Synthesis, Cytotoxic Activity and In Silico Study of Novel Dihydropyridine Carboxylic Acids Derivatives.

To aid the possible prevention of multidrug resistance in tumors and cause lower toxicity, a set of sixteen novel dihydropyridine carboxylic acids derivatives 3a-p were produced; thus, the activation of various ynones with triflic anhydride was performed, involving a nucleophilic addition of several bis(trimethylsilyl) ketene acetals, achieving good yields requiring easy workup. The target molecules were unequivocally characterized by common spectroscopic methods. In addition, two of the tested compounds (3a, and 3b) were selected to perform in silico studies due to the highest cytotoxic activity towards the HCT-15 cell line (7.94 ± 1.6 µM and 9.24 ± 0.9 µM, respectively). Employing theoretical calculations with density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) showed that the molecular parameters correlate adequately with the experimental results. In contrast, predictions employing Osiris Property Explorer showed that compounds 3a and 3b present physicochemical characteristics that would likely make it an orally active drug. Moreover, the performance of Docking studies with proteins related to the apoptosis pathway allowed a proposal of which compounds could interact with PARP-1 protein. Pondering the obtained results (synthesis, in silico, and cytotoxic activity) of the target compounds, they can be judged as suitable antineoplastic agent candidates.

Analysis of naphthenic acids in produced water samples by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

A capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry method was used to analyze naphthenic acids in produced water samples. It was possible to detect cyclopentanecarboxylic, benzoic, cyclohexanebutyric, 1-naphthoic, decanoic, 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-carboxylic, 9-anthracenecarboxylic, and pentadecanoic acids within ca. 13 min using a buffer composed of 40 mmol/L ammonium hydroxide, 32 mmol/L acetic acid and 20% v/v isopropyl alcohol, pH 8.6. The proposed method showed good repeatability, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 6.6% for the sum of the peak areas and less than 2% for the analysis time. In the interday analysis, the RSD values for the sum of the peak areas and migration time were 10.3% and 10%, respectively. The developed method demonstrated linear behavior in the concentration range between 5 and 50 mg/L for benzoic, decanoic, 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-carboxylic and 9-anthracenecarboxylic acids, and between 10 and 50 mg/L for cyclopentanecarboxylic, cyclohexanebutyric, 1- naphthoic, and pentadecanoic acids. The detection limits values ranged from 0.31 to 1.64 mg/L. Six produced water samples were analyzed and it was possible to identify and quantify cyclopentanecarboxylic, benzoic, cyclohexanebutyric, and decanoic acids. The concentrations varied between 4.8 and 98.9 mg/L, proving effective in the application of complex samples.

Biotransformation of ethylene glycol to glycolic acid by Yarrowia lipolytica: A route for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) upcycling.

Biological recycling of PET waste has been extensively investigated recently to tackle plastic waste pollution, and ethylene glycol (EG) is one of the main building blocks recovered from this process. Wild-type Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682 can be a biocatalyst to biodepolymerize PET. Herein, we report its ability to perform oxidative biotransformation of EG into glycolic acid (GA): a higher value-added chemical with varied industrial applications. We found that this yeast tolerates high EG concentrations (up to 2 M) based on maximum non-inhibitory concentration (MNIC) tests. Whole-cell biotransformation assays using resting yeast cells showed GA production uncoupled to cell growth metabolism, and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis confirmed GA production. Moreover, higher agitation speed (450 vs. 350 rpm) resulted in a 1.12-fold GA production improvement (from 352 to 429.5 mM) during Y. lipolytica cultivation in bioreactors after 72 h. GA was constantly accumulated in the medium, suggesting that this yeast may also share an incomplete oxidation pathway (i.e., it is not metabolized to carbon dioxide) as seen in acetic acid bacterial group. Additional assays using higher chain-length diols (1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,6-hexanediol) revealed that C4 and C6 diols were more cytotoxic, suggesting that they underwent different pathways in the cells. We found that this yeast consumed extensively all these diols, however, 13 C NMR analysis from supernatant identified solely the presence of 4-hydroxybutanoic acid from 1,4-butanediol, along with GA from EG oxidation. Findings reported herein reveal a potential route for PET upcycling to a higher value-added product.

Recent progress in the microbial production of xylonic acid.

Interest in the production of renewable chemicals from biomass has increased in the past years. Among these chemicals, carboxylic acids represent a significant part of the most desirable bio-based products. Xylonic acid is a five-carbon sugar-acid obtained from xylose oxidation that can be used in several industrial applications, including food, pharmaceutical, and construction industries. So far, the production of xylonic acid has not yet been available at an industrial scale; however, several microbial bio-based production processes are under development. This review summarizes the recent advances in pathway characterization, genetic engineering, and fermentative strategies to improve xylonic acid production by microorganisms from xylose or lignocellulosic hydrolysates. In addition, the strengths of the available microbial strains and processes and the major requirements for achieving biotechnological production of xylonic acid at a commercial scale are discussed. Efficient native and engineered microbial strains have been reported. Xylonic acid titers as high as 586 and 171 g L-1 were obtained from bacterial and yeast strains, respectively, in a laboratory medium. Furthermore, relevant academic and industrial players associated with xylonic acid production will be presented.

Increasing Heavy Metal Tolerance by the Exogenous Application of Organic Acids.

Several metals belong to a group of non-biodegradable inorganic constituents that, at low concentrations, play fundamental roles as essential micronutrients for the growth and development of plants. However, in high concentrations they can have toxic and/or mutagenic effects, which can be counteracted by natural chemical compounds called chelators. Chelators have a diversity of chemical structures; many are organic acids, including carboxylic acids and cyclic phenolic acids. The exogenous application of such compounds is a non-genetic approach, which is proving to be a successful strategy to reduce damage caused by heavy metal toxicity. In this review, we will present the latest literature on the exogenous addition of both carboxylic acids, including the Kreb's Cycle intermediates citric and malic acid, as well as oxalic acid, lipoic acid, and phenolic acids (gallic and caffeic acid). The use of two non-traditional organic acids, the phytohormones jasmonic and salicylic acids, is also discussed. We place particular emphasis on physiological and molecular responses, and their impact in increasing heavy metal tolerance, especially in crop species.

Metabolic Alteration of Trypanosoma cruzi during Differentiation of Epimastigote to Trypomastigote Forms.

Intracellular parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi need to acquire valuable carbon sources from the host cell to replicate. Here, we investigated the energetic metabolism of T. cruzi during metacyclogenesis through the determination of enzymatic activities and quantification by HPLC of glycolytic and Krebs cycle short-chain carboxylic acids. Altered concentrations in pyruvate, acetate, succinate, and glycerate were measured during the growth of epimastigote in the complex medium BHI and their differentiation to trypomastigotes in the chemically defined medium, TAU3AAG. These alterations should represent significant differential metabolic modifications utilized by either form to generate energy. This paper is the first work dealing with the intracellular organic acid concentration measurement in T. cruzi parasites. Although it confirms the previous assumption of the importance of carbohydrate metabolism, it yields an essential improvement in T. cruzi metabolism knowledge.

Benzothiazoles from Condensation of o-Aminothiophenoles with Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: A Review.

Nowadays, organic chemists are interested in the field of heterocyclic chemistry due to its use in the synthesis of a great variety of biologically active compounds. Heterocyclic compounds are widely found in nature and are essential for life. Among these, some natural nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds have been used as chemotherapeutic agents. Their attachment to sugar molecules either as thioglycosides or as nucleosides analogues plays an important role in vital biological processes as well as in synthetic organic chemistry. Molecules containing benzothiazole (BT) nuclei are of this interesting class of compounds because some of them have been found to have a wide variety of biological activities. In this sense, we selected this topic to review and to then summarize the procedures related to the condensation reactions of o-aminothiophenoles (ATPs) as well as their disulfides with carboxylic acids, esters, orthoesters, acyl chlorides, amides, and nitriles. The condensation reactions with carbon dioxide (CO2) are included. Conventional methods with the use of acid and metal catalysts as well as recent green techniques, such as microwave irradiation, the use of ionic liquids, and ultrasound (US) chemistry, which have proven to have many advantages, were found in the review.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of tyrosol and derivative-compounds in the presence of vitamin B2. Assays of synergistic antioxidant effect with commercial food additives.

The main causes of food spoilage come from the process of oxidation and the contamination by microorganisms. For the purpose of increasing food shelf-life the industries employ different techniques, being the addition of preservatives, one of the most used. The aim of this contribution was to investigate the potential antioxidant properties of tyrosol (4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, 4-OH) and tyrosol derived isomers (2-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, 2-OH and 3-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, 3-OH) against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the type of antioxidant effect of substrates and commercial antioxidants mixtures was studied. Upon visible-light, the substrates interacted with the vitamin B2 and different ROS were generated. All the compounds deactivated O2(1Δg) and O2●-, whereas only 2-OH and 3-OH inhibited H2O2 and HO●. The substrates exhibited a synergistic antioxidant effect when combined with commercial antioxidants. 2-OH showed antimicrobial activity against strains tested.

Lipoxygenase and Its Relationship with Ethylene During Ripening of Genetically Modified Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

RESEARCH BACKGROUND: TomloxB is the main isoform of lipoxygenase associated with ripening and senescence of fruits. On the other hand, ethylene, a gaseous hormone, is essential for the regulation of ripening in climacteric fruits like tomatoes. However, the relationship between TomloxB and ethylene production has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, we aim to assess the effect of exogenous ethylene in transgenic tomatoes that contain a silenced TomloxB gene, and subsequently evaluate lipoxygenase activity, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and ethylene production; as well as to quantify the expression of the genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and TomloxB. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: To investigate the effect of lipoxygenase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase activity, fruits harvested at the stages of break, turning and pink were used. Tomatoes at break stage collected from transgenic and wild type plants were used to determine ethylene production and gene expression. Genetically modified and wild type tomato fruits were exposed to 100 µL/L exogenous ethylene. Lipoxygenase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and ethylene production were determined by gas chromatography. Oligonucleotides for differentially expressed genes: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and TomloxB were used to determine gene expression by real-time PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The data showed that silencing of TomloxB caused a reduction in lipoxygenase activity and ethylene production in tomato fruits, and also reduced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase activity. Hence, the addition of exogenous ethylene increased lipoxygenase activity in all treatments and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase activity only in transgenic lines at break stage, consequently there was a positive regulation between TomloxB and ethylene, as increasing the amount of ethylene increased the activity of lipoxygenase. The results suggest that lipoxygenase may be a regulator of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and production of ethylene at break stage. NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION: These results lead to a better understanding of the metabolic contribution of TomloxB in fruit ripening and how it is linked to the senescence-related process, which can lead to a longer shelf life of fruits. Understanding this relationship between lipoxygenase and ethylene can be useful for better post-harvest handling of tomatoes.

Clinical safety of lauric acid for cattle and its in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Rhipicephalus microplus.

The aim of the present study was to test the in vitro acaricidal activity of saturated fatty acids (hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, octadecanoic, eicosanoic, docosanoic and tetracosanoic) against Rhipicephalus microplus and select a candidate compound for the subsequent determination of its clinical safety for mice and bovines as well as its in vivo efficacy (ethical clearance number 507/2013). None of the compounds exhibited in vitro larvicidal effectiveness, but acaricidal effectiveness was greater than 95 % in the adult immersion test at 40 mg/ml (hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic and eicosanoic acids). After a second AIT evaluation of serial concentrations of the fatty acids, lauric and myristic acids were selected for the safety and in vivo efficacy assays. No adverse effect was found in the local lymph node assay in mice treated with lauric or myristic acid. Moreover, no clinical signs of systemic poisoning or dermatological, hematological or biochemical abnormalities were found in cattle after the topical application of 1 % lauric acid. In the dose determination test, the 1% solution of this compound exhibited 86% efficacy in cattle naturally infested by a field population of Rhipicephalus microplus susceptible to all chemical groups, except synthetic pyrethroids. The efficacy of 1 % lauric acid was 53.4 % in the dose confirmation test performed on another herd with a field R. microplus population resistant to all chemical groups of acaricides. In conclusion, fatty acids are potential bioactive compounds for the control of R. microplus. Topically applied lauric acid (C12) exhibits in vivo acaricide activity against adults, nymphs and larvae of R. (B) microplus and is safe for cattle.

Spectroscopic and electrophoresis study of substitution on the surface of gold nanoparticles by different mercaptoalkyl carboxylic acids and bioconjugation with bovine serum albumin.

To develop bioconjugated materials, it is necessary to understand how the various elements present in a conjugate interact with one another. To gain insights into nanoparticle-capping agent-protein interactions, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) measuring 30 nm in diameter were coated with different molecules bearing a thiol group: 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 6-mercaptohexanoic acid, and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. The covalent conjugation of AuNPs to the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) via a cross-linker reaction with N-hydroxysuccinimide and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide was systematically investigated under different reaction conditions with variation of the concentrations of the mercaptoalkyl carboxylic acid (MA) and BSA. All the products were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy, gel electrophoresis, and Raman spectroscopy in every modification step. From analysis of the UV-vis results, it is possible at low concentrations of MA to see strong coupling among AuNPs, observed when they are aggregated by KCl, which does not happen at higher concentration of MA, indicating an AuNP-to-MA ratio of 1:130,000 is best for bioconjugation purposes. Agarose gel electrophoresis, a classic technique for biomolecule characterization, indicated that BSA is capable of altering the mobility of AuNPs when it modifies completely the surface of AuNPs because of its high molecular mass (around 66 kDa). Principal component analysis of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy data was successfully used as a chemometric tool to assist the characterization of the nanoparticle modification with linker molecules in the absence and presence of different BSA concentrations, making it possible to clearly evaluate the gradual substitution/modification of AuNPs (1:13,000 < 1:65,000 < 1:130,000 AuNP-to-MA ratio) and the conjugation with BSA, which is homogenous at a concentration of 0.01 g L-1. Graphical abstract.

Isolation and characterization of novel soil- and plant-associated bacteria with multiple phytohormone-degrading activities using a targeted methodology.

Ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are important phytohormones regulating plant growth and development, as well as plant-microbe interactions. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) naturally associate with plants and facilitate plant growth through a variety of mechanisms, including the ability to modulate the concentrations of these phytohormones in planta. Importantly, the wide presence of phytohormone degradation mechanisms amongst symbiotic and other soil- and plant-associated bacteria indicates that the ability to modulate phytohormone concentrations plays an important role in bacterial colonization and plant-growth promotion abilities. Obtaining phytohormone-degrading bacteria is therefore key for the development of novel solutions aiming to increase plant growth and protection. In this paper, we report an optimized targeted methodology and the consequent isolation of novel soil- and plant-associated bacteria, including rhizospheric, endophytic and phyllospheric strains, with the ability to degrade the phytohormones, SA and IAA, as well as the ET precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). By using an optimized targeted methodology, we rapidly isolated diverse soil- and plant-associated bacteria presenting phytohormone-degrading abilities from several plants, plant tissues and environments, without the need for prior extensive and laborious isolation and maintenance of large numbers of isolates. The developed methodology facilitates PGPB research, especially in developing countries. Here, we also report, for the first time, the isolation of bacterial strains able to concomitantly catabolize three phytohormones (SA, IAA and ACC). Ultimately, the described targeted methodology and the novel phytohormone-degrading bacteria obtained in this work may be useful tools for future plant-microbe interaction studies, and in the development of new inoculant formulations for agriculture and biotechnology.

A katG S315T or an ahpC promoter mutation mediate Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to 2-thiophen carboxylic acid hydrazide, an inhibitor resembling the anti-tubercular drugs Isoniazid and Ethionamide.

Clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis are differentially susceptible to 2-Thiophen Hydrazide (TCH); however its mechanism of action or the reasons for that difference are unknown. We report herein that under our experimental conditions, TCH inhibits M. tuberculosis in solid but not in liquid medium, and that in spite of resembling Isoniazid and Ethionamide, it does not affect mycolic acid synthesis. To understand the mechanisms of action of TCH we isolated M. tuberculosis TCH resistant mutants which fell into two groups; one resistant to TCH and Isoniazid but not to Ethionamide or Triclosan, and the other resistant only to TCH with no, or marginal, cross resistance to Isoniazid. A S315T katG mutation conferred resistance to TCH while katG expression from a plasmid reduced M. tuberculosis MIC to this drug, suggesting a possible involvement of KatG in TCH activation. Whole genome sequencing of mutants from this second group revealed a single mutation in the alkylhydroperoxide reductase ahpC promoter locus in half of the mutants, while the remaining contained mutations in dispensable genes. This is the first report of the genetics underlying the action of TCH and of the involvement of ahpC as the sole basis for resistance to an anti-tubercular compound.

Irreversible solvent-assisted structural transformation in 3D metal-organic frameworks: Structural modification and enhanced iodine-adsorption properties.

In this work, we demonstrate a solvent-assisted structural transformation between two 3D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) ([Zn4(α-bptc)2(H2O)3]n (1) → {[Zn2(α-bptc)(H2O)4]·(pra)}n (2)) (α-H4bptc = 2,3,3',4'-biphenyl tetra-carboxylic acid and pra = pyridin-2-amine) at room temperature by immersing complex 1 in a mother solution. The structural transformation involves not only solvent exchange but also the cleavage and formation of coordination bonds, which is confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, powder X-ray diffraction patterns, and thermogravimetric analysis. Structural analyses revealed that significant modifications occurred during the transformation including the changes in lattice parameters, unit cell volume, space group, coordination number, secondary building units, and topological type. In the case of drastic structural transitions, significant changes in properties were also observed. Complex 2 displayed the interesting uptake and release of iodine with the changes in visible color, UV and fluorescence spectra, and fully reversible I2 uptake of 8.5 mg g-1, which further suggested about its future application as iodine absorbing material.

Comparisons of the spectroscopic and microbiological activities among coumarin-3-carboxylate, o-phenanthroline and zinc(II) complexes.

Coumarins (2H-chromen-2-one) are oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds that belong to the benzopyranones family. In this work we have synthesized different coordination complexes with coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (HCCA), o-phenanthroline (phen) and zinc(II). In the reported [Zn(CCA)2(H2O)2] complex, coumarin-3-carboxylate (CCA) is acting as a bidentate ligand while in the two prepared complexes, [Zn(phen)3]CCA(NO3) (obtained as a single crystal) and [Zn(CCA)2phen].4H2O, CCA is acting as a counterion of the complex cation [Zn(phen)3]+2 or coordinated to the metal center along with phen, respectively. These compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and thermogravimetry. NMR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies of the compounds and the CCA potassium salt (KCCA) allow to determine several similarities and differences among them. Finally, their behavior against alkaline phosphatase enzyme and their antimicrobial activities were also measured.

Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption-desorption and leaching from three Brazilian soils.

This study aimed to evaluate the sorption-desorption and leaching of aminocyclopyrachlor from three Brazilian soils. The sorption-desorption of 14C-aminocyclopyrachlor was evaluated using the batch method and leaching was assessed in glass columns. The Freundlich model showed an adequate fit for the sorption-desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor. The Freundlich sorption coefficient [Kf (sorption)] ranged from 0.37 to 1.34 µmol (1-1/n) L1/n kg-1 and showed a significant positive correlation with the clay content of the soil, while the Kf (desorption) ranged from 3.62 to 5.36 µmol (1-1/n) L1/n kg-1. The Kf (desorption) values were higher than their respective Kf (sorption), indicating that aminocyclopyrachlor sorption is reversible, and the fate of this herbicide in the environment can be affected by leaching. Aminocyclopyrachlor was detected at all depths (0-30 cm) in all the studied soils, where leaching was influenced by soil texture. The total herbicide leaching from the sandy clay and clay soils was <0.06%, whereas, ∼3% leached from the loamy sand soil. The results suggest that aminocyclopyrachlor has a high potential of leaching, based on its low sorption and high desorption capacities. Therefore, this herbicide can easily contaminate underground water resources.

Recent developments in trans-sialidase inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Chagas is a lethal chronic disease that currently affects 8-10 million people worldwide, primarily in South and Central America. Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase is an enzyme that is of vital importance for the survival of the parasite due to its key role in the transfer of sialic acid from the host to the parasite surface and it also helps the parasite combat the host's immune system. This enzyme has no equivalent human enzyme; thus, it has become an interesting target for the development of inhibitors that combat the parasite. In this review, we summarize three classes of inhibitors (acceptor, donor and unrelated) with their inhibition values and their mode of action against this enzyme. Based on molecular docking, molecular dynamics and structure-activity relationship studies, it has been discovered that the molecules with -NH2, -OH and -COOH groups on an aromatic ring could be used as a scaffold for the development of new and potent trans-sialidase inhibitors due to their key interaction with active enzyme sites. In particular, carboxylic acid derivatives have importance over the sugar moiety due to their ease of synthesis and unique structure-activity relationship.

Bioassay-guided fractionation and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Cassia bakeriana extracts

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial potential of extracts of bark and leaves of Cassia bakeriana Craib, Fabaceae, against aerobic and anaerobic oral bacteria was evaluated by the microdilution broth method. For crude ethanol extracts and organic fractions tested, the bark dichloromethane phase showed a significant antibacterial effect, with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 100 µg/ml for most of the microorganisms tested. Thus, a bioassay-guided fractionation of this fraction was performed. This fractionation led to isolation of the 1,8-dihydroxy-anthraquinone-3-carboxylic acid, also known as cassic acid or rhein. It is the first time that this bioactive anthraquinone has been isolated from this plant. Rhein exhibited good selectivity and high activity against anaerobic microorganisms, with MIC values ranging between 3.12 µg/ml (11.0 µM) and 25 µg/ml (88.0 µM). These results were considered very promising since the most active samples and rhein showed greater selectivity against oral microorganisms than toxicity to Vero cells.

Silica nanoparticles doped with anthraquinone for lung cancer phototherapy.

In the present study, SiO2 nanoparticles functionalized with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl group (SiNP-AAP) were used, for the first time, to covalently bond rose bengal (SiNP-AAP-RB) or 9,10-anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (SiNP-AAP-OCAq). The functionalized SiNP were characterized by: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM); elemental analysis (CHN) for determination of the dye concentration; FTIR and UV-vis diffuse reflectance (DR-UV-vis) and a surface area study (BET). The functionalized SiNPs were applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT) against lung cancer cell lines. The evaluated cytotoxicity revealed 20-30% cell survival after 15min of PDT for both materials but the OCAq concentration was half of the RB nanomaterial. The phototoxicity was mainly related to oxidative stress generated in the cellular environment by singlet oxygen and by hydrogen abstraction as confirmed by the laser flash photolysis technique. The unprecedented results indicate that SiNP-AAP-OCAq is a possible system for promoting cell apoptosis by both type I and type II mechanisms.

Syk and IRAK1 Contribute to Immunopharmacological Activities of Anthraquinone-2-carboxlic Acid.

Anthraquinone-2-carboxlic acid (9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid, AQCA) was identified as one of the major anthraquinones in Brazilian taheebo. Since there was no report explaining its immunopharmacological actions, in this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of AQCA-mediated anti-inflammatory activity using reporter gene assays, kinase assays, immunoblot analyses, and overexpression strategies with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages. AQCA was found to suppress the release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) E2 from LPS-treated peritoneal macrophages without displaying any toxic side effects. Molecular analysis revealed that AQCA was able to inhibit the activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 pathways by direct suppression of upstream signaling enzymes including interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Therefore, our data strongly suggest that AQCA-mediated suppression of inflammatory responses could be managed by a direct interference of signaling cascades including IRAK and Syk, linked to the activation of NF-κB and AP-1.