Emotional regulation in the classroom: detection of multiple cases from systematic observation.

Introduction: Emotional education is learned by living with others. This study analyzes how different actors participate in the classroom, influencing students' emotional regulation. Methods: Using a mixed methods approach [structured in macro-stages QUAL-QUAN-QUAL], 9 classes in three Chilean schools with children aged 10 to 12 are systematically observed. The audio-recorded sessions are transcribed (qualitative data) for coding from the observation instrument, and then, once the data quality is verified, they are analyzed quantitatively (quantitizing). A lag sequential analysis is performed to detect regularities and existing sequences, and a polar coordinate analysis is performed to observe the relationships among the categories in each class. Results: Once the results of the analyses have been obtained, similarities are sought to detect the presence of multiple cases based on the two analysis techniques. The multiple cases detected are presented, detailing how interactions between teachers and students contribute to the emotional regulation and climate in the daily life of the classroom. Discussion: The interpretation of the results makes it possible to revisit the qualitative aspect of the mixed methods and to discuss the need to problematize the role of teachers in students' development and autonomy.

Las dimensiones éticas y políticas del cuidar. Percepciones y prácticas de cuidado en un centro de convivencia argentino / The ethical and political dimensions of care. Perceptions and practices of care in an Argentine coexistence center / As dimensões éticas e políticas do cuidado. Percepções e práticas de cuidado em um centro de convivência argentino

RESUMEN El presente trabajo constituye parte de un estudio acerca de las percepciones y prácticas de cuidado en contextos organizativos vinculados al cuidado de personas. Dicho estudio se desarrolló en un centro de convivencia barrial de circunscripción municipal, y un centro de día para adultos con discapacidad intelectual, ambos ubicados en la Región Centro de Argentina, entre los años 20I9 y 2022. La investigación se implementó desde una metodología cualitativa, y se relevaron datos en entrevistas semi-estructuradas, abiertas y en profundidad, y sesiones de observación participante. En este artículo se abordan los resultados del caso correspondiente al centro de convivencia barrial. Los resultados señalan que las percepciones y prácticas de cuidado presentan dimensiones éticas-políticas que contribuyen a la generación de un sentido de comunidad. Se concluye que estos aspectos son fundamentales para contrarrestar el individualismo de la autosuficiencia, así como para sustentar territorios existenciales fundados en el cuidado de la vida.

ABSTRACT This work is part of a study about the perceptions of care and its relationship with practices in organizational contexts linked to the care of people. Said study was developed in a neighborhood coexistence center of the municipal district, and a day center for adults with intellectual disabilities, both located in the Central Region of Argentina, between the years 20I9 and 2022. The research was implemented from a qualitative methodology, and data were collected in semi-structured, open and in-depth interviews, and participant observation sessions. This article addresses the results of the case corresponding to the neighborhood coexistence center. The results indicate that the perceptions and practices of care present ethical-political dimensions that contribute to the generation of a sense of community. It is concluded that this ethical-political dimension is fundamental to counteract the individualism of self-sufficiency as well as to sustain existential territories founded on the care of life.

RESUMO Este artigo faz parte de um estudo sobre as percepções e práticas de atendimento em contextos organizacionais relacionados ao atendimento de pessoas. Esse estudo foi realizado em um centro de convivência de bairro municipal e em um centro de dia para adultos com deficiência intelectual, ambos localizados na Região Central da Argentina, entre 20I9 e 2022. A pesquisa foi implementada a partir de uma metodologia qualitativa, e os dados foram coletados em entrevistas semiestruturadas, abertas e em profundidade, e sessões de observação participante. Este artigo trata dos resultados do caso do centro de convivência do bairro. Os resultados indicam que as percepções e práticas de atendimento têm dimensões ético-políticas que contribuem para a geração de um senso de comunidade. Conclui-se que esses aspectos são fundamentais para neutralizar o individualismo da autossuficiência, bem como para sustentar territórios existenciais fundados no cuidado com a vida.

Pedagogical research for conflict resolution from early childhood education, as a contribution to territorial peace / Investigación pedagógica para solución de conflictos desde la educación de la primera infancia como aporte a la paz territorial

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como propósito establecer la forma en que la inteligencia emocional y los valores pueden ser aprovechados en la solución de conflictos y la construcción de escenarios de paz de niños y docentes del área rural, para lo cual se abordó el caso del municipio colombiano de Chitagá (Norte de Santander), en el que se presenta escaza atención institucional infantil y baja solución de conflictos en el ámbito escolar. Para ello se utilizó enfoque cualitativo basado en un diseño etnográfico, con un muestreo aleatorio de participantes para la aplicación de instrumentos. El procesamiento y análisis de la información se realizó con ayuda de una matriz de antecedentes y otra matriz de categorización axial. Como resultado se obtuvo el diseño de una propuesta pedagógica dirigida a la educación de la primera infancia en actitudes y valores para la construcción de paz en entidades educativas y de salud.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to establish how emotional intelligence and values can be used in conflict resolution and the construction of peace scenarios for children and teachers in rural áreas, for which the caseof the Colombian municipality of Chitagá (Norte de Santande)r, in which there is little institutional care for children and low resolution of conflicts in the school setting, was addressed. To this end, a qualitative approach based on an ethnographic design was used, with a random sampling of participants for the application of instruments. The information was processed and analysed using a background matrix and an axial categorization matrix. As a result, the design of a pedagogical proposal aimed at the education of early childhood in attitudes and values for peace-building in educational and health entities was obtained.

Validation of the questionnaire to measure Chilean teachers' perception of school violence and coexistence management (VI+GEC).

In this article, we present the development and validation of a psychometric scale that measures the teacher's perception in the Chilean school system with respect to elements of school violence and coexistence management. The novelty lies in the incorporation of factors that address violence from teachers to students, from students to teachers and coexistence management. A total of 1072 teachers from the Northern, Central, Southern and Metropolitan macro-zones of Chile participated, with ages between 22 and 76 years (M=44.56; SD=10.52) and from 1 to 54 years of work (M=17.14; SD=10.38). 76.3% identify with the female gender and 23.7% with the male gender. Of the teachers, 78.4% worked mainly in the classroom and the rest performed managerial or administrative functions outside the classroom in the school. The school violence and coexistence management questionnaire for teachers (VI+GEC) was used. The validity of the scale was demonstrated by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, convergent validity analysis and discriminant validity. Reliability was demonstrated by means of McDonald's omega coefficient in all the factors of the scale. An analysis with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) found a mean, and statistically significant influence of the perception of coexistence management on the perception of school violence. The findings are discussed in terms of previous research on school violence and coexistence management.

Carnivore coexistence without competition: giant otters are more nocturnal around dens than sympatric neotropical otters.

Nocturnal activity of tropical otters is rarely reported. To date no studies have documented den use by sympatric giant (Pteronura brasiliensis) and neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis). We used camera-traps to monitor den use by sympatric otters along an equatorial Amazonian river. Camera-traps provided evidence that giant otters were more nocturnal around dens than sympatric neotropical otters. Nocturnal activity was recorded in 11% of giant otter photos (n = 14 of 125 photos), but was recorded only once for neotropical otters. Den use by giant and neotropical otters overlapped spatially and temporally but not concurrently. We hypothesize that previously reported nocturnal activity in neotropical otters is facilitated by the absence or low density of giant otters. Our results also underscore the need to use complementary techniques together with den counts for monitoring otters as sympatric species can use the same dens.

Mediación y conciliación escolar en Caldas (Colombia): un escenario esperanzador para la paz / School mediation and conciliation in Caldas, Colombia: a hopeful scenario for peace / Mediação e Conciliação Escolar em Caldas-Colômbia: Um cenário esperançoso para a paz

Resumen (analítico) En este artículo describimos y analizamos de qué manera la intervención de agentes conciliadores y mediadores escolares incide en la disminución de la violencia, aportando a la transformación de la gestión de los conflictos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Para ello, realizamos un análisis de caso en cuatro instituciones educativas de las localidades de Villamaría, Palestina, Neira y Chinchiná, en el Departamento de Caldas, Colombia, y presentamos una aproximación conceptual de las categorías de resolución de conflictos, convivencia escolar y cultura de paz. Concluimos que las prácticas pedagógicas de la conciliación y la mediación para la solución de controversias en el aula otorgan a los actores educativos herramientas que contrapesan los modelos represivos de sanción, fomentando el respeto y la tolerancia entre estudiantes.

Abstract (analytical) This paper describes and analyzes how interventions by school conciliation agents and mediators reduces violence and contributes to the transformation of conflict management among children and adolescents. A case study was carried out in four schools in the municipalities of Villamaría, Palestina, Neira, and Chinchiná in department of Caldas, Colombia. This research drew on a conceptual approach to the categories of conflict resolution, peaceful coexistence in schools and a culture of peace. The authors conclude that the pedagogical practices of conciliation and mediation for conflict resolution in classroom settings provide educational actors with tools that counterbalance traditional punishment models while fostering respect and tolerance among students.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo descreve e analisa de que maneira a intervenção de conciliadores e mediadores escolares incide na diminuição da violência, contribuindo com a transformação da gestão dos conflitos de crianças e adolescentes. Para isso, realiza-se um estudo de caso em quatro instituições educativas dos municípios de Villamaría, Palestina, Neira e Chinchiná no departamento de Caldas, Colômbia e se apresenta uma aproximação conceitual das categorias de resolução de conflitos, convivência escolar e cultura e paz. Conclui-se que as práticas pedagógicas da conciliação e da mediação para solução de controvérsias em sala de aula, outorgam aos agentes educativos ferramentas que contrapesem os modelos repressivos de sanção, fomentando o respeito e a tolerância entre os estudantes.

Comparing the long-term persistence of different Wolbachia strains after the release of bacteria-carrying mosquitoes.

This paper proposes a bidimensional modeling framework for Wolbachia invasion, assuming imperfect maternal transmission, incomplete cytoplasmic incompatibility, and direct infection loss due to thermal stress. Our model adapts to various Wolbachia strains and retains all properties of higher-dimensional models. The conditions for the durable coexistence of Wolbachia-carrying and wild mosquitoes are expressed using the model's parameters in a compact closed form. When the Wolbachia bacterium is locally established, the size of the remanent wild population can be assessed by a direct formula derived from the model. The model was tested for four Wolbachia strains undergoing laboratory and field trials to control mosquito-borne diseases: wMel, wMelPop, wAlbB, and wAu. As all these bacterial strains affect the individual fitness of mosquito hosts differently and exhibit different levels of resistance to temperature variations, the model helped to conclude that: (1) the wMel strain spreads faster in wild mosquito populations; (2) the wMelPop exhibits lower resilience but also guarantees the smallest size of the remanent wild population; (3) the wAlbB strain performs better at higher ambient temperatures than others; (4) the wAu strain is not sustainable and cannot persist in the wild mosquito population despite its resistance to high temperatures.

A Genetic Tool to Identify Predators Responsible for Livestock Attacks in South America and Recommendations for Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation.

Livestock predation induces global human-wildlife conflict, triggering the retaliatory killing of large carnivores. Although domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) contribute to livestock depredation, blame primarily falls on wild predators. Dogs can also transmit pathogens between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. Therefore, the presence of free-ranging dogs can have negative consequences for biodiversity conservation, smallholder economy, food supply, and public health, four of the United Nations' Sustainable Developed Goals (SDGs) for 2030. In Ecuador, where livestock sustains rural households, retaliatory poaching threatens Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus), jaguar (Panthera onca), and puma (Puma concolor) populations. However, the role of dogs in these incidents remains underexplored. The present study evaluates the possibility of reliable molecular identification of predatory species from DNA traces in bite wounds. Our results revealed the presence of dog saliva on four out of six livestock carcasses presumably attacked by wild predators. These findings highlight the importance of rectifying misinformation about large carnivores in Ecuador and the need to control dog populations. We recommend that local administrations incorporate DNA analysis into livestock predation events to examine how common the problem is, and to use the analysis to develop conflict mitigation strategies which are essential for the conservation of large carnivores.

Resource partitioning in a novel herbivore assemblage in South America.

Human-induced species declines and extinctions have led to the downsizing of large-herbivore assemblages, with implications for many ecosystem processes. Active reintroduction of extirpated large herbivores or their functional equivalents may help to reverse this trend and restore diverse ecosystems and their processes. However, it is unclear whether resource competition between native and non-native herbivores could threaten restoration initiatives, or to what extent (re)introduced species may influence local vegetation dynamics. To answer these questions, we investigated the diets of a novel South American herbivore assemblage that includes resident native species, reintroduced native species and introduced non-native species. We examined plant composition, diet breadth and the overlap between species to describe the local herbivory profile and the potential for resource competition. Using DNA metabarcoding on faecal samples (n = 465), we analysed the diets of the herbivore assemblage in the Rincón del Socorro rewilding area of Iberá National Park, Argentina. We compared the species richness of faecal samples, the occurrence of plant families/growth forms and the compositional similarity of samples (inter- and intraspecifically). Our results indicate species-level taxonomic partitioning of plant resources by herbivores in this system. Differences in sample richness, composition and diet breadth reflected a diverse range of herbivory strategies, from grazers (capybara) to mixed feeders/browsers (brocket deer, lowland tapir). Differences in diet compositional similarity (Jaccard) revealed strong taxonomic resource partitioning. The two herbivores with the most similar diets (Pampas deer and brocket deer) still differed by more than 80%. Furthermore, all but one species (axis deer) had more similar diet composition intraspecifically than compared to the others. Overall, we found little evidence for resource competition between herbivore species. Instead, recently reintroduced native species and historically introduced non-natives are likely expanding the range of herbivory dynamics in the ecosystem. Further research will be needed to determine the full ecological impacts of these (re)introduced herbivores. In conclusion, we show clear differences in diet breadth and composition among native, reintroduced and non-native herbivore species that may be key to promoting resource partitioning, species coexistence and the restoration of ecological function.

La disminución y extinción de especies ocasionada por el hombre ha llevado a la reducción de tamaño de las comunidades de grandes herbívoros, con implicaciones para muchos procesos ecosistémicos. La reintroducción activa de grandes herbívoros extirpados, o sus equivalentes funcionales, puede ayudar a revertir esta tendencia y restaurar diversos ecosistemas y sus procesos. Sin embargo, no está claro si la competencia por recursos entre herbívoros nativos y no nativos podría amenazar las iniciativas de restauración, o en qué medida las especies (re)introducidas pueden influir la dinámica de la vegetación local. Para responder a estas preguntas, investigamos las dietas de una comunidad de herbívoros sudamericanos que incluye especies nativas, especies nativas reintroducidas y especies no nativas introducidas. Examinamos la composición de plantas, la amplitud de la dieta y la superposición entre especies para describir el perfil herbívoro local y el potencial de competencia por los recursos. Utilizando metabarcoding de ADN en muestras fecales (n = 465), analizamos las dietas de la comunidad de herbívoros en el sitio de rewilding Rincón del Socorro dentro del Parque Nacional Iberá, Argentina. Comparamos la riqueza de especies en las muestras fecales, la ocurrencia de familias de plantas/formas de crecimiento y la similitud en la composición de las muestras (interespecíficamente e intraespecíficamente). Nuestros resultados indican la partición taxonómica a nivel de especie de los recursos vegetales por parte de los herbívoros en este sistema. Las diferencias en la riqueza de las muestras, la composición y la amplitud de las dietas reflejaron una amplia gama de estrategias de herbivoría, desde pastoreadores (capibara) hasta herbívoros mixtos/ramoneadores (corzuela, tapir amazónico). Las diferencias en la similitud de la composición de la dieta (Jaccard) revelaron una fuerte partición taxonómica de los recursos. Los dos herbívoros con las dietas más similares (venado de las pampas y corzuela), aún así diferían en más del 80%. Además, todas las especies menos una (ciervo axis) tenían una composición dietética más similar intraespecíficamente que en comparación con las demás. En general, encontramos poca evidencia de competencia por recursos entre las especies de herbívoros. En cambio, las especies nativas reintroducidas recientemente y las no nativas introducidas históricamente probablemente estén ampliando el rango de dinámica de herbivoría en el ecosistema. Se necesitarán más investigaciones para determinar todos los impactos ecológicos de estos herbívoros (re)introducidos. En conclusión, mostramos diferencias claras en la amplitud y composición de la dieta entre especies de herbívoros nativas, reintroducidas y no nativas que pueden ser clave para promover la partición de recursos, la coexistencia de especies y la restauración de las funciones ecológicas.

Otherness measuring scale: design and validation for social sciences.

This paper is the result of a scale validation process, applicable to social science research, which allows the constructs of otherness and coexistence and their relationship to be trasnformed into measurable, systematized variables. In turn, this scale is the product of a research project whose main objectives were (i) to demonstrate the relationship between coexistence as an independent variable and otherness as a dependent variable, and (ii) to create and statistically validate a scale to measure both variables, so to use it in applied research. The sample consisted of 600 participants. Three instruments were used: two semantic differentials and a 33-item questionnaire. The application was carried out virtually due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The method includes a mixed type of work, i.e., qualitative, and quantitative procedures. The results showed two factors, the other as strange or foreign and the other as equal. The final scale consisted of 10 items, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.86 and variance explaining 58% of the otherness.

Plan de convivencia intercultural de la Facultad Preparatoria de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana / Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana

Introducción: La Facultad Preparatoria posee un universo estudiantil heterogéneo, compuesto por diversas nacionalidades, edades, géneros, religiones, ideologías, pensamientos, influencias educativas y axiológicas, lo que merece especial atención en la determinación de los modos de actuación. Objetivo: Proponer ideas rectoras que sustenten el plan de convivencia intercultural para los estudiantes de la Facultad Preparatoria de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. Posición de los autores: Por las características de la matrícula de la Facultad Preparatoria, con un contexto histórico-cultural diverso, se hace necesario un Plan de convivencia intercultural sustentado en ideas rectoras, que responda a esa diversidad y la labor educativa se encamine a la educación en valores, el conocimiento de las normativas para ejercer los derechos y cumplir con los deberes, y dar tratamiento educativo a los conflictos del día a día. Estas ideas rectoras del Plan de Convivencia Intercultural como recurso educativo contienen acciones y estrategias de capacitación, asociadas a la educación en valores, la interculturalidad, la aceptación a la diversidad cultural y la inclusión. Conclusiones: Las ideas rectoras propuestas tienen la finalidad de orientar aspectos concretos que sustentan el Plan de Convivencia Intercultural de la Facultad Preparatoria, que guían el accionar educativo, desde del enfoque integrador para el cumplimiento de las normativas, la educación en valores y la resolución de conflictos de forma educativa. Todo ello se logra con acciones y estrategias de capacitación planificadas en un contexto donde los estudiantes tienen una gran diversidad cultural, de modo que se contribuye a elevar la calidad de la educación(AU)

Introduction: The preparatory school has a heterogeneous student universe, made up of diverse nationalities, ages, genders, religions, ideologies, thoughts, as well as educational and axiological influences, which deserves special attention in determining the modes of action. Objective: To propose guiding ideas that support the intercultural coexistence plan for the students from Facultad Preparatoria de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. Authors' position: Due to the characteristics of the enrollment within this preparatory school, with a diverse historical and cultural context, it is necessary to have an intercultural coexistence plan based on guiding ideas, which responds to this diversity, while the educational work is aimed at values education, knowledge of regulations to exercise rights and fulfill duties, as well as to give educational treatment to day-to-day conflicts. These guiding ideas of the intercultural coexistence plan as an educational resource contain capacity building strategies and actions, associated with values education, interculturality, acceptance of cultural diversity, and inclusion. Conclusions: The proposed guiding ideas have the purpose of orienting concrete aspects that support the intercultural coexistence plan of this preparatory school, which guide the educational actions, from the integrative approach for compliance with regulations, values education and conflict resolution in an educational way. All this is achieved with capacity building strategies and actions planned in a context in which students have a great cultural diversity, thus contributing to raise the quality of education(AU)

Construir una cultura de paz en el noroeste de México: el caso del programa de prevención Mantente REAL / Building a culture of peace in northern Mexico: the case of the Mantente REAL prevention program

Resumen Introducción: Por décadas, la frontera norte de México ha sido el centro de atención nacional e internacional debido al nivel de violencia generado por el tráfico de personas y las actividades ilícitas vinculadas al tráfico de sustancias adictivas. El impacto económico y social de la inseguridad demanda el diseño de acciones educativas que promuevan la construcción de una cultura de seguridad y paz en personas adolescentes. Este estudio analiza el rol del programa Mantente REAL en el establecimiento de normas y valores que fomentan la convivencia escolar inclusiva y la resolución de conflictos, orientadas al cuidado individual y al bien común. Metodología: Se analiza información cualitativa recopilada en 2018 dentro del programa de prevención de uso de sustancias Mantente REAL. Los datos fueron extraídos de 10 grupos focales, con estudiantes (n = 8) y profesores (n = 2), quienes participaron en el programa. Resultados: Los hallazgos indican que el aprendizaje de habilidades de vida y el uso de las estrategias del acrónimo REAL (Rechaza, Explica, Aléjate y Levántate) ayudan a crear la paz y la ciudadanía en población estudiantil. Conclusiones: Los participantes construyeron metas individuales y colectivas para evitar problemas como el uso de sustancias, el acoso escolar y otras formas de violencia.

Abstract Introduction: For decades, Mexico's northern border has been the center of national and international attention for the level of violence generated by organized crime, human trafficking and illicit activities linked to drug trafficking. Due to the economic and social impact of insecurity and violence, there is a need to develop educational actions that promote the construction of a culture of security and peace among adolescents. This study analyzes the role of Mantente REAL in the construction of norms and values that promote inclusive school relationships, conflict resolution, values oriented to selfcare, and the common good among students. Methodology: This study analyzes qualitative information that was collected in 2018 in the context of the implementation of the substance use prevention program Mantente REAL. Information from 10 focus groups with students (n=8) and teachers (n=2) who participated in the program was analyzed. Result: Findings indicate that learning life skills, and using the strategies of the acronym REAL -Refuse, Explain, Avoid and Leave- foster peace and citizenship students participating in the program. Conclusions: Participants engaged in individual and collective efforts to prevent problems such as substance use, bullying and other forms of violence. Recommendations highlight the need to investigate further the potential benefits of implementing school-based interventions with multiple outcomes.

Lotka-Volterra model with Allee effect: equilibria, coexistence and size scaling of maximum and minimum abundance.

The Lotka-Volterra competition model (LVCM) is a fundamental tool for ecology, widely used to represent complex communities. The Allee effect (AE) is a phenomenon in which there is a positive correlation between population density and fitness, at low population densities. However, the interplay between the LVCM and AE has been seldom analyzed in multispecies models. Here, we analyze the mathematical properties of the LVCM [Formula: see text] AE, investigating the coexistence of species interacting through neutral diffuse competition, their equilibria and stable points. Minimum viable population density arises as the threshold below which species go extinct, characteristic of strong Allee effects. Then, by imposing relationships of main parameters to body size, i.e. allometric scaling, we derive a general solution to the size-scaling maximum and minimum expected density under plausible scenarios. The scaling of maximum population density is consistent with the literature, but we also provide novel predictions on the scaling of the lower limit to population density, a critical value for conservation science. The resulting framework is general and yields results that increase our current understanding of how complex demographic processes can be linked to ubiquitous ecological patterns.

Similar seed preferences explain trophic ecology of functionally distinct, but co-occurring and closely related harvester ants.

To understand how food resource use and partitioning by closely related species allows local coexistence, it is key to determine whether a species' diet reflects food availability or food preferences. Here, we analysed the diets, seed selection, and seed preferences of three closely related harvester ants: Messor barbarus, M. bouvieri, and M. capitatus. Sympatric within a Mediterranean shrubland, these species differ in foraging behaviour and worker polymorphism. For 2 years, we studied the ants' diets and seed selection patterns as well as the local availability of seeds. Additionally, we performed a seed-choice experiment using a paired comparison design, offering the ants seeds from eight native plant species. The three ant species had the same general diet, which was primarily granivorous. Although they all consumed a wide variety of seeds, they mostly selected seeds from a small subset of plant species. Despite their morphological and behavioural differences, the ants displayed similar seed preferences that were highly consistent with their diets and seed selection patterns. Our results support the idea that the trophic ecology of these three harvester ants is driven by similar seed preferences rather than by their morphological and behavioural differences. Seed diversity and abundance were high near the ants' nests, suggesting that seed availability is not limiting and could in fact favour local species coexistence.

El oso andino en los Andes centrales de Perú: presencia, interacción humano-oso y su percepción en La Mar, Ayacucho

En el presente estudio se determina la presencia del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus y su interacción con el humano en tres territorios comunales de la provincia de La Mar (Ayacucho). Entre setiembre y octubre de 2019, establecimos un total de 22 transectos para identificar rastros de la especie, entrevistamos a la población sobre su interacción con el oso y, finalmente, inspeccionamos cadáveres de ganado cuyas muertes fueron atribuidas a ataques de la especie. En total se registraron 312 rastros de oso andino, la mayoria restos de alimentos, hallados predominantemente en las zonas de puna más arriba que los bosques montanos. Los pobladores locales conocen y tienen encuentros con el oso andino en campo e identificaron como las amenazas más recurrentes para el oso los incendios de pastizales, la extracción de madera y la ganadería. Además, informan que los osos causan daños a los cultivos y al ganado. No obstante, no se encontraron suficientes evidencias para confirmar que el oso andino hubiese atacado a alguno de los siete cadáveres de ganado evaluados, pero sí se identifico una posible manipulación o consumo en uno de estos. Nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia de combinar muestreos de presencia del oso con observaciones de la población para identificar amenazas y reducir potenciales conflictos humano-oso basado en eventos no completamente confirmados.

In the present study, we determine the presence of the Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus and its interaction with humans in three communal territories of the La Mar province (Ayacucho). Between September and October 2019, we established a total of 22 transects to identify signs of the species, interviewed the local population about their interactions with the bear, and finally inspected livestock carcasses whose deaths were attributed to attacks by the species. In total, 312 signs of the Andean bear were recorded, with the majority being food remains, primarily found in the high puna areas above the montane forests. Local residents are familiar with and have encounters with the Andean bear in the field, and they identified recurring threats to the bear, including grassland fires, timber extraction, and livestock farming. They also reported that bears cause damage to crops and livestock. However, there were not enough pieces of evidence to confirm that the Andean bear had attacked any of the seven livestock carcasses evaluated. Still, a potential manipulation or consumption was identified in one of these cases. Our results emphasize the importance of combining bear presence surveys with observations from the local population to identify threats and mitigate potential human-bear conflicts based on unconfirmed events.

A Multiarmed Bandit Approach for LTE-U/Wi-Fi Coexistence in a Multicell Scenario.

Recent studies and literature reviews have shown promising results for 3GPP system solutions in unlicensed bands when coexisting with Wi-Fi, either by using the duty cycle (DC) approach or licensed-assisted access (LAA). However, it is widely known that general performance in these coexistence scenarios is dependent on traffic and how the duty cycle is adjusted. Most DC solutions configure their parameters statically, which can result in performance losses when the scenario experiences changes on the offered data. In our previous works, we demonstrated that reinforcement learning (RL) techniques can be used to adjust DC parameters. We showed that a Q-learning (QL) solution that adapts the LTE DC ratio to the transmitted data rate can maximize the Wi-Fi/LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) aggregated throughput. In this paper, we extend our previous solution by implementing a simpler and more efficient algorithm based on multiarmed bandit (MAB) theory. We evaluate its performance and compare it with the previous one in different traffic scenarios. The results demonstrate that our new solution offers improved balance in throughput, providing similar results for LTE and Wi-Fi, while still showing a substantial system gain. Moreover, in one of the scenarios, our solution outperforms the previous approach by 6% in system throughput. In terms of user throughput, it achieves more than 100% gain for the users at the 10th percentile of performance, while the old solution only achieves a 10% gain.

Validation of an Abbreviated Scale of the CENVI Questionnaire to Evaluate the Perception of School Violence and Coexistence Management of Chilean Students: Differences between Pandemic and Post-Pandemic.

The objective of the study was to specify an abbreviated model of the school coexistence questionnaire for non-violence (CENVI) for students from 5th to 8th grade (9 to 14 years old), in order to determine the perception of violence and management of school coexistence, and the differences between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students. A total of 1870 students from schools in the city of Temuco (Chile) responded to the CENVI questionnaire. There were two samples: (1) Pandemic, with online, face-to-face and hybrid classes; and (2) Post-pandemic, with face-to-face classes. Sample 1 consisted of 848 students aged 9 to 15 years (M = 11.90; SD = 1.27). Sample 2 consisted of 1022 students aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.46; SD = 1.14). The questionnaire was validated using expert inter-judgment and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A good fit of the proposed model to the data and good internal consistency measured according to the composite reliability were found, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Mapuche students perceived more physical violence and social exclusion. Cut-off points were proposed for the interpretation of the results. In the data, the effect of Coexistence Management on School Violence was null. The discussion approaches the findings from the literature on education in spaces of socio-cultural diversity in a Mapuche context.

Cognitive Radio Strategy Combined with MODCOD Technique to Mitigate Interference on Low-Orbit Satellite Downlinks.

The concept of cognitive radio (CR) as a tool to optimize the obstacle of spectral coexistence has promoted the development of shared satellite-terrestrial wireless networks. Nevertheless, in some applications like Earth Exploration Satellite Services, which demand high spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) for downlink transmissions, spectral coexistence amidst interferences from cellular Base Stations is still challenging. Our research aims to mitigate these interferences on low-orbit satellite downlinks carrying imaging data received from a ground station. In order to fulfill this, we present cognitive radio approaches to enhance spectrum exploitation and introduce the adaptive modulation and coding (MODCOD) technique to increase RF power and spectral efficiencies. Therefore, we propose a combined methodology using CR and adaptive MODCOD (ACM) techniques. Afterwards, we applied the solution by monitoring the signal to interference plus noise ratio and the MODCOD strategy. Finally, we provide a real in situ case study at the Cuiabá ground station located in Brazil's central area, which receives images from an Earth observation satellite (EOS). In addition to demonstrating the strategy effectiveness in this scenario, we conducted a bench test emulating the interfering wireless communication system. In this sense, we demonstrated the proposed approach, successfully mitigating the harmful effects on the received EOS images.

Long-term seedling and small sapling census data from the Barro Colorado Island 50 ha Forest Dynamics Plot, Panama.

Tropical forests are well known for their high woody plant diversity. Processes occurring at early life stages are thought to play a critical role in maintaining this high diversity and shaping the composition of tropical tree communities. To evaluate hypothesized mechanisms promoting tropical tree species coexistence and influencing composition, we initiated a census of woody seedlings and small saplings in the permanent 50 ha Forest Dynamics Plot (FDP) on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Situated in old-growth, lowland tropical moist forest, the BCI FDP was originally established in 1980 to monitor trees and shrubs ≥1 cm diameter at 1.3 m above ground (dbh) at ca. 5-year intervals. However, critical data on the dynamics occurring at earlier life stages were initially lacking. Therefore, in 2001 we established a 1-m2 seedling plot in the center of every 5 × 5 m section of the BCI FDP. All freestanding woody individuals ≥20 cm tall and <1 cm dbh (hereafter referred to as seedlings) were tagged, mapped, measured, and identified to species in 19,313 1-m2 seedling plots. Because seedling dynamics are rapid, we censused these seedling plots every 1-2 years. Here, we present data from the 14 censuses of these seedling plots conducted between the initial census in 2001 to the most recent census, in 2018. This data set includes nearly 1 M observations of ~185,000 individuals of >400 tree, shrub, and liana species. These data will permit spatially-explicit analyses of seedling distributions, recruitment, growth, and survival for hundreds of woody plant species. In addition, the data presented here can be linked to openly-available, long-term data on the dynamics of trees and shrubs ≥1 cm dbh in the BCI FDP, as well as existing data sets from the site on climate, canopy structure, phylogenetic relatedness, functional traits, soil nutrients, and topography. This data set can be freely used for non-commercial purposes; we request that users of these data cite this data paper in all publications resulting from the use of this data set.