Perceived Emotional Self-Efficacy and Life Satisfaction of Elementary School Children on the US-Mexico Border.

Objectives. It has been established that an adult's perceived ability to effectively address negative emotions predicts their life satisfaction. To increase the understanding of ethnic minority children's mental health and quality of life, this study examined the relationship between perceived emotional self-efficacy and life satisfaction of Hispanic children. Methods. Using the nonexperimental-correlational research design and the convenience sampling method, a total of 176 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students (73 boys, 103 girls; 88% Hispanic) in one public elementary school on the US-Mexico border were recruited to participate in this study. Emotional self-efficacy was measured using the emotional subscale of the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children and subjective well-being was measured using the Student Life Satisfaction Scale. Spearman correlation and ordinal regression analyses were used to test the study hypotheses. Results. Consistent with findings from the current literature, emotional self-efficacy was positively associated with subjective well-being. Children in lower elementary grades were more likely to report higher emotional self-efficacy than those in higher elementary grades. Boys were more likely to report higher life satisfaction than girls. Conclusions and Relevance. Using a sample of elementary school children with Hispanic backgrounds on the US-Mexico border, this study attested to the empirical link between emotional self-efficacy and life satisfaction. Our study findings stress the importance of early identification of students with low emotional self-efficacious beliefs and the early introduction of social-emotional learning programs in elementary schools to enhance students' emotional self-efficacy. This study contributes to positive psychology literature and provides insights for future school-based mental health practice and research.

Relationships between Resilience and Self-Efficacy in the Prosocial Behavior of Chilean Elementary School Teachers.

Teachers' actions go beyond instruction, as their personal traits influence their teaching methods, problem-solving skills, and the quality of their relationships with students. Among these attributes, their prosocial competencies stand out for contributing to school, community, and social coexistence. Furthermore, the connection they have to resilience and self-efficacy promotes increased effectiveness in meeting the demands of an ever-more challenging work environment. This research aimed to analyze the effect of the relationship between self-efficacy and resilience on the prosocial behavior of Chilean elementary school teachers. The sample consisted of 1426 teachers (77.2% women) working in public and subsidized Chilean schools. Structural equation modeling (SEM) explored the relationships between self-efficacy, resilience, and prosocial behavior. The findings indicate that self-efficacy and resilience directly and positively affect the prosocial behavior of elementary school teachers. It is suggested that resilience, self-efficacy, and prosociality among teachers are promoted due to their synergistic effects and, consequently, the benefits for school children, especially those from vulnerable social contexts.

Factores asociados al liderazgo docente / Factors asociated to teacher leadership

Abstract: El liderazgo docente resulta ser una variable importante debido al papel que juega en la mejora de la calidad del profesorado y su relación positiva con los resultados escolares; sin embargo, en las realidades institucionales persisten situaciones que obstaculizan o desalientan al magisterio a asumir estos roles. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue el de describir cuáles son los factores que facilitan o inhiben el desarrollo del liderazgo docente en una escuela primaria de Mérida, Yucatán, México. Se siguió un estudio de caso con métodos mixtos. Para el análisis cualitativo, se trabajó con los datos recabados mediante las técnicas de observación participante y la entrevista semi-estructurada. Para el análisis de datos cuantitativos se utilizó la técnica de la administración de encuestas online, y se llevaron a cabo inferenciales no paramétricos: Ji cuadrada y prueba U de Mann Whitney. Se encontró que tener un liderazgo docente alto está relacionado positivamente con tener iniciativa para emprender proyectos innovadores escolares; a diferencia, el nivel bajo de liderazgo se asoció con la incomodidad con roles de liderazgo. Se detectaron diferencias en los resultados de las técnicas cualitativas y las cuantitativas. En el estudio cualitativo se obtuvo que ser docente de apoyo, la figura del director, el individualismo, la disponibilidad de tiempo, la carga administrativa, los grupos numerosos, entre otros, fueron categorías que pueden influir en el hecho de actuar o no con liderazgo. Es indispensable conocer todas las situaciones por la que atraviesan los profesores para poder tomar las decisiones de manera informada, así como encontrar las raíces reales de los problemas que están estrechamente relacionadas con las decisiones sobre po lítica pública.

Abstract: Teacher leadership is an important variable due to the role it plays in improving teacher quality and its positive relationship with school results. However, contextual situations exist within institutions that hinder or discourage teachers from assuming these roles. The objective of this research was to describe the characteristics and factors that foster or inhibit the development of teacher leadership in a primary school in Mérida, Yucatán. A case study with mixed methods was followed. For the qualitative phase data were collected employing participant observation and semi-structured interviews. For the quantitative phase of the study online surveys were administered and the following non-parametric inferential tests were carried out: chisquare and Mann-Whitney U test; Findings suggest that high levels of leadership are positively correlated to having the initiative to undertake innovative school projects. In contrast, low levels of leadership were associated to discomfort with leadership roles. Significant differences were identified in the results of the qualitative and quantitative phase. The qualitative phase revealed that being a support teacher, the principal's role, individualism, the availability of time, the administrative burden, large groups, among others, were categories that can influence teacher's intentions to act or not with leadership. It is essential to know the situations that all teachers go through in order to make decisions in an informed manner, as well as to find the real roots of the problems that are closely related to decisions on public policy.

Reading processes of public and private middle school and high school students.

INTRODUCTION: Reading has been widely discussed, mainly due to the published results of international performance tests of schoolchildren. The gaps generated in literacy hinder the development of basic skills necessary for reading, which will have a negative impact on the teaching-learning process from elementary school to high school. This study aimed to compare the reading performance of the students in public and private schools through tests of the Brazilian reading processes-PROLEC-SE-R. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. The Brazilian adaptation of the PROLEC-SE-R was administered to 436 students: 221 from the state school (G1 6th year, n = 30; G2 7th year, n = 33; G3 8th year, n = 35; G4 9th year, n = 31; G5 1st year, n = 32; G6 2nd year, n = 30; G7 3rd year, n = 30) e 215 private schools (G8 6th year, n = 31; G9 7th year, n = 31; G10 8th year, n = 30; G11 9th year, n = 31; G12 1st year, n = 30; G13 2nd year, n = 31; G14 3rd year, n = 31). Tools of descriptive and bivariate analysis were used. RESULTS: Superior performance of the private school students on spelling tests helps their reading as evidenced by their scores for syntactic and semantic processes. When the knowledge of the use of the word in text, extraction of meaning and its understanding was needed, the difficulty of access to the mental lexicon of the studied population became evident. CONCLUSION: The PROLEC-SE-R, in addition to establishing the reading profile of elementary and high school students, shows that the gaps in teaching and learning, which exist between public and private education in the literacy period, accompany students throughout the basic education cycle. Knowing the reading profile and in which process there is a disruption is important so that the teaching of specific strategies can be promoted throughout the entire schooling process, especially in primary and secondary education.

Prática Pedagógica, Contextos Físicos e Sociais: Implicações Para a Inclusão / Pedagogical Practice, Physical and Social Contexts: Implications for the Inclusion

RESUMO: Este estudo compara os contextos físicos, sociais e a prática pedagógica da Educação Infantil com a do Ensino Fundamental e levanta suas respectivas implicações para a inclusão das crianças. Participaram desta pesquisa dois estudantes com deficiência matriculados no último ano da Educação Infantil, comparados com outros dois estudantes com deficiência do Ensino Fundamental. Configura-se uma pesquisa descritiva de cunho quantitativo. O método baseou-se na etologia. Os resultados indicam que, na Educação Infantil, houve altos índices de interação social, variabilidade na utilização de espaços, maior tempo em atividades corporais e o direcionamento da prática pedagógica voltada à interação. Já no Ensino Fundamental, os alunos apresentaram relativo grau de autonomia, mas ainda muito condicionado ao conteúdo.

ABSTRACT: This study compares the physical and social contexts and the pedagogical practice of Early Childhood Education with that of Elementary Education and raises their respective implications for the inclusion of children. Two students with disabilities enrolled in the last grade of the Early Childhood Education participated in this research, in comparison with two other students with disabilities in Elementary School. It is a descriptive investigation of quantitative nature. The method was based on the ethology. The results indicate that in Early Childhood Education there were high levels of social interaction, variability in the use of spaces, more time dedicated to physical activities and orientation of the pedagogical practice centered on interaction. In Elementary School, students had a relative degree of autonomy, but still highly conditioned to the content.

Funções neuropsicológicas de escolares na reabertura das escolas brasileiras na pandemia da Covid-19 / The neuropsychological functions of schoolchildren after the reopening of brazilian schools during the Covid-19 pandemic

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar as funções neuropsicológicas de estudantes de uma escola pública do Distrito Federal (Brasil), matriculadas 1º e 2º ano de Ensino Fundamental na reabertura das escolas públicas na pandemia da COVID-19 e a influência dos fatores familiares e contextuais sobre o desempenho dessas habilidades. Métodos Participaram 117 estudantes, bem como seus responsáveis. As crianças foram avaliadas presencialmente por meio do Instrumento de Avaliação Neuropsicológica Breve Infantil (NEUPSILIN-Inf). Os pais/responsáveis responderam remotamente ao Inventário de Recursos do Ambiente Familiar e as questões para classificação socioeconômica e de escolaridade materna. Resultado Os dados apontam alta prevalência de crianças em fase de alfabetização que apresentam alerta ou déficit das funções de orientação, memória, linguagem, habilidades visuoespaciais, habilidades aritméticas e fluência verbal. Ainda, as atividades previsíveis que sinalizam algum grau de estabilidade na vida familiar são preditoras do desempenho das crianças na habilidade de orientação e os recursos que promovem processos proximais refletem significativamente no desempenho em linguagem. Os resultados sugerem que crianças inseridas em família com estimativas da renda domiciliar abaixo de um salário mínimo apresentam piores desempenhos do controle inibitório. Conclusão Foram apresentados e discutidos os impactos das alterações das habilidades neuropsicológicas para o aprendizado das crianças, destacando a necessidade de intervenções imediatas e direcionadas para essas funções. Foram considerados os fatores contextuais que apresentaram influência sobre o desempenho das habilidades neuropsicológicas.

ABSTRACT Purpose The objective of this study was analyzed the neuropsychological functions of students from a public school in Brazil, enrolled in the 1st and 2nd year of Elementary School at the time of the reopening of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic and to access the influence of family and contextual information on the performance of these skills. Methods 117 students participated in the study, as well as their parents or guardians. The children were evaluated in person using the Brief Child Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument (NEUPSILIN-Inf). The parents/guardians answered remotely the Inventory of Resources of the Family Environment and questions about socioeconomic classification and maternal education. Results The data showed a high prevalence of children who had problems or deficits in the functions of orientation, memory, language, visuospatial skills, arithmetic skills and verbal fluency. Furthermore, predictable activities that signal some degree of stability in family life are predictors of children's performance in orientation skills and resources that promote proximal processes significantly reflect on language performance. The results suggest that children included in families with a household income below one Brazilian minimum monthly salary presented poorer inhibitory control performances. Conclusion The impact of changes in neuropsychological skills in children's learning were presented and discussed, highlighting the need for immediate and targeted intervention of these functions. Contextual factors that influenced the performance of neuropsychological skills were also considered.

Aplicação do programa shuttle time no ensino do badminton na escola: refletindo relações de gênero / Application of the shuttle time program in teaching badminton at school: reflecting gender relations / Aplicación del programa shuttle time en la enseñanza del bádminton en la escuela: reflejando las relaciones de género

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever sobre a questão de gênero nas aulas de badminton na Educação Física escolar. O estudo trata-se de um relato de experiência de abordagem qualitativa e de natureza descritiva. Participaram do estudo duas turmas de 7º anos de uma escola pública. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram dois questionários e observação participante. Construímos uma sequência didática, contendo dez aulas com momentos dialógicos e vivenciais. Os dados revelam que a questão de gênero foi refletida e compreendida pelos e pelas estudantes nas aulas de badminton. Consideramos que os objetivos propostos na sequência didática foram alcançados, tendo em vista que as relações de gênero foram potencializadas por meio das vivências e das reflexões.

The objective of this study is to describe the gender issue in badminton classes in school Physical Education. The study is an experience report with a qualitative approach and descriptive nature. Two 7th grade classes from a public school participated in the study. The data collection instruments were two questionnaires and participant observation. We built a didactic sequence, containing ten classes with dialogical and experiential moments. The data reveal that the gender issue was reflected and understood by students in badminton classes. We consider that the objectives proposed in the didactic sequence were achieved, considering that gender relations were enhanced through experiences and reflections.

El objetivo de este estudio es describir la problemática de género en las clases de bádminton en la Educación Física escolar. El estudio es un relato de experiencia con enfoque cualitativo y carácter descriptivo. En el estudio participaron dos clases de séptimo grado de una escuela pública. Los instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron dos cuestionarios y la observación participante. Construimos una secuencia didáctica que contiene diez clases con momentos dialógicos y vivenciales. Los datos revelan que la cuestión de género fue reflejada y comprendida por los estudiantes en las clases de bádminton. Consideramos que se lograron los objetivos propuestos en la secuencia didáctica, considerando que las relaciones de género se potenciaron a través de experiencias y reflexiones.

Envolvimento família-escola e suas implicações no desempenho escolar na educação básica / Compromiso familia-escuela y sus implicaciones en el rendimiento escolar en la educación primaria / The family-school engagement and its implications on student performance in basic education

RESUMO O estudo pretende problematizar como se estabelece o envolvimento família-escola visando à promoção dessa relação e do desempenho escolar dos alunos. Neste trabalho, analisou-se como pais e professores de quatro escolas públicas da cidade de Gravataí/RS percebem a si mesmos e ao outro frente a seu envolvimento escolar e a rotina compartilhada, e como essa relação pode favorecer o sucesso escolar de alunos do Ensino Fundamental I. Assim, foi realizado um estudo observacional comparativo, de caráter quantitativo e corte transversal, com 101 familiares e 12 professores de alunos em situação de sucesso escolar. Os resultados destacaram diferenças significativas em alguns domínios, evidenciando uma avaliação mais positiva dos professores a respeito de seu comprometimento com tal relação. Sugerem, especificamente nos domínios orientação e informação que a atitude dos pais e professores ao orientar, supervisionar e auxiliar um ao outro em suas funções e ao aluno pode favorecer um melhor desempenho acadêmico deste.

RESUMEN En este estudio se pretende problematizar cómo se establece el compromiso familia-escuela visando a la promoción de esa relación y del rendimiento escolar de los alumnos. En este estudio, se analizó cómo padres y profesores de cuatro escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Gravataí/RS perciben a sí mismos y al otro frente a su compromiso escolar y rutina compartida, y cómo esa relación puede favorecer el éxito escolar de alumnos de la Enseñanza Primaria I. Así, se realizó un estudio observacional comparativo, de carácter cuantitativo y corte transversal, con 101 familiares y 12 profesores de alumnos en situación de éxito escolar. Los resultados apuntan diferencias significativas en algunos dominios, evidenciando una evaluación más positiva de los profesores con respecto de su compromiso con tal relación. Sugieren, específicamente en los dominios orientacióneinformaciónque la actitud de los padres y profesores al orientar, supervisión y ayudar uno al otro en sus funciones y al alumno puede favorecer un mejor rendimiento académico de este.

ABSTRACT This study aims to discuss how the family-school involvement is established with a view to promoting this relation and students' academic performance. In this work, we analyzed how parents and teachers from four public schools in the city of Gravataí/RS perceive themselves and each other in relation to their school involvement and shared routine, and how this relation can favor the students' academic success in Elementary School I. Thus, a comparative observational study of a quantitative and cross-sectional nature was carried out with 101 family members and 12 teachers of students in a situation of academic success. The results highlighted significant differences in some domains, showing a more positive assessment by teachers regarding their commitment to this relation. They suggest, specifically in the guidance and information domains, that the parents and teachers' attitude when guiding, supervising and assisting each other in their roles and the student can lead to better academic performance.

Teaching How to Study Expository Texts: A Programmed Instruction / Ensinar a Estudar Textos Didáticos: Uma Programação de Ensino

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the application of computerized programming to teach how to study expository texts. Principles of programmed instruction were used, and different target behaviors were focused on: inspecting the text, locating and highlighting important information, paraphrasing, building schemes, and conceptual maps, and elaborating questions on the topic. The activities were designed and carried out using Google Forms, Socrative, and Wordwall applications. Nine students from the 3rd to the 6th year of elementary school, from public and private schools, participated in this study. Participation was online and remote. The results showed an improvement in the performance of the participants in seven of the ten selected objectives for evaluation. In conclusion, it is possible to teach how to study expository texts through programmed instruction based on a clear description of the objectives involved in this repertoire.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a aplicação de uma programação informatizada para ensinar a estudar textos didáticos. Utilizando princípios para a elaboração do ensino programado, teve-se como foco diferentes comportamentos-alvo: inspecionar o texto, localizar e grifar informações importantes, parafrasear, construir esquemas e mapas conceituais, e elaborar questões sobre o tema. As atividades foram elaboradas e realizadas utilizando os aplicativos Google Forms, Socrative e Wordwall. Participaram desse estudo nove estudantes do 3o ao 6o ano do ensino fundamental, de escolas públicas e privadas. A participação foi online e remota. Os resultados apontaram melhora no desempenho dos participantes em sete dos dez comportamentos selecionados para avaliação. Conclui-se que é possível ensinar comportamentos de estudo de textos didáticos por meio de uma programação de ensino a partir da descrição clara dos objetivos envolvidos neste repertório.

Reading processes of public and private middle school and high school students

Introduction Reading has been widely discussed, mainly due to the published results of international performance tests of schoolchildren. The gaps generated in literacy hinder the development of basic skills necessary for reading, which will have a negative impact on the teaching-learning process from elementary school to high school. This study aimed to compare the reading performance of the students in public and private schools through tests of the Brazilian reading processes-PROLEC-SE-R. Methods Cross-sectional study. The Brazilian adaptation of the PROLEC-SE-R was administered to 436 students: 221 from the state school (G1 6th year, n = 30; G2 7th year, n = 33; G3 8th year, n = 35; G4 9th year, n = 31; G5 1st year, n = 32; G6 2nd year, n = 30; G7 3rd year, n = 30) e 215 private schools (G8 6th year, n = 31; G9 7th year, n = 31; G10 8th year, n = 30; G11 9th year, n = 31; G12 1st year, n = 30; G13 2nd year, n = 31; G14 3rd year, n = 31). Tools of descriptive and bivariate analysis were used. Results Superior performance of the private school students on spelling tests helps their reading as evidenced by their scores for syntactic and semantic processes. When the knowledge of the use of the word in text, extraction of meaning and its understanding was needed, the difficulty of access to the mental lexicon of the studied population became evident. Conclusion The PROLEC-SE-R, in addition to establishing the reading profile of elementary and high school students, shows that the gaps in teaching and learning, which exist between public and private education in the literacy period, accompany students throughout the basic education cycle. Knowing the reading profile and in which process there is a disruption is important so that the teaching of specific strategies can be promoted throughout the entire schooling process, especially in primary and secondary education. (AU)

'What makes you say so?' Metacognition improves the sustained learning of inferential reading skills in English as a second language.

PURPOSE: This quasi-experimental study investigates the impact of enhancing metacognition in learning inferential reading skills in English as a second language. PROCEDURES: Six Grade 4 classes were randomly assigned to two groups. The "Control group" received an instructional unit on inferential reading skills. The "Metacognition group" received the same unit, including metacognitive activities. Students were assessed in metacognitive and inferential reading skills before (pre-test), immediately after (post-test) and four weeks after the intervention (deferred test). FINDINGS: Metacognitive strategy instruction enhanced student learning of inferential reading skills and its sustainability in time. The Metacognition group attained a significantly higher average score in deploying metacognitive skills both in the post and deferred tests, indicating that the intervention was effective, as intended, to this end. While both groups significantly improved their proficiency in inferential reading skills after working with the provided instructional unit, there was a significant difference in the Metacognition group, which outperformed the Control one, even more strongly in the deferred test. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the importance of deliberately promoting metacognition as it positively impacts learning outcomes and sustainability.

Participación juvenil en la prevención del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Estudio de caso de una escuela saludable (Cali, Colombia) / Youth Participation in the Prevention of the Consumption of Psychoactive Substances. A Case Study across Healthy Schools, Cali-Colombia / Participação juvenil na prevenção do consumo de substâncias psicoativas. Estudo de caso de escola saudável, Cali-Colômbia

Introducción: el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) en escolares es un fenómeno complejo con múltiples efectos negativos. Desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales y la promoción de la salud, la institución educativa (IE) es un agente decisivo para acciones participativas. El objetivo fue identificar factores individuales e institucionales asociados con la participación de estudiantes en una IE pública de Cali (Colombia) para prevenir el consumo de SPA. Materiales y métodos: estudio de caso con enfoque mixto. La aproximación cualitativa implicó un análisis documental para explorar la respuesta y factores institucionales de la IE seleccionada como caso crítico; mientras que para identificar los factores individuales relevantes se desarrolló un componente cuantitativo mediante encuesta a 156 estudiantes (secundaria-media) de esa IE. Resultados: los estudiantes identifican como factor relevante para el consumo de SPA la presión de amigos o compañeros; se evidencia que los espacios y procesos de prevención de mayor aporte son la comunicación con pares. También se reconoce como factor institucional el trabajo curricular desde las áreas para fortalecer la toma de decisiones. Conclusión: en la estrategia de escuelas saludables, es crucial la alianza entre el sector educativo y el sector salud, para dinamizar espacios y procesos de participación dirigidos a prevenir el consumo de SPA. Los estudios de análisis del desarrollo de la estrategia de escuelas saludables son requeridos para generar elementos de reflexión dirigidos al ajuste de las acciones de empoderamiento de los estudiantes y que los procesos de participación juvenil logren la continuidad requerida

Introduction: The consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) among schoolchildren suggests a complex phenomenon with multiple negative effects. From the perspective of social determinants and health promotion, the educational institution (EI) acts as a decisive agent for participatory actions. The present study aimed to identify individuals and institutional factors associated with the participation of students in an IE public of Cali (Colombia) toward the prevention of the consumption of PAS. Materials and methods: This is a case study with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The former involved a documentary analysis for the exploration of the response and the institutional factors of EI, which were selected as a critical case. Meanwhile, to identify the relevant individual factors, a quantitative component was developed through a survey of 156 students (Secondary­Middle School) of that EI. Results: Students identified pressure from friends or classmates as a relevant factor for PAS consumption, indicating that the spaces and prevention processes with the most significant contribution are communication with peers. The curricular work from the areas to strengthen decision-making is also recognized as an institutional factor. Conclusion: Within the healthy schools' strategy, the alliance between the education and health sectors is of crucial relevance for the promotion of the revitalization of spaces and participation processes aimed at preventing the consumption of PAS. The analysis of studies on the development of healthy schools strategy is thus required to generate elements of reflection directed toward the adjustment of the actions facilitating the empowerment of the students and those referring to youth participation to achieve the required continuity.

Introdução: o consumo de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) em estudantes é um fenômeno complexo com múl- tiplos efeitos negativos. Na perspectiva dos determinantes sociais e da promoção da saúde, a instituição de ensino (IE) é um agente decisivo para ações participativas. O objetivo foi identificar fatores individuais e institucionais associados à participação de alunos em uma IE pública de Cali (Colômbia) para prevenir o consumo de SPA. Materiais e métodos: estudo de caso com abordagem mista. A abordagem qualitativa envolveu uma análise documental para explorar a resposta e os fatores institucionais da IE selecionada como caso crítico; enquanto para identificar os fatores individuais relevantes, desenvolveu-se um com- ponente quantitativo através de um questionário a 156 alunos (ensino médio) daquela IE. Resultados: os alunos identificam a pressão de amigos ou colegas como fator relevante para o consumo de SPA; é evidente que os espaços e processos de prevenção com maior contribuição são a comunicação com os pares. O trabalho curricular das áreas para fortalecer a tomada de decisão também é reconhecido como um fator institucional. Conclusão: na estratégia das escolas saudáveis, a aliança entre o setor da educação e o setor da saúde, assume uma relevância crucial para promover a revitalização de espaços e processos participativos direcionados à prevenção do consumo de SPA. Os estudos de análise do desenvolvimento da estratégia de escolas saudáveis são necessários para gerar elementos de reflexão direcionados ao ajuste das ações de empoderamento dos alunos e que os processos de participação juvenil alcancem a necessária continuidade

Formación en promoción de autonomía y apoyo pedagógico durante confinamiento por covid-19 / Training on autonomy promotion and pedagogical support during COVID-19 lockdowns

(analítico) Se analiza la implementación de un programa de formación docente en promoción de autonomía y apoyo pedagógico y su relación con el compromiso de niños en el aula. El programa se desarrolló duran-te el cierre de escuelas por la pandemia causada por el covid-19. Se usó diseño mixto convergente-paralelo. Participaron cinco docentes de primaria, de escuelas públicas de Cali, Colombia, y sus estudiantes (N=110). La formación consistió en dos talleres grupales y tres sesiones de acompañamiento individual en modalidad virtual. Se grabaron las clases antes y durante el proceso, codificándose las interacciones. Se observó alta variabilidad en promoción de autonomía y apoyo pedagógico. El compromiso de los niños fue mayor cuando las profesoras promovían mayor autonomía y apoyo pedagógico. Se discutieron variables que afectan el aprovechamiento de la formación.

(analytical) This paper analyzes the implementation of a professional development program on autonomy promotion and instructional support in the classroom, and the relationship between this program and students' engagement. The program was designed during the delivery of online classes as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used a convergent parallel design. Participants were five elementary teachers and their students (N=110) at a public school in Cali, Colombia. The program consisted of two workshops and three online individual feedback sessions. Classes were recorded before and during the program and classroom interactions were coded. The results show high variability in teachers' autonomy promotion and instructional support during the classes. Students' engagement was higher when teachers promote greater autonomy and instructional support. Variables that could affect teachers' use of learning from the program are discussed.

(analítico) Analisase a implementação de um programa de formação docente para a promoção da autonomia e o apoio pedagógico e sua relação com a performance das crianças na sala de aula. O programa foi desenvolvido durante o fechamento das escolas pelo Covid-19. Um método misto convergente-paralelo foi usado. Participaram cinco professoras de ensino básico de escolas públicas de Cali-Colômbia e seus alunos, 110 crianças. A formação consistiu em duas oficinas grupais e três sessões de trabalho individual na modalidade virtual. As aulas foram gravadas antes e durante o processo, e as interações foram codificadas. Observa-se alta variabilidade na promoção da autonomia e apoio pedagógico. O comprometimento das crianças foi maior quando as professoras promoveram maior autonomia e apoio pedagógico. As variáveis que afetam o aproveitamento do treinamento são discutidas.

Competências socioemocionais e desempenho contextual de docentes do ensino fundamental / Socioemotional competences and contextual performance of elementary school teachers / Competencias socioemocionales y desempeño contextual de los maestros de escuela primaria

O objetivo deste estudo foi testar o poder preditivo das competências socioemocionais (CSE) nas seguintes facetas do desempenho contextual de professores do ensino fundamental: o clima para criatividade em sala de aula e a relação professor-aluno. Participaram deste estudo 90 professores da rede pública municipal de uma capital do nordeste brasileiro que lecionavam do 4º ao 9º ano do ensino fundamental. O estudo também contou com a participação de três alunos de cada professor. Os professores responderam sobre suas CSE e sua relação com os alunos que, por sua vez, responderam sobre o clima para criatividade em sala de aula. Foram realizadas análises de regressão linear simples. Os resultados indicaram que as CSE são preditoras da relação professor-aluno. Conclui-se que as CSE facilitam a criação de interações pessoais positivas e favoráveis à manifestação afetiva em sala de aula, ao passo que não são suficientes para explicar o clima para criatividade

The purpose of this study was to test the predictive power of socioemotional competences (SEC) in the following contextual performance facets of elementary school teacher: the classroom climate for creativity and teacher-student relationship. Ninety public school teachers from a capital city in the northeast of Brazil participated in this study, who taught from the 4th to the 9th grade of elementary school. The study also included the participation of three students from each teacher. Teachers answered about their SECs and their relationship with students who, in turn, answered about the classroom climate for creativity. Simple linear regression analyzes were performed. The results indicated that SECs are only predictors of the teacher-student relationship. It is concluded that SECs promotes the creation of positive personal interactions, favorable to affective expression in the classroom, while they are not sufficient to explain the classroom climate for creativity

El proposito de este estudio fue investigar el poder predictivo de las competencias socioemocionales (CSE) en las siguientes facetas del desempeño contextual de los docentes de escuela primaria: clima para la creatividad en aula y relación profesor-alumno. En este estudio participaron noventa maestros de escuelas públicas de una capital del noreste brasileño, que enseñam clases desde el 4º al 9º grado de la escuela primaria. El estudio también contó con la participación de tres alumnos de cada docente. Los maestros respondieron sobre sus CSE y su relación con los alumnos, quienes respondieron sobre el clima para la creatividad en el aula. Se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal simple que indicaron que las CSE son predictoras de la relación profesor-alumno. Se concluye que las CSE favorecen la creación de interacciones personales positivas favorables a la manifestación afectiva en el aula, mientras que no son suficientes para explicar el clima para la creatividad

Ancient vocation, new reality: experiences of teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic / Antiga vocação, nova realidade: vivências de professoras de ensino fundamental durante a pandemia da COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic led to social isolation and school closures as measures to contain its spread. Based on phenomenology, the present study aimed to know and understand the senses and meanings that 10 Elementary School teachers attributed to their work in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method Dialogical meetings were held with each participant generating Comprehensive Narratives. Results The results were organized into five significant elements: (a) fulfillment of a childhood dream arising from the influence of significant people; (b) teaching as an act of love and social transformation; (c) continuous search for space and social recognition, (d) pandemic as an imbalance of life and profession and (e) digital teachers as a new reality. Conclusion The reiteration of the teachers' commitment and motivation in the face of the imposed challenges, the need for adaptation and resilience and a change in perspective in the self-image and perception of social appreciation in relation to teaching work stand out.

A pandemia da COVID-19 acarretou isolamento social e fechamento das escolas como medidas para conter sua propagação. Fundamentado na fenomenologia, o presente estudo objetivou conhecer e compreender os sentidos e significados que 10 professoras, de Ensino Fundamental, atribuíram ao seu trabalho em meio à pandemia da COVID-19. Método Encontros dialógicos foram realizados com cada participante, gerando Narrativas Compreensivas. Resultados Os resultados foram organizados em cinco elementos significativos: (a) realização de um sonho de infância decorrente da influência de pessoas significativas; (b) docência como um ato de amor e de transformação social; (c) busca contínua por espaço e reconhecimento social, (d) pandemia como desequilíbrio de vida e profissão e (e) professores digitais como uma nova realidade. Conclusão Destaca-se a reiteração do compromisso, e a motivação das professoras, frente aos desafios impostos e as necessidades de adaptação e resiliência, assim como uma mudança de perspectiva na autoimagem e percepção da valorização social em relação ao trabalho docente.

Tarefa Escolar: Suporte parental e desempenho nas funções executivas / Homework: Parental support and performance in executive functions

As funções executivas (FEs) são um conjunto de habilidades mentais que permitem ao indivíduo regular o comportamento e o pensamento com o objetivo de atingir metas. Na relação entre pais e filhos as práticas parentais de suporte têm fator de impacto positivo no desenvolvimento das FEs. Dentre as atividades comuns à criança, a tarefa escolar, quando mediada pelo suporte parental, pode ter relação com o funcionamento executivo infantil. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi verificar a associação entre o suporte oferecido por pais na tarefa escolar e o desempenho nas FEs nucleares (controle inibitório, memória de trabalho e flexibilidade cognitiva) de seu filho. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório de abordagem quantitativa. Participaram 62 díades de pais e sua criança, com idades entre 7 e 9 anos, alunos de duas escolas particulares. Os pais responderam ao Questionário de Suporte Parental, enquanto as FEs das crianças foram avaliadas por três instrumentos: Tarefa de Fluência Verbal Livre, Escala Wechsler de Inteligência para Crianças - Subteste Dígitos, Teste dos Cinco Dígitos e Neupsilin-Inf - Subteste Span de Pseudopalavras. Os resultados da Análise de Correlação de Pearson entre o suporte parental e as FEs indicaram correlação significativa e positiva, embora de baixa magnitude, entre organização e flexibilidade cognitiva e correlação negativa entre planejamento e flexibilidade cognitiva. Discute-se a possibilidade de que a qualidade, em detrimento da frequência do suporte parental durante a realização da tarefa escolar, tenha maior impacto no funcionamento executivo das crianças.

Executive functions (EFs) are a set of mental abilities that allow the individual to regulate behavior and thinking to achieve goals. In the relationship between parents and children, supportive parenting practices positively impact the development of EFs. Among the activities common to children, homework, when mediated by parental support, may be related to children's executive functioning. The objective of this research was to verify the association between the support offered by parents in the homework and the performance in the core EFs (inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility) of their child. This is an exploratory study with a quantitative approach. The participants were 62 dyads of parents and their children, aged between 7 and 9 years, students from two private schools. Parents answered the Parental Support Questionnaire while the children's EFs were assessed by three instruments: Free Verbal Fluency Task, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Digits Subtest, Five Digits Test, and Neupsilin-Inf - Pseudowords Span Subtest. The results of Pearson's Correlation Analysis between parental support and EFs indicate significant and positive correlation, although of low magnitude, between organization and cognitive flexibility and negative correlation between planning and cognitive flexibility. It is discussed the possibility that quality, to the detriment of the frequency of parental support during homework, has a greater impact on children's executive functioning.

Desempenho acadêmico no primeiro e terceiro anos escolares: um estudo preditivo / Academic performance in first and third grades: a predictive study / Rendimiento académico en el primer y tercer grados: un estudio predictivo

Os anos iniciais do ensino fundamental são essenciais para o aprimoramento de habilidades sociais e aca-dêmicas. Este estudo teve como objetivos predizer o desempenho acadêmico no terceiro ano do ensino fundamental com base em estressores escolares, habilidades sociais e problemas de comportamento e desempenho acadêmico no primeiro ano e verificar mudanças e estabilidades das variáveis investigadas do primeiro para o terceiro ano e associações. Participaram do estudo 43 alunos do primeiro ano, com média de idade de 6 anos, e do terceiro ano, com uma média de 8 anos de idade, e oito professores do primeiro ano e sete do terceiro ano. A pesquisa foi realizada em escolas públicas do interior paulista. Adotaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Provinha Brasil, Inventário de Estressores Escolares e Social Skills Rating System. Estressores escolares e desempenho acadêmico no primeiro ano foram preditores do desempenho acadê-mico no terceiro. Os alunos apresentaram ganhos em desempenho acadêmico, habilidades sociais e redu-ção de problemas de comportamento, com associações significativas entre as variáveis. Estudos preditivos contribuem para elaboração de programas de prevenção.

The early years of elementary school are essential for improving social and academic skills. This study aimed to predict academic performance in the 3rd year of elementary school based on school stressors, social skills and behavior problems, and academic performance in the 1st year and verify changes and stability of the investigated variables from the 1st to the 3rd year and associations. The study included 43 1st-year students with an average age of 6 years and 3rd-year 8-year-olds, and eight 1st-year teachers and seven 3rd-year teachers. The research was carried out in public schools in the interior of São Paulo. The following instruments were adopted: Provinha Brasil, School Stressors Inventory, and Social Skills Rating System. School stressors and academic performance in the 1st year were predictors of academic performance in the 3rd Students showed gains in academic performance, social skills, and reduction in behavior problems, with significant associations between variables. Predictive studies contribute to the development of prevention programs

Los primeros años de la escuela primaria son esenciales para mejorar las habilidades sociales y académicas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo predecir el rendimiento académico en el tercer año de la escuela primaria a partir de los estresores escolares, las habilidades sociales y los problemas de conducta y el rendimiento académico en el primer año, y verificar los cambios y la estabilidad de las variables investigadas del primer al tercer año y asociaciones. El estudio incluyó a 43 estudiantes del primer año con una edad promedio de 6 años y del tercero de 8 años, y ocho maestros de primer año y siete maestros de tercer año. La investi-gación se llevó a cabo en escuelas públicas del interior de São Paulo. Fueron adoptados los siguientes instrumentos: Provinha Brasil, Inventario de Estresores Escolares y Social Skills Rating System. Los estresores escolares y el rendimiento académico en el primer año fueron predictores del rendimiento académico en el tercero. Los estudiantes mostraron mejoras en el rendimiento académico, las habilidades sociales y la re-ducción del comportamiento problemático, con asociaciones significativas entre las variables. Los estudios predictivos contribuyen al desarrollo de programas de prevención.

Habilidades sociais e qualidade de vida de professores do ensino fundamental / Social skills and quality of life of elementary school teachers / Habilidades sociales y calidad de vida de los maestros de escuela primaria

As habilidades sociais são reconhecidas como fatores de proteção para saúde e qualidade de vida, o que teoricamente se aplica a professores, cujas condições de trabalho são reconhecidamente precárias. Este estudo analisou indicadores de qualidade de vida (QV) e de habilidades sociais (HS) de professores, levando em conta variáveis sociodemográficas que poderiam moderar essa relação. Participaram 85 professoras do 1º ao 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de escolas públicas do interior paulista, que completaram o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais (IHS-Del-Prette-2016), o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida (WHOQOL-abreviado) e dois questionários sociodemográficos. Verificou-se uma correlação positiva entre HS e QV, com as variáveis idade, formação, experiência docente e classe socioeconômica mostraram-se moderadoras dessa relação. São discutidas limitações, bem como implicações dos resultados para pesquisas futuras. (AU)

Social skills are recognized as protective factors for health and quality of life, which theoretically applies to teachers whose working conditions are admittedly of low quality. This study analyzed indicators of quality of life (QoL) and social skills (HS) of teachers, taking into account sociodemographic variables that could moderate this relation. Participants included 85 teachers of 1st to 5th grade students, working in public schools in the interior of São Paulo, who completed the Social Skills Inventory (IHS-Del-Prette-2016), the Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-abbreviated) and two questionnaires sociodemographic. A positive correlation between HS and QV was verified, with age, training, teaching experience and socioeconomic level moderating this relationship. Limitations are discussed as well as implications of the results for future research. (AU)

Las habilidades sociales se reconocen como factores protectores de la salud y la calidad de vida, lo que teóricamente se aplica a los profesores cuyas condiciones de trabajo son ciertamente de baja calidad. Este estudio analizó indicadores de calidad de vida (CV) y habilidades sociales (HS) de los docentes, tomando en cuenta variables sociodemográficas que podrían moderar esta relación. Los participantes incluyeron 85 profesores de estudiantes de 1 ° a 5 ° grado, que trabajan en escuelas públicas del interior de São Paulo, quienes completaron el Inventario de Habilidades Sociales (IHS-DelPrette-2016), el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida (abreviado WHOQOL) y dos cuestionarios sociodemográficos. Se verificó una correlación positiva entre HS y CV, con las variables edad, formación, experiencia docente y clase socioeconómica moderando esta relación. Se discuten las limitaciones y las implicaciones de los resultados para futuras investigaciones. (AU)

Comparações do desempenho social de crianças submetidas à intervenção musicoterapêutica: estudo piloto / Comparisons of the social performance score of children undergoing music therapy intervention: pilot study / Comparaciones de la puntuación de desempeño social de los niños sometidos a una intervención de musicoterapia: estudio piloto

Este estudo comparou medidas de desempenho social em crianças integrantes de um programa de intervenção musicoterapêutica. Participaram sete crianças de idades entre sete a nove anos, sendo seis meninos e uma menina, e também seus pais. Os instrumentos utilizados foram SSRS para avaliar habilidades sociais e IMTAP, apenas o domínio social. Os resultados não apontaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as medidas avaliadas. Na reavaliação houve aumento nos escores pela IMTAP, já pelo SSRS houve diminuição nas habilidades sociais nas duas versões - crianças e pais, além de aumento nos escores dos comportamentos problemáticos. O relato dos pais indicou melhorias na emissão de comportamentos sociais adequados.

This study compared measures of social performance in children participating in a music therapy intervention program. Seven children aged between seven and nine years participated, six boys and one girl, as well as their parents. The instruments used were SSRS to assess social skills and IMTAP, only the social domain. The results did not show statistically significant differences between the measures evaluated. In the reassessment there was an increase in the scores by the IMTAP, on the other hand by the SSRS, there was a decrease in social skills in both versions - children and parents, in addition to an increase in scores problematic behavior. The parents' report indicated improvements in the emission of appropriate social behaviors.

Este trabajo comparó medidas de desempeño social em niños participaron em un programa de intervención de musicoterapia. Participaron siete niños de entre siete y nueve años, siendo seis niños y una niña, así como sus padres. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron SSRS para evaluar habilidades sociales e IMTAP, solo el dominio social. Los resultados no apuntaran a diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las medidas evaluadas. En la reevaluación, hubo un aumento em los puntajes por el IMTAP, por otro lado, por el SSRS, hubo una disminución en las habilidades sociales en ambas versiones, niños y padres, además de un aumento en los puntajes de comportamientos problemáticos. El informe de los padres indicó mejoras en la emisión de conductas sociales adecuadas.

Physical activity during recess in elementary schoolchildren in Belgium and Ecuador: The role of the physical environment at school.

To increase physical activity levels in children, knowledge on how school playgrounds can be optimally designed is important. Until now, the contribution of playground variety and greening to children's physical activity level during recess remains unclear. This study examined the associations of school playground variety and greening with energy expenditure (EE) in elementary school children in Ecuador and Belgium. Additionally, moderating effects of study site and gender were studied. Observational data were collected using SOPLAY in ten schools in East Flanders (Belgium) and Cuenca (Ecuador). Data were analysed with linear mixed-effects model analyses. Results showed that independent of study site, EE was higher in playground areas with less green elements, and a higher level of total variety. Primary surface was only associated with EE in boys, they were more active when an artificial surface was present. Implementation of loose equipment was somewhat more strongly positively associated with EE in Ecuadorian than in Belgian children. Because of the well-known restorative effects of green elements, we do not wish to suggest that less greening should be implemented at schools. However, ideally green spaces should be designed in a way that active play is stimulated by combining green elements with other improvements.