Angiotensin II, ATP and high extracellular potassium induced intracellular calcium responses in primary rat brain endothelial cell cultures.

The meninges shield the nervous system from diverse, rather harmful stimuli and pathogens from the periphery. This tissue is composed of brain endothelial cells (BECs) that express diverse ion channels and chemical-transmitter receptors also expressed by neurons and glial cells to communicate with each other. However, information about the effects of ATP and angiotensin II on BECs is scarce, despite their essential roles in blood physiology. This work investigated in vitro if BECs from the meninges from rat forebrain respond to ATP, angiotensin II and high extracellular potassium, with intracellular calcium mobilizations and its second messenger-associated pathways. We found that in primary BEC cultures, both ATP and angiotensin II produced intracellular calcium responses linked to the activation of inositol trisphosphate receptors and ryanodine receptors, which led to calcium release from intracellular stores. We also used RT-PCR to explore what potassium channel subunits are expressed by primary BEC cultures and freshly isolated meningeal tissue, and which might be linked to the observed effects. We found that BECs mainly expressed the inward rectifier potassium channel subunits Kir1.1, Kir3.3, Kir 4.1 and Kir6.2. This study contributes to the understanding of the functions elicited by ATP and angiotensin II in BECs from rat meninges. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Brain endothelial cells (BECs) express diverse ion channels and membrane receptors, which they might use to communicate with neurons and glia. This work investigated in vitro, if BECs from the rat forebrain respond to angiotensin II and ATP with intracellular calcium mobilizations. We found that these cells did respond to said substances with intracellular calcium mobilizations linked to inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptor activation, which led to calcium release from intracellular stores. These findings are important because they might uncover routes of active communication between brain cells and endothelial cells.

Application of dielectric spectroscopy to unravel the physiological state of microorganisms: current state, prospects and limits.

Microbial physiology is an essential characteristic to be considered in the research and industrial use of microorganisms. Conventionally, the study of microbial physiology has been limited to carrying out qualitative and quantitative analysis of the role of individual components in global cell behaviour at a specific time and under certain growth conditions. In this framework, groups of observable cell physiological variables that remain over time define the physiological states. Recently, with advances in omics techniques, it has been possible to demonstrate that microbial physiology is a dynamic process and that, even with low variations in environmental culture conditions, physiological changes in the cell are provoked. However, the changes cannot be detected at a macroscopic level, and it is not possible to observe these changes in real time. As an alternative to solve this inconvenience, dielectric spectroscopy has been used as a complementary technique to monitor on-line cell physiology variations to avoid long waiting times during measurements. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art application of dielectric spectroscopy to unravel the physiological state of microorganisms, its current state, prospects and limitations during fermentation processes. Key points • Summary of the state of the art of several issues of dielectric spectroscopy. • Discussion of correlation among dielectric properties and cell physiological states. • View of the potential use of dielectric spectroscopy in monitoring bioprocesses.

Fisiología del condrocito articular / Physiology of articular cartilage

El condrocito es la única célula presente en el cartílago articular, por lo que es de gran importancia el conocimiento de los mecanismos que regulan sus funciones, en particular los mecanismos de transporte de membrana que le permiten a esta célula enfrentar los continuos cambios de la osmolaridad externa a que están sometidos como consecuencia de las variaciones en la carga mecánica. Los mecanismos implicados en la regulaciín del volumen intracelular, el pH intracelular, la concentraciín citoplásmica de calcio y el potencial de membrana son claves para la comprensiín de los procesos que se afectan con el desarrollo de la enfermedad, puesto que cualquier alteraciín de la homeostasis del condrocito articular afecta el metabolismo de los componentes de la matriz extracelular y por ende, las características funcionales del tejido. El presente artículo revisa los principales elementos funcionales del condrocito articular y su entorno en el contexto del transporte de membrana y su regulaciín.

The chondrocyte is the only cell in the articular cartilage; for this reason it is very important the knowledge about mechanisms that regulate its functions, particularly the membrane transport mechanisms which allow this cell to cope the continuous changes of external osmolarity as a consequence of variations in mechanic load. The mechanisms implied in regulation of cell volume, intracellular pH, cytoplasmic calcium concentration and membrane potential are key factors for understanding the process that are affected during illness, because any alteration of articular chondrocyte homeostasis affects the metabolism of the components of extracellular matrix and tissue functional characteristics. The present paper reviews the main functional elements of articular chondrocytes and its environment in the context of membrane transport regulation.