a nutritional status assessment, and the use of diagnostic imaging methods has been increasingly required for an adequate characterization of the lean body mass and fat mass. Body composition measurements are useful in evaluating the effectiveness of nutritional interventions and monitoring changes associated with aging and chronic diseases. Whole-body densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is one of the most widely used methods in clinical practice, allowing highly accurate assessment of the bone mineral content, lean body mass, and fat mass. Although a DEXA examination provides a lot of information, there is still no universal standardization of the parameters to be included in radiology reports. The aim of this study was to review the most relevant information for assessing body composition by whole-body densitometry.

A análise da composição corporal é parte fundamental de uma avaliação nutricional, em que a utilização de métodos diagnósticos por imagem tem sido cada vez mais requisitada para uma adequada caracterização da massa magra e massa gorda corporal. Medidas de composição corporal são úteis em avaliar a eficácia das intervenções nutricionais e monitorar as mudanças associadas ao envelhecimento e condições de doenças crônicas. A densitometria de corpo inteiro utilizando a técnica de absorciometria de dupla energia (DEXA) é um dos métodos mais utilizados na prática clínica, que permite avaliação com elevada acurácia do conteúdo mineral ósseo, da gordura corporal e da massa magra. Este exame fornece grande quantidade de informações, no entanto, ainda não existe uma padronização universal de quais parâmetros devem ser incluídos nos relatórios radiológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar as informações mais relevantes para avaliação da composição corporal fornecidas pela densitometria de corpo inteiro.

Assessment of body composition by whole-body densitometry: what radiologists should know / Avaliação da composição corporal pela densitometria de corpo inteiro: o que os radiologistas precisam saber

Abstract The analysis of body composition is a fundamental part of a nutritional status assessment, and the use of diagnostic imaging methods has been increasingly required for an adequate characterization of the lean body mass and fat mass. Body composition measurements are useful in evaluating the effectiveness of nutritional interventions and monitoring changes associated with aging and chronic diseases. Whole-body densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is one of the most widely used methods in clinical practice, allowing highly accurate assessment of the bone mineral content, lean body mass, and fat mass. Although a DEXA examination provides a lot of information, there is still no universal standardization of the parameters to be included in radiology reports. The aim of this study was to review the most relevant information for assessing body composition by whole-body densitometry.

Resumo A análise da composição corporal é parte fundamental de uma avaliação nutricional, em que a utilização de métodos diagnósticos por imagem tem sido cada vez mais requisitada para uma adequada caracterização da massa magra e massa gorda corporal. Medidas de composição corporal são úteis em avaliar a eficácia das intervenções nutricionais e monitorar as mudanças associadas ao envelhecimento e condições de doenças crônicas. A densitometria de corpo inteiro utilizando a técnica de absorciometria de dupla energia (DEXA) é um dos métodos mais utilizados na prática clínica, que permite avaliação com elevada acurácia do conteúdo mineral ósseo, da gordura corporal e da massa magra. Este exame fornece grande quantidade de informações, no entanto, ainda não existe uma padronização universal de quais parâmetros devem ser incluídos nos relatórios radiológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar as informações mais relevantes para avaliação da composição corporal fornecidas pela densitometria de corpo inteiro.

Effects of different order of combined training on functional capacity, blood pressure, and body composition in women from 53 to 79 years old / Efeitos de diferentes ordens do treinamento combinado sobre a capacidade funcional, pressão arterial e composição corporal em mulheres de 53 a 79 anos

Objective: To assess the effects of order of resistance training (RT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on functional capacity, blood pressure, and body composition in middle-aged and older women. Methods: Twenty-two participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: RT followed by HIIT (RT-HIIT, n = 10, mean age 64.5 ± 7.9 years) or HIIT followed by RT (HIIT-RT, n = 10, mean age 59.32 ± 4.44 years). Both groups trained twice a week for 8 weeks. RT was composed of 7 exercises for the upper and lower body. HIIT was composed of alternate pairings of high-intensity (> 85% of maximum heart rate [MHR]) and moderate-intensity (60% MHR) running. Results: A time effect was found for upper-body muscle endurance (HIIT-RT = +9.43%; RT-HIIT = +6.16%), agility and dynamic balance (HIIT-RT = -5.96%; RT-HIIT = -8.57%), and cardiorespiratory fitness (HIIT-RT = +5.14%; RT-HIIT = +6.13%), with no difference between groups. Body composition and blood pressure did not change throughout the investigation for either group. Conclusion: Eight weeks of a combined HIIT and RT exercise program improved functional capacity of middle-aged and older women without altering blood pressure and body composition, regardless of the order of exercises.

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da ordem do treinamento resistido (TR) e do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) sobre a capacidade funcional, pressão arterial e composição corporal em mulheres de meia-idade e idosas. Metodologia: Vinte e duas mulheres foram aleatoriamente designadas em dois grupos: um grupo realizou TR seguido por HIIT (TR-HIIT, n = 10, 64,5 ± 7,94 anos) e outro grupo realizou HIIT seguido por TR (HIIT-TR, n = 10, 59,32 ± 4,44 anos). Ambos os grupos treinaram duas vezes por semana durante oito semanas. O TR foi composto por sete exercícios para a parte superior e inferior do corpo. O HIIT foi composto de pares alternados de corrida de alta intensidade (> 85% da frequência cardíaca máxima [FCM]) e intensidade moderada (60% FCM). Resultados: Foi encontrado um efeito dos programas de exercício para a resistência muscular de membros superiores do corpo (HIIT-TR = +9.43%; TR-HIIT = +6.16%), agilidade e equilíbrio dinâmico (HIIT-TR = -5,96%; TR-HIIT = -8.57%) e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (HIIT-TR = +5.14%; TR-HIIT = +6.13%), sem diferença entre os grupos. A composição corporal e a pressão arterial não se alteraram ao longo da investigação em nenhum dos grupos. Conclusão: Oito semanas de um programa combinado de exercícios de HIIT e de TR proporcionaram melhora na capacidade funcional de mulheres de meia-idade e idosas, sem alterar a pressão arterial e a composição corporal, independente da ordem de execução.

Body fat distribution and its risk for cardiovascular events in 10 years: Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) / A distribuição de gordura corporal está relacionada ao risco de eventos cardiovasculares em 10 anos: Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) / La distribución de la grasa corporal está relacionada con el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares en 10 años: Estudio Longitudinal de Salud en Adultos (ELSA-Brasil)

Body fat distribution seems to have different effects in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We aimed to estimate the associations between lower limbs and trunk fat ratio and the 10-year CVD risk, and isolated risk factors in men and women. A total of 10,917 participants from ELSA-Brasil were eligible for this cross-sectional study. Associations between lower limb/trunk fat ratio with the percentage of 10-year CVD risk - according to the Framingham Risk Score - and its risk factors (systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, diabetes, and use of antihypertensive medication) were performed using generalized linear models, linear and logistic regressions. All analyses were stratified by gender and adjustments were made by age, self-reported skin color, educational attainment, alcohol consumption, leisure physical activity, hypolipidemic drug use and, for women, menopausal status. In this study, 55.91% were women, with a mean age of 52.68 (SD = 6.57) years. A higher lower limb/trunk fat ratio was related to lower 10-year CVD risk, as well as a reduction in systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and antihypertensive drug use, also an increasing HDL-cholesterol in both genders, but this relationship was stronger in women. Besides, a protective relationship to diabetes was observed in women. Higher fat accumulation in the lower body, when compared to the trunk, seems to have a lower risk of CVD and associated risk factors - even in the presence of fat in the abdominal region - with women presenting lower risks than men.

A distribuição de gordura no corpo parece ter efeitos diferentes nas doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Objetivou-se estimar as associações da razão de gordura entre membros inferiores e tronco com o risco de DCV em 10 anos e os fatores de risco independentes em homens e mulheres. Um total de 10.917 participantes do ELSA-Brasil eram elegíveis para este estudo transversal. As associações da razão de gordura entre os membros inferiores e tronco com o percentual de risco de DCV em 10 anos, de acordo com a Escala de Risco de Framingham, e os respectivos fatores de risco (pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total e HDL colesterol, diabetes e uso de medicação anti-hipertensiva), foram avaliados com modelos lineares generalizados, lineares e de regressão logística. Todas as análises foram estratificadas por sexo, e os ajustes foram feitos por idade, raça/cor, escolaridade, consumo de álcool, atividade física, uso de medicação hipolipemiante e, para as mulheres, estado de menopausa. Na amostra do estudo atual, 55,91% eram mulheres, com média de idade de 52,68 anos (DP = 6,57). A maior diferença entre a gordura dos membros inferiores e tronco foi associada com menor risco de DCV em 10 anos e com redução na pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total e uso de medicação anti-hipertensiva, assim como um aumento no HDL colesterol em ambos os sexos (mas essa correlação foi mais forte em mulheres). Além disso, foi observada uma relação protetora contra diabetes, apenas em mulheres. O acúmulo maior de gordura nos membros inferiores, comparado com o tronco, parece estar associado a um risco menor de DCV e aos fatores de risco, mesmo na presença de gordura na região abdominal, e esse efeito é mais forte nas mulheres que nos homens.

Las distribuciones de grasa corporal parecen tener diferentes efectos en las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Nuestro objetivo fue estimar las asociaciones entre extremidades inferiores/ratio de grasa troncal y el riesgo de ECV a los 10 años, y sus factores de riesgo aislados, en hombres y mujeres. Un total de 10.917 participantes de ELSA-Brasil fueron elegibles para este estudio transversal. Las asociaciones de la ratio de grasa entre la parte inferior del cuerpo y el tronco, con el porcentaje de riesgo de ECV a los 10 años, según la Escala de Riesgo de Framingham, y sus factores de riesgo (presión sanguínea sistólica, colesterol total y colesterol HDL, diabetes, y uso de medicación antihipertensiva), se realizaron usando modelos lineales generalizados, regresiones lineales y logísticas. Todos los análisis fueron estratificados por sexo y los ajustes se hicieron por edad, raza/color de piel autoinformado, nivel educativo, consumo de alcohol, actividad física durante el ocio, uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes y, para mujeres, estatus menopáusico. En este estudio, un 55,91% fueron mujeres, con una media de edad de 52,68 (SD = 6,57) años. Una ratio de masa adiposa más alta entre las extremidades inferiores/tronco estuvo asociada a un riesgo menor de ECV en 10 años, también una reducción en la presión sistólica sanguínea, colesterol total, y el consumo de medicamentos antihipertensivos, también en un incremento del colesterol HDL en ambos sexos, pero esta relación fue más fuerte en mujeres. Asimismo, una relación protectora frente a la diabetes se observó solo en mujeres. Una acumulación más alta de grasa en las extremidades inferiores, comparada con la del tronco, parece tener un riego más bajo de ECV y sus factores de riesgo, incluso con la presencia de grasa en la región abdominal, además este efecto es más fuerte en mujeres comparadas con los hombres.

High dietary calcium intake and low adiposity: findings from a longitudinal study in Brazilian adolescents / Ingestão alta de cálcio na dieta e adiposidade baixa: achados de um estudo longitudinal em adolescentes brasileiros / Alta ingesta de calcio en la dieta y baja adiposidad: hallazgos de un estudio longitudinal en adolescentes brasileños

Epidemiological studies have supported the hypothesis that dietary calcium intake is protective for adiposity. This study aimed to estimate the association of dietary calcium with adiposity indicators during adolescence. This is a cohort study with high school adolescents (n = 962) from selected schools of the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which were followed from 2010 to 2012. Calcium intake was assessed by a validated self-reported food frequency questionnaire. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of dietary calcium intake were performed regarding body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (%BF), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI). The analysis of variance was used for cross-sectional analysis with baseline data and linear mixed models applied to assess changes across the follow-up. At baseline, BMI, %BF, fat mass, and FMI (p for trend < 0.05) had lower means at the highest quintile of calcium intake whereas FFM and FFMI had higher means (p for trend < 0.05), especially for boys. During follow-up, boys had decreased FMI at the 4th and 5th quintiles of calcium intake (p < 0.05); among girls, only WC was significantly lower at the 4th quintile than in the 1st. These results support the hypothesis that low calcium intake increases adiposity among adolescents.

Estudos epidemiológicos têm sustentado a hipótese que a ingestão de cálcio na dieta pode proteger contra a adiposidade. O estudo teve como objetivo estimar a associação entre ingestão de cálcio e indicadores de adiposidade durante a adolescência. O estudo de coorte analisou adolescentes do Ensino Médio (n = 962) de escolas selecionadas na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil acompanhados entre 2010 e 2012. A ingestão de cálcio foi avaliada com um questionário validado de autorrelato de frequência alimentar. Foram realizadas análises transversais e longitudinais de ingestão de cálcio em relação ao índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), massa gorda (MG), massa magra (MM), índice de massa gorda (IMG) e índice de massa magra (IMM). A análise transversal usou ANOVA com dados da linha de base, e modelos mistos lineares foram aplicados para avaliar as mudanças ao longo do seguimento. Na linha de base, foram observados valores médios mais baixos para IMC, %GC, MG e IMG (p para tendência < 0,05) no quintil mais alto de ingestão de cálcio, em que foram estimados valores médios mais altos de massa magra e índice de massa magra (p para tendência < 0,05), principalmente em meninos. Durante o seguimento, os meninos mostraram uma redução no IMG no quarto e quinto quintis de ingestão de cálcio comparado com o primeiro quintil (p < 0,05), enquanto nas meninas, apenas a CC foi significativamente mais baixa no quarto quintil de ingestão de cálcio comparado com o primeiro quintil. Os resultados corroboram a hipótese do papel da baixa ingestão de cálcio no aumento da adiposidade em adolescentes.

Los estudios epidemiológicos han apoyado la hipótesis de que la ingesta de calcio en la dieta puede ser protectora de la adiposidad. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la asociación del calcio dietético con los indicadores de adiposidad durante la adolescencia. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte con adolescentes de secundaria (n = 962) de escuelas seleccionadas del Área Metropolitana de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, que fueron seguidas desde 2010 hasta 2012. La ingesta de calcio se evaluó mediante un cuestionario validado de frecuencia de alimentos autoinformado. Se realizaron análisis transversales y longitudinales de la ingesta de calcio en la dieta en relación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la cintura (CC), el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC), la masa grasa (MG), la masa libre de grasa (MLG), el índice de masa grasa (IMG) y el índice de masa libre de grasa (IMLG). Se utilizó el ANOVA para el análisis transversal, utilizando los datos de referencia y se aplicaron modelos lineales mixtos para evaluar los cambios a lo largo del seguimiento. En la línea de base, se observaron medias más bajas de IMC, %GC, MG e IMLG (p para tendencia < 0,05) en el quintil más alto de ingesta de calcio, para el que se estimaron medias más altas de MLG y IMLG (p para tendencia < 0,05), especialmente para los chicos. Durante el seguimiento, los chicos presentaron una reducción del IMLG en el 4º y 5º quintiles de ingesta de calcio (p < 0,05), mientras que entre las chicas, sólo la CC fue significativamente menor en el 4º quintil de ingesta de calcio en comparación con el 1º. Estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que la baja ingesta de calcio puede tener un papel en el aumento de la adiposidad entre los adolescentes.

Associação entre os sintomas depressivos e a gordura corporal em pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise / Association between depressive symptoms and body fat in chronic kidney patients in hemodialysis

| INTRODUÇÃO: O excesso de gordura corporal causa alterações metabólicas complexas que acentuam na patogênese e progressão da doença renal crônica (DRC). Além disto, os aspectos comportamentais negativos, como sintomas depressivos e o sedentarismo, são comuns e podem estar associados ao acúmulo de gordura corporal em pacientes que realizam tratamento em hemodiálise (HD). OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre os sintomas depressivos e a gordura corporal em pacientes com DRC em HD. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo transversal de um centro clínico de HD em Brasília−DF. Trinta e nove pacientes foram incluídos (59,3±16,7; idade). A composição corporal foi avaliada por meio de bioimpedância tetrapolar. O inventário de depressão de Beck foi empregado para mensurar os sintomas depressivos. Para analisar a associação entre os sintomas depressivos e a gordura corporal foi adotado o teste de correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Foi observado uma prevalência de depressão de 17,9%. Os sintomas depressivos foram positivamente correlacionados com a gordura corporal (r = 0,42; p = 0,008). CONCLUSÃO: Em nossos resultados, confirmamos que os sintomas depressivos estão associados à gordura corporal em pacientes com DRC em HD. Estes achados demonstram-se importantes para a prática clínica dos profissionais de saúde, sobretudo, nos aspectos dietéticos e psicológicos em pacientes com DRC, de forma que iniciativas de diagnóstico, prevenção e tratamentos sejam priorizadas com o objetivo de reduzir tais condições.

INTRODUCTION: Excess body fat causes complex metabolic changes that enhance the pathogenesis and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Furthermore, negative behavioral aspects such as depressive symptoms and a sedentary lifestyle are common and may be associated with the accumulation of body fat in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) treatment. OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between depressive symptoms and body fat in HD patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that enrolled thirty-nine patients (59,3 ± 16,7; age). The body composition was evaluated by bioimpedance tetrapolar. Beck's depression inventory was used to measure depressive symptoms. Anda, to analyze possible association between depressive symptoms and body fat, Spearman's correlation test was applied. RESULTS: A depression prevalence of 17.9% was observed. Depressive symptoms were positively correlated with body fat (r = 0.42; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed that depressive symptoms were associated with body fat in HD patients. These findings are important for the clinical practice of health professionals, especially in the dietary and psychological aspects; therefore, treatment initiatives for diagnosis, prevention are important to reduce these conditions.

Dataset for the estimation of a new body fat measurement method.

Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity and its negative consequences worldwide on public health, body composition analysis is a central pillar to assess the nutritional status. Scientists could use datasets to develop a new body fat measurement formula. Using bioelectrical impedance analysis, we analyzed the total body composition of 345 patients (234 men and 111 women) aged between 18 and 60 years residing in the metropolitan area of Barranquilla, Colombia. They have the potential for predictive formula analysis enhancing the cooperation among scientists. Due to the obesity pandemic, new datasets from other populations are needed to develop a body fat basic mathematical equation formula that could be used worldwide to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a specific population group predisposed to develop metabolic syndrome or death, secondary to high cardiovascular risk.

Avaliação da massa magra e tecido adiposo por tomografia computadorizada em pacientes com câncer de mama / Computed tomography evaluation of lean mass and adipose tissue in breast cancer patients

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia maligna mais prevalente no Brasil e no mundo excetuando-se os cânceres de pele não melanoma. A baixa massa magra vem sendo identificada como fator associado a maior mortalidade geral e pior prognóstico em pacientes com câncer de mama. Os exames de imagem são ferramentas úteis na análise da composição corporal de pacientes com câncer. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) é considerada método padrão-ouro, pois permite quantificar a massa muscular, o tecido adiposo subcutâneo e visceral, sendo recomendado para indivíduos com câncer, uma vez que o exame, muitas vezes, já foi realizado para estadiamento da doença. O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar dados da composição corporal (massa magra, gordura visceral e subcutânea) avaliada por TC, e correlacionar esses dados com fatores clínico-patológicos e sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) em pacientes com câncer de mama. MÉTODOS: Este estudo de coorte retrospectivo unicêntrico, que incluiu pacientes do sexo feminino com câncer de mama não metastático recém-diagnosticado entre janeiro/2016 e janeiro/2018 em um centro oncológico. A avaliação da composição corporal foi realizada em TC pré-tratamento (nível L3). Foram avaliadas as áreas de superfície do tecido adiposo subcutâneo (SAT), tecido adiposo visceral (VAT) e massa muscular esquelética, bem como a densidade média do músculo esquelético e a morfologia do músculo psoas (MPM). A relação VAT/SAT, o índice de massa muscular (IMM) e IMMD (IMM multiplicado pela densidade) também foram calculados. A curva de Kaplan-Meier foi usada para analisar a SLD. Para a análise multivariada, foi utilizada regressão de Cox e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p≤0,05). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 262 pacientes, com idades entre 27 e 86 anos (média: 51,9 anos). De acordo com o índice de massa corporal (IMC), 2 pacientes (0,8%) foram classificados como desnutridos, 85 (32,4%) como normais e 175 (66,8%) como sobrepeso ou obesos. Baixo IMM foi observado em 35 pacientes (13,4%) e VAT elevado em 123 (46,9%). As curvas de Kaplan-Meyer mostraram redução estatisticamente significativa na SLD em pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia neoadjuvante (p = 0,044), aqueles com baixo IMM (p = 0,006), baixo IMMD (p = 0,013) e baixa relação VAT/SAT (p = 0,050). Na análise multivariada, apenas IMMD, relação VAT/SAT e quimioterapia neoadjuvante confirmaram significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos pacientes com câncer de mama não metastático estudados apresentou valores normais de massa muscular e cerca de metade apresentou valores aumentados de gordura visceral na TC. Na análise multivariada, as medidas de composição corporal baseadas na TC que foram independentemente associados a pior SLD em nossa população foram baixo IMMD e baixa

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm in Brazil and in the world, with the exception of non-melanoma skin cancers. Low lean mass has been identified as a factor associated with higher overall mortality and worse prognosis in breast cancer patients. Imaging tests are useful tools in analyzing the body composition of cancer patients. Computed tomography (CT) is considered the gold standard method, as it allows the quantification of muscle mass, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, being recommended for individuals with cancer, since the test has often been performed for staging the disease. The aim of this study was to measure body composition data (lean mass, visceral and subcutaneous fat) assessed by CT, and to correlate these data with clinicopathological factors and diseasefree survival (DFS) in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: This single center, retrospective cohort study included female patients with newly diagnosed nonmetastatic breast cancer between January/2016 and January/2018 at a referral cancer center. The assessment of body composition was performed on pretreatment CT (L3-level). Surface areas of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and skeletal muscle mass, as well as the mean skeletal muscle density (SMD) and the morphology of the psoas muscle (MPM), were assessed. VAT/SAT ratio, Skeletal Mass Index (SMI) and skeletal muscle gauge (SMG = SMI x SMD) were also calculated. The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to analyze DFS. For multivariate analysis, multiple Cox regression models were performed using and the level of significance adopted was 5% (p≤0.05). RESULTS: 262 patients were included, aged between 27 and 86 years (mean: 51.9 years). According to the body mass index (BMI), 2 patients (0.8%) classified as malnutrition, 85 (32.4%) as normal, and 175 (66.8%) as overweight or obese. Low SMI was observed in 35 patients (13.4%) and elevated VAT in 123 (46.9%). Kaplan-Meyer curves showed statistically significant reduction in DFS in patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.044), those with low SMI (p=0.006), low SMG (p=0.013) and high VAT/SAT ratio (p=0.050) (Figure). In the multivariate analysis, only SMG, VAT/SAT radio and neoadjuvant chemotherapy confirmed statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with non-metastatic breast cancer studied had normal muscle mass values and about half had increased visceral fat values on CT. In multivariate analysis, the CT-based body composition measures that were independently associated with worse DFS in our population were low SMG and low VAT/SAT ratio.

Quality of life and its relationship with different anthropometric indicators in adults with obesity / Qualidade de vida e sua relação com diferentes indicadores antropométricos em adultos com obesidade

Abtract Introduction: Obesity compromises the quality of life. However, few studies have investigated the influence of different anthropometric indicators on the quality of life of this population. Objective: We aimed to correlate the physical and mental components of quality of life and verify its association with different anthropometric indicators in adults with obesity. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in adults with obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m²]. The quality of life was investigated using the SF-36 questionnaire, with scores ranging from 0 (worst-case scenario) to 100 (best scenario for the outcome). The anthropometric indicators used were BMI, waist circumference, waist/height ratio (WHR), and lean and fat body mass. For analysis, Spearman's correlation and crude and adjusted linear regression for sociodemographic variables were used. Results: A total of 75 subjects (nfemales = 47; µage= 34.8 ± 7.1 years) were included, and their means of the physical and mental components were 64.5 ± 15.9 and 50.8 ± 21.3 points, respectively. The social functioning domain presented a strong positive correlation (r = 0.760) with the mental health domain, and eight moderate correlations (0.400 ≤ r ≥ 0.699) were found between the different domains of the questionnaire. The functional capacity domain and the physical component presented a moderate negative correlation with the WHR (r = -0.402 and r = -0.407, respectively). After adjustment, the WHR was inversely associated with the physical component (β = -1.197; p = 0.002). Conclusion: In adults with obesity, important correlations were observed between the physical and mental components of quality of life, and the waist/height ratio was the only anthropometric indicator correlated and associated with the physical component of the outcome.

Resumo Introdução: A obesidade compromete a qualidade de vida física e mental em função do excesso de peso corporal. Entretanto poucos estudos se propuseram a compreender a influência dos diferentes indicadores antropométricos na qualidade de vida dessa população. Objetivo: Correlacionar os componentes físico e mental da qualidade de vida e verificar a sua associação com diferentes indicadores antropométricos em adultos com obesidade. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com adultos com obesidade (índice de massa corporal [IMC] ≥ 30kg/m²). A qualidade de vida foi investigada pelo questionário SF-36, com amplitude de escores de zero (pior cenário) a 100 (melhor cenário para o desfecho). Os indicadores antropométricos foram: IMC, perímetro de cintura, razão cintura/estatura (RCE), massa corporal magra e gorda. Na estatística, empregou-se correlação de Spearman e regressão linear bruta e ajustada para variáveis sociodemográficas. Resultados: Nos 75 sujeitos (nmulheres = 47; µidade = 34,8 ± 7,1 anos), o componente físico apresentou média de 64,5 ± 15,9 pontos e mental de 50,8 ± 21,3 pontos. O domínio de aspecto social apresentou forte correlação positiva (r = 0,760) com o domínio da saúde mental e foram encontradas oito correlações moderadas (0,400 ≤ r ≥ 0,699) entre os distintos domínios do questionário. O domínio capacidade funcional e o componente físico apresentaram moderada correlação negativa com a RCE (r = -0,402 e r = -0,407, respectivamente). Na análise ajustada, a RCE apresentou uma associação inversa com o componente físico (β = -1,197; p = 0,002). Conclusão: Em adultos com obesidade, observou-se importantes correlações entre os componentes físico e mental da qualidade de vida e a razão cintura/estatura foi o único indicador antropométrico correlacionado e associado ao componente físico do desfecho.

Body composition in relation to nutritional status and socio-environmental conditions in schoolchildren living in the urban periphery of La Plata, Argentina

The aim of this study was to evaluate body composition in relation to nutritional status and socio-environmental conditions of residence in schoolchildren living in the urban periphery of La Plata, Argentina. Weight, height, arm circumference and tricipital and subscapular skinfolds were measured in 3,284 schoolchildren aged 4-12 years in the period 2014-2017. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III reference was used to assess nutritional status, identifying the following categories: normal, underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity. Body composition was evaluated based on upper arm muscle area (UMA) and upper arm fat area (UFA). Deficit and excess UMA and UFA were also calculated. Central fat distribution was determined with the subscapular-tricipital index. Socio-environmental characteristics were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of nutritional status and body composition indicators were compared by sex using Chi square test. Socio-environmental data were analyzed using categorical Principal Component Analysis, discriminating into more favorable and unfavorable conditions. Nutritional status results were as follows: normal, 64.5%; stunting, 3.4%; underweight, 0.0%; wasting, 0.1%; overweight, 15.6% and obesity 16.4%. The nutritional status of children worsened as the socio-environmental condition of their families became more precarious. Long-term socio-environmental stress manifested as decreased muscle tissue in normal, stunted, overweight and obese children. The current results evidence the strong impact of poverty on child growth and development and at the same time enforce the need for continuous monitoring of children with hidden malnutrition(AU)

El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar la composición corporal en relación al estado nutricional y las condiciones socio-ambientales de niños residentes en la periferia urbana de La Plata, Argentina. Sobre 3284 escolares de 4 a 12 años se evaluaron peso, talla, perímetro braquial y pliegues tricipital y subescapular, durante los años 2014-2017. Se determinaron, utilizando la referencia NHANES III, las categorías de estado nutricional Normal; Bajo Peso/Edad; Baja Talla/Edad; Bajo IMC/Edad; Sobrepeso y Obesidad, y para composición corporal, se calcularon las áreas muscular y grasa (UMA y UFA) y se estimaron los déficits y excesos de tejido muscular y graso. La adiposidad centralizada fue estimada con el índice subescapular-tricipital. Las características socio-ambientales se evaluaron mediante encuesta estructurada. Las prevalencias del estado nutricional y de los indicadores de composición corporal fueron estimados y comparados por sexos, mediante pruebas de Chi2. Los datos socio-ambientales se analizaron empleando Análisis de Componentes Principales categóricos y se discriminaron dos grupos: con condiciones más favorables y con condiciones desfavorables. Los resultados indicaron: 64.5% Normal, 3.4% Baja Talla/Edad, 0.0% Bajo Peso/Edad; 0.1% Bajo IMC/Edad; 15.6% Sobrepeso; 16.4% Obesidad. El estado nutricional de los niños empeoró cuando la calidad socio-ambiental de sus familias se hizo más precaria. Debido al estrés socio-ambiental continuo, los niños tuvieron disminución del tejido muscular, incluyendo aquellos con estado nutricional Normal, Baja Talla/Edad, Sobrepeso y Obesidad. Los resultados alcanzados evidencian la impronta que deja la pobreza e impone urgentemente el monitoreo continuo de niños "con desnutrición oculta"(AU)

Association of Neck Circumference with Anthropometric Indicators and Body Composition Measured by DXA in Young Spanish Adults.

BACKGROUND: Due to a clinical and public health interest of neck circumference (NC), a better understanding of this simple anthropometric measurement, as a valid marker of body composition is necessary. METHODS: A total of 119 young healthy adults participated in this study. NC was measured over the thyroid cartilage and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the neck. Body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference were measured. A Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan was used to determine fat mass, lean mass, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Additionally, body mass index (BMI) and triponderal mass index (TMI), the waist to hip and waist to height ratios, and the fat mass and lean mass indexes (FMI and LMI, respectively) were calculated. RESULTS: NC was positively associated in women (W) and men (M), with BMI (rW = 0.70 and rM = 0.84, respectively), TMI (rW = 0.63 and rM = 0.80, respectively), WC (rW = 0.75 and rM = 0.86, respectively), VAT (rW = 0.74 and rM = 0.82, respectively), Waist/hip (rW = 0.51 and rM = 0.67, respectively), Waist/height (rW = 0.68 and rM = 0.83, respectively) and FMI (rW = 0.61 and rM = 0.81, respectively). The association between NC and indicators of body composition was however weaker than that observed by BMI, TMI, WC and Waist/height in both women and men. It is of note that in women, NC was associated with FMI, VAT and LMI independently of BMI. In men, adding NC to anthropometric variables did not improve the prediction of body composition, while slight improvements were observed in women. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the present study provides no indication for NC as a useful proxy of body composition parameters in young adults, yet future studies should explore its usefulness as a measure to use in combination with BMI, especially in women.

Computed tomography-measured body composition: correlation with postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients with gastroesophageal cancer / Correlação entre a composição corporal medida pela tomografia computadorizada e a morbimortalidade pós-operatória em pacientes com câncer gastroesofágico

Abstract Objective: To determine whether preoperative anthropometric and computed tomography (CT) measurements of body composition can predict postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients with gastric or esophageal cancer. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study in which we reviewed the medical records and abdominal CT scans of patients with gastric or esophageal cancer who underwent surgery in 2015 at a cancer center. CT scans performed during routine preoperative evaluation were retrospectively assessed to measure the area of lean body mass at the level of the third lumbar vertebra, as well as the area of visceral and subcutaneous fat. Results: Seventy patients were included in the study. The mean age was 59.9 years (range, 33-82 years), and 47 patients (67.1%) were men. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 14.9 months. Neither postoperative morbidity nor postoperative mortality correlated significantly with gender, age, the type of primary tumor, the presence of comorbidities, smoking status, body mass index, nutritional status, or visceral fat area. The survival rate was higher for patients with normal lean body mass than for those with low lean body mass (hazard ratio = 0.116; 95% confidence interval: 0.015-0.906; p = 0.040). Conclusion: Our data suggest that lean body mass can be a relevant prognostic factor in patients with gastric or esophageal cancer, and that CT measurements should be included in the routine preoperative evaluation, because it may provide information that aids nutritional and clinical care for these patients.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar se medidas antropométricas e tomografia computadorizada (TC) da composição corporal podem predizer morbimortalidade pós-operatória em pacientes com câncer gástrico e/ou esofágico. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo que revisou prontuários médicos e TCs abdominais de pacientes com câncer gástrico e/ou esofágico que foram operados em 2015 em um centro de referência oncológico. As TCs realizadas durante a avaliação pré- operatória de rotina foram avaliadas retrospectivamente para medir a área de massa magra ao nível de L3 e gordura visceral e subcutânea. Resultados: Setenta pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. A média de idade foi 59,9 anos (faixa de 33-82 anos), e 47 desses pacientes (67,1%) eram homens. O seguimento pós-operatório médio foi 14,9 meses. Não houve associação significativa entre morbidade ou mortalidade pós-operatória e sexo, idade, tumor primário, comorbidades, tabagismo, índice de massa corpórea, diagnóstico nutricional ou área de gordura visceral. A taxa de sobrevida foi maior para pacientes com área de massa magra normal, em comparação com pacientes com baixa área de massa magra (hazard ratio = 0,116; intervalo de confiança 95% = 0,015-0,906; p = 0,040). Conclusão: Nossos dados sugerem que a área de massa magra pode ser um importante fator prognóstico em pacientes com câncer gástrico e/ou esofágico, e sua medida na TC deve ser incluída na avaliação pré-operatória de rotina, podendo fornecer informações que auxiliem no manejo clínico e nutricional desses pacientes.

Sleep pattern, obesity and healthcare expenditures in Brazilian adults / Padrões do sono, obesidade e despesas em saúde com brasileiros adultos

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between sleep pattern and healthcare expenditures in adults, as well as to identify whether physical activity, biochemical markers and obesity affect this relationship. The sample was composed of 168 adults aged ≥ 50 years attended by two Basic Healthcare Units in Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. Health expenditure, sleep pattern, anthropometry, adiposity index, physical activity, metabolic and cardiovascular variables were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Spearman tests. Sleep disorders were positively correlated to higher costs with medicines and negatively correlated to costs with laboratory tests, even after adjusts by confounders. In addition, healthcare costs were also correlated to physical activity score, blood pressure, obesity and metabolic variables. Severe sleep disorders and high percentage of body fat were associated with increased use of medications. Sleep pattern is correlated to primary care healthcare costs, obesity and physical activity level.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre padrão de sono e despesas de saúde em adultos, bem como identificar se atividade física, marcadores bioquímicos e obesidade afetam esse relacionamento. A amostra foi composta por 168 adultos com idade ≥ 50 anos atendidos por duas unidades básicas de saúde em Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil. Foram avaliadas as despesas de saúde, padrões do sono, antropometria, atividade física, variáveis metabólicas e cardiovasculares. Foram utilizados Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e Spearman. Os distúrbios do sono foram correlacionados positivamente com os custos mais elevados com medicamentos e negativamente com os custos com testes laboratoriais, mesmo após ajuste por fatores de confusão. Além disso, os custos de saúde também foram correlacionados ao escore de atividade física, pressão arterial, obesidade e variáveis metabólicas. Distúrbios graves do sono e alta porcentagem de gordura corporal foram associados ao aumento do uso de medicamentos. O padrão de sono está correlacionado com os custos de cuidados de saúde primários, obesidade e atividade física.