Tuberculosis multirresistente en Colombia, 2013-2018: estudio de casos y controles / Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Colombia, 2013-2018: Case-control study

INTRODUCTION: Multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) is difficult to control, has high morbidity and mortality, and demands priority public health intervention. In Colombia, MDR/RR-TB has been becoming more widespread annually. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, over an 8-year period, the number of cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Colombia was close to a thousand cases. Timely identification of the different risk factors for MDR/RR-TB will contribute fundamentally to the systematic management. OBJECTIVE: To determine which risk factors were associated with the presentation of MDR in Colombia between 2013 and 2018. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was carried out, for which the data from the routine surveillance of MDR/events in the country were used. RESULTS: The cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis were mainly in young people, Afrodescendants, and males. Of the clinical conditions, comorbidities such as malnutrition, diabetes, and HIV, presence of at least one factor, such as drug dependence, taking immunosuppressive medications, belonging to the black race, afro, and living in an area of high disease burden were risk factors. CONCLUSION: In addition to the diagnosis and timely provision of MDR-TB treatment, it is necessary that public health programs at the local level pay special attention to patients with the identified risk factors.

Introducción: La tuberculosis multirresistente-resistente a la rifampicina (TB-MDR/RR) es difícil de controlar, tiene una alta morbilidad y mortalidad y exige una intervención prioritaria en salud pública. En Colombia, la TB-MDR/RR se ha ido extendiendo cada año. Antes de la pandemia de COVID-19, en un periodo de 8 años, el número de casos de TB-MDR/RR en Colombia se acercaba a los mil. La identificación oportuna de los diferentes factores de riesgo de TB-MDR/RR contribuirá de manera fundamental al manejo sistemático de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo que se asociaron a la presentación de la TBMDR/RR en Colombia entre 2013 y 2018. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles, para el cual se utilizaron los datos de la vigilancia rutinaria de eventos de TB MDR/RR en el país. Resultados: Los casos de TB MDR se presentaron principalmente en jóvenes, afrodescendientes y varones. De las condiciones clínicas, fueron factores de riesgo las comorbilidades como la desnutrición, la diabetes y el VIH, y la presencia de, al menos, un factor como la farmacodependencia, el consumo de medicamentos inmunosupresores, el ser de raza negra o afro y el vivir en una zona del país de alta carga de tuberculosis. Conclusiones: Además del diagnóstico y la provisión oportuna del tratamiento de la TB MDR, es necesario que los programas de salud pública a nivel local presten especial atención a los pacientes con los factores de riesgo identificados.

Formación en bioética: adaptación de actividades en forma remota / Bioethics teaching: adapting activities for remote education / Formação em bioética: adaptação das atividades para a forma remota

Resumen El equipo de formación en bioética de carreras sanitarias en la Universidad de O´Higgins, Chile, diseña sus cursos según las necesidades locales. Se realiza una investigación cualitativa tomando la cohorte de ingreso de 2018 cuyo propósito fue identificar las necesidades formativas en bioética de la comunidad local para el rediseño de los cursos. Los cursos impartidos en tres años consecutivos cambian el primer semestre del 2020 debido a la crisis sanitaria. Esta reflexión revisa si la participación, producción colectiva y cuestionamiento se conservan como logro de los propósitos formativos en los cursos impartidos presencial. Dada la contingencia y los resultados obtenidos, se modifica el programa y diseño presencial a uno virtual, puesto que se han conocido los requerimientos estudiantiles. De la experiencia docente sistematizada y presentada, se concluye que aún frente a la situación de contingencia sanitaria se alcanzan los objetivos para la formación en bioética.

Abstract Bioethics professors from health programs at O'Higgins University, Chile, structure their courses based on local needs. A qualitative study was conducted with undergraduates, first-years in 2018, to identify the bioethics teaching needs of the local community for program reformulation. Courses taught for three consecutive years underwent changes in the first semester of 2020 due to the sanitary crisis. This article analyzes whether participation, collective production and questioning were preserved as an achievement of in-person teaching purposes. Given the context and the results obtained, program and project underwent changes when translated into the virtual modality, since student needs were known. The teaching experiences presented allow us to conclude that the bioethics teaching objectives were met despite the sanitary emergency.

Resumo A equipe de formação em bioética dos cursos da área da saúde da Universidade de O'Higgins, Chile, estrutura seus cursos de acordo com as necessidades locais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com a participação de ingressantes de 2018 para identificar as necessidades de formação em bioética da comunidade local para a reformulação dos cursos. Os cursos ministrados em três anos consecutivos sofreram alteração no primeiro semestre de 2020 devido à crise sanitária. Esta reflexão analisa se a participação, a produção coletiva e o questionamento foram preservados como uma conquista dos propósitos de formação nos cursos ministrados presencialmente. Dada a circunstância e os resultados obtidos, o programa e projeto foi alterado da modalidade presencial para a virtual, uma vez que se conheceram as necessidades dos alunos. A partir da experiência docente apresentada, conclui-se que, mesmo diante da situação de emergência sanitária, os objetivos da formação em bioética foram alcançados.

Estudio de caso control en amenaza de parto pretermino y sus factores de riesgo en gestantes en un hospital de referencia del Peru durante la pandemia COVID-19

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la relación entre la amenaza de parto pretermino y sus factores de riesgo en gestantes atendidas en un hospital de referencia del Perú durante la pandemia covid-19, con énfasis en la infección de tracto urinario. Se realizó un diseño de tipo casos y controles no emparejado, con una muestra representativa, con un tamaño muestral de 92 casos y 92 controles por muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para la infección de tracto urinario y la amenaza de parto pretermino para el cálculo del Odds Ratio e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Se reportó una asociación para la amenaza de parto pretermino con las variables gestante añosa 3.159 (IC95% 1.66 - 6.02), menos de seis controles prenatales 3.9 (IC95% 2.084 - 7.298), paridad 0.353 (IC95% 0.180 - 0.691), antecedente de parto pretermino 2.843 (IC95% 1.253 - 5.639) e infección de tracto urinario 2.843 (IC95% 1.253 - 5.639). Se concluye que la infección de tracto urinario se asocia a la amenaza de parto pretermino en gestantes atendidas en un hospital de referencia peruano.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to determine the relationship between the threat of preterm birth and its risk factors in pregnant women treated at a referral hospital in Peru during the covid-19 pandemic, with emphasis on urinary tract infection. An unpaired case-control type design was carried out, with a representative sample including 92 cases and 92 controls selected by simple random probabilistic sampling. A logistic regression model was carried out for urinary tract infection and threat of preterm birth for calculating the Odds Ratio and 95% confidence intervals. An association was reported for the threat of preterm birth with the variables: elderly pregnant woman 3.159 (95% CI 1.66 - 6.02), less than six prenatal controls 3.9 (95% CI 2.084 - 7.298), parity 0.353 (95% CI 0.180 - 0.691), history of preterm birth 2843 (95% CI 1253-5639) and urinary tract infection 2843 (95% CI 1253-5639). It is concluded that urinary tract infection is associated with the threat of preterm birth in pregnant women treated in a Peruvian reference hospital.

Índice neutrófilo-linfocito, relación plaquetas-linfocito y distribución de la anchura del eritrocito en pacientes con preeclampsia / Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, plateletto- lymphocyte ratio, and erythrocyte width distribution. and erythrocyte width distribution in patients with preeclampsia

Resumen OBJETIVO: Comparar el índice neutrófilo-linfocito, la relación plaquetas-linfocito y la distribución de la anchura del eritrocito de mujeres con preeclampsia con o sin criterios de severidad y los de mujeres sin ésta. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, de casos y controles, efectuado en mujeres con y sin preeclampsia atendidas entre enero y diciembre de 2019. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 70 mujeres con preeclampsia y 70 con embarazo sin esta complicación. El índice neutrófilo-linfocito fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres con preeclampsia (4.11 ± 2.76; IC95%: 3.47-4.75) que en las mujeres sin esta complicación (2.99 ± 1.6; IC95%: 2.62-3.36; p = 0.004), similar a la relación plaquetas-linfocitos (117.61 ± 47.53; IC95%:106.48-128.24 vs 97.64 ± 43.67; IC95%: 87.41-107.87; p = 0.006) y para la distribución de la anchura del eritrocito (14.46 ± 1.9; IC95%: 14.02-14.9 vs 13.56 ± 1.38; IC95%: 13-13.72; p = 0.0002). Ninguno de estos parámetros logró discriminar entre las pacientes con preeclampsia con o sin criterios de severidad. CONCLUSIÓN: Un índice neutrófilo-linfocito ≥ 5.1 y una relación plaquetas-linfocito ≥ 113.1 son capaces de discriminar de manera adecuada entre preeclampsia con o sin criterios de severidad.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio and erythrocyte width distribution, of women with preeclampsia with or without severity criteria and those of women without. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective case-control study in 70 women with preeclampsia and 70 with normal pregnancy between January and December 2019. RESULTS: Seventy women with preeclampsia and 70 with pregnancy without this complication were studied. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher in women with preeclampsia (4.11 ± 2.76; 95%CI: 3.47-4.75), than in women with normal pregnancies (2.99 ± 1.6; 95%CI: 2.62-3.36; p = 0.004); which is similar for the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (117.61 ± 47.53, 95%CI: 106.48-128.24 vs 97.64 ± 43.67; 95%CI: 87.41-107.87; p = 0.006) and for the distribution of the width of the erythrocyte; (14.46 ± 1.9, CI95%: 14.02-14.9 vs 13.56 ± 1.38; CI95%: 13-13.72; p = 0.0002). None of these parameters was able to discriminate between patients with preeclampsia with or without severity criteria. A neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio ≥ 5.1 discriminates between women with a normal pregnancy and those with preeclampsia with or without severity criteria [area under the curve of 0.746, (95%CI: 0.664-0.827)], sensitivity 42%, specificity 91%, positive predictive value 82%, negative predictive value 60% and Odds Ratio 7.1 (95%CI: 2.7-18.6, p = 0.001). The platelet-lymphocyte ratio ≥ 113.4 can discriminate between women with a normal pregnancy and preeclampsia with or without severity criteria, with an area under the curve of 0.617 (95% CI 0.525-0.709). CONCLUSION: A neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio ≥ 5.1, and a platelet-lymphocyte ratio ≥ 113.1 are able to adequately discriminate between patients with normal pregnancy and those with preeclampsia with or without severity criteria.

Association between benzodiazepine use and development of dementia

Objective: To evaluate the association between use of benzodiazepines and incident dementia.MethodsAnalytical prospective nested case-control study for which the Spanish database for pharmacoepidemiological research in primary care (BIFAP) of the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS) was used. A total of 15,212 subjects diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer type and 62,397 controls were identified. Exposure was retrieved retrospectively with a 3-year lag time before the index date. Adjusted odd ratios (OR) were calculated.ResultsBenzodiazepines use increased the risk of suffering Alzheimer's disease (OR=1.05, 95% CI, 1.01–1.10). No statistical differences were shown between short-acting and long-acting drugs. The risk is more evident with longer exposure times.ConclusionsThere seems to be a weak association between benzodiazepine use and the development of dementia, the risk increases with greater exposure. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el uso de benzodiacepinas y la incidencia de demencia.MétodosEstudio analítico prospectivo de caso-control anidado, utilizando la base de datos española para investigación farmacoepidemiológica en atención primaria (BIFAP) de la Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS). Se identificó un total de 15.212 sujetos diagnosticados de demencia tipo Alzheimer, y 62.397 controles. Los datos sobre la exposición se recuperaron retrospectivamente con un lapso de tiempo de 3 años anterior a la fecha del índice. Se calcularon los odds ratios (OR) ajustados.ResultadosEl uso de benzodiacepinas incrementó el riesgo de padecer Alzheimer (OR=1,05; IC 95%, 1,01-1,10). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los fármacos de acción corta y acción prolongada. El riesgo es más evidente cuando se incrementan los tiempos de exposición.ConclusionesParece existir una débil asociación entre el uso de benzodiacepinas y el desarrollo de demencia, incrementándose el riesgo cuando se aumenta la exposición. (AU)

Association between benzodiazepine use and development of dementia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between use of benzodiazepines and incident dementia. METHODS: Analytical prospective nested case-control study for which the Spanish database for pharmacoepidemiological research in primary care (BIFAP) of the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS) was used. A total of 15,212 subjects diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer type and 62,397 controls were identified. Exposure was retrieved retrospectively with a 3-year lag time before the index date. Adjusted odd ratios (OR) were calculated. RESULTS: Benzodiazepines use increased the risk of suffering Alzheimer's disease (OR=1.05, 95% CI, 1.01-1.10). No statistical differences were shown between short-acting and long-acting drugs. The risk is more evident with longer exposure times. CONCLUSIONS: There seems to be a weak association between benzodiazepine use and the development of dementia, the risk increases with greater exposure.

Cambios morfológicos en las placentas de pacientes con preeclampsia o restricción del crecimiento intrauterino e interpretación de los desenlaces perinatales / Morphological changes in placentas of patients with preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction and interpretation of perinatal outcomes

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar las diferencias morfológicas macro y microscópicas en las placentas de pacientes con preeclampsia o restricción del crecimiento intrauterino con las de pacientes sanas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles, retrospectivo, observacional y comparativo. Se revisaron las bases de datos del servicio de Medicina Materno Fetal del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer) de febrero de 2018 a marzo de 2020 en busca de pacientes con embarazo único y diagnóstico de preeclampsia temprana o restricción del crecimiento temprano y finalización del embarazo en el INPer. El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo en el programa estadístico SPSS versión 25. Las variables categóricas se compararon entre grupos con χ2 y los resultados se representaron en porcentajes. Para la evaluación estadística analítica se utilizó ANOVA para una muestra independiente para contrastar las asociaciones entre las diversas variables. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 52 pacientes que se dividieron en: grupo 1: preeclampsia temprana sin restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (n = 13), grupo 2: preeclampsia y restricción del crecimiento intrauterino temprano (n = 13), grupo 3: restricción del crecimiento intrauterino temprano (n = 13) y grupo 4 (control) pacientes sanas (n = 13). Se demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el peso de la placenta, con un valor de p < 0.05 pero sin diferencia en el diámetro del cordón umbilical entre los cuatro grupos. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio histopatológico placentario es una oportunidad para obtener información detallada de la base fisiopatológica de la enfermedad y, así, ofrecer una asesoría y seguimiento preciso a la paciente y al neonato.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the macro and microscopic morphologic differences in placentas of patients with preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction with those of healthy patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational and comparative case-control study. The databases of the Maternal Fetal Medicine service of the National Institute of Perinatology (INPer) from February 2018 to March 2020 were reviewed for patients with singleton pregnancy and diagnosis of early preeclampsia or early growth restriction and termination of pregnancy at the INPer. Data analysis was performed in the statistical program SPSS version 25. Categorical variables were compared between groups with χ2 and the results were represented in percentages. For the analytical statistical evaluation, ANOVA for an independent sample was used to contrast the associations between the various variables. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were included and divided into: group 1: early preeclampsia without intrauterine growth restriction (n = 13), group 2: preeclampsia and early intrauterine growth restriction (n = 13), group 3: early intrauterine growth restriction (n = 13) and group 4 (control) healthy patients (n = 13). A statistically significant difference in placental weight was demonstrated, with a p value < 0.05 but no difference in umbilical cord diameter among the four groups. CONCLUSIONS: Placental histopathologic study is an opportunity to obtain detailed information on the pathophysiologic basis of the disease and thus provide accurate counseling and follow-up to the patient and neonate.

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Process Research: A quick ride through what you should know about process (research).

This paper gives an overview of psychoanalytic process research, which brings to light the complexity of psychotherapy sessions. This complexity is so rich that many instruments intended to make the process measurable failed in the past because they initially used a strategy of complexity reduction. This method however did not help to further our understanding of the complexity involved. Three former presidents of the Society for Psychotherapy Research (Stiles, Hill, Elliot 2015) decided to solve the following equivalence paradox: many therapies work successfully though they all follow different theories, produce a heterogeneity of processes and often enough a misfit between what theories maintain to be a good process and their realization in the treatment room. As theories are often compared to maps, a driver would wonder which route to take. But therapists-as-drivers go undaunted - and nevertheless achieve their goals together with their patients. Norcross and Wampold (2018) found that good therapists invent new therapies with every new patient. They hypothesize that it is because of conversation. This is in accord with the 3 former presidents' proposal to return to detailed single case analyses including the micro-analytic power of conversation analysis of which a few insights are outlined in this article.

Cet article donne une vue d'ensemble de la recherche sur le processus psychanalytique, qui met en lumière la complexité des séances de psychothérapie. Cette complexité est si riche que dans le passé beaucoup d'instruments conçus pour rendre le processus mesurable ont échoué parce qu'initialement une stratégie de réduction de la complexité était utilisée. Cette méthode n'a cependant pas aidé à améliorer notre compréhension de la complexité en question. Trois anciens présidents de la Société pour la Recherche en Psychothérapie (Stiles, Hill, Elliot 2015) décidèrent de résoudre le paradoxe de l'équivalence suivante: beaucoup de thérapies fonctionnent avec succès bien qu'elles suivent des théories diverses, elles produisent une hétérogénéité de processus et assez souvent une inadéquation entre ce que les théories entendent par bon processus et leur concrétisation dans la salle de consultation. Comme les théories sont souvent comparées à des cartes, un conducteur se demanderait quelle route prendre. Mais les thérapeutes-en-tant-que-conducteurs avancent imperturbables - et atteignent pourtant leurs objectifs, en coopération avec leurs patients. Norcross et Wampold (2018) ont trouvé que les bons thérapeutes inventent de nouvelles thérapies avec chaque nouveau patient. Ils font l'hypothèse que cela est dû à la conversation. Ceci va dans le sens de la proposition des trois anciens présidents de revenir aux analyses détaillées de cas uniques ce qui comprend la puissance micro-analytique de l'analyse conversationnelle dont quelques aperçus sont exposés dans cet article.

El presente trabajo ofrece una reseña de un proceso de investigación en psicoanálisis, el cual da cuenta de la complejidad de las sesiones psicoterapéuticas. Esta complejidad es de tanta riqueza que muchos instrumentos con los que se intentó medir el proceso, en el pasado, fracasaron utilizaron inicialmente una estrategia que reducía la complejidad. Este método sin embargo no ayudó a promover nuestra compresión sobre la complejidad allí implicada. Tres ex presidentes de la Sociedad para la Investigación de Psicoterapia (Stiles, Hill, Elliot 2015) decidieron resolver la siguiente paradoja de equivalencia: muchas terapias trabajan con éxito aunque siguen diversas teorías, producen una heterogeneidad de procesos y bastante a menudo un desajuste entre lo que las teorías sostienen que es un buen proceso y su realización en el consultorio. Si se compara a las teorías con los mapas, un conductor se preguntaría que ruta tomar. Pero los terapeutas-como-conductores impertérritos - logran no obstante sus metas junto con sus pacientes. Norcross y Wampold (2018) encontraron que los buenos terapeutas inventan nuevas terapias con cada nuevo paciente. Ellos hipotetizaron que era debido a la conversación. Esto se encuentra en sintonía con las propuesta de los tres ex presidentes de retornar al análisis del caso único detallado incluyendo el potencial micro-analítico del análisis conversacional del cual se subrayan algunos insights en el presente artículo.

Impacto del Material Particulado aéreo (MP 2, 5 ) sobre las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias en niños: estudio caso-control alterno / Impact of Particulate Matter (PM 2, 5 ) and children's hospitalizations for respiratory diseases: a case cross-over study

INTRODUCCIÓN: Santiago de Chile con 7 millones de habitantes alcanza elevados niveles de contaminación atmosférica en invierno, el material particulado habitualmente excede los estándares de la OMS. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la influencia de la contaminación atmosférica por material particulado en las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias en niños, entre 2001 y 2005 en la Región Metropolitana de Chile, independientemente de la presencia ambiental de virus sincicial respiratorio (VRS). MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: 72.479 hospitalizaciones públicas y privadas por enfermedades respiratorias de niños menores de 15 años residentes en la región del estudio se analizaron con un diseño de caso control alternante, con estratificación temporal. Se evaluó principalmente: hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias (J00-J99), neumonía (J12-J18); asma (J21.0 - J21.9) y bronquiolitis (J45 - J46). Recopilándose diariamente temperatura, MP10, MP2,5, ozono, virus respiratorios (VRS) y humedad ambientales. RESULTADOS: Los promedios de MP10 y MP2,5 fueron 81,5 y 41,2 pg/m3 respectivamente. El promedio de temperatura fue 12,8 °C y de la humedad del aire 72,6 %. Un aumento de 10 pg/m3 de MP25 con 1 y 2 días de rezago se asoció con un incremento de las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias cercano a 2%, este porcentaje aumentó a 5% cuando la exposición fue con 8 días de rezago, reflejando sinergismo entre material particulado y virus respiratorio (VRS). CONCLUSIÓN: La exposición breve a contaminación atmosférica puede provocar hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias en niños.

INTRODUCTION: With seven million inhabitants, Santiago de Chile reaches high levels of air pollution in winter, the particulate matter usually exceeds WHO standards. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of air pollution caused by particulate matter on children's hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases between 2001 and 2005 in the Metropolitan Region of Chile, independently from the environmental presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). MATERIAL AND METHOD: 72,479 public and private hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases of children under 15 years of age residing in the study region were analyzed using a time-stratified alternating case-control design. The main evaluations were: hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases (J00-J99), pneumonia (J12-J18); asthma (J21.0 - J21.9), and bronchiolitis (J45 - J46). Daily compilation of temperature data, PM10, PM2,5, ozone, respiratory virus (RSV), and environmental humidity. RESULTS: Mean values of PM10 and PM2.5 were 81.5 and 41.2 pg/m3 respec tively. The average temperature was 12.8 °C and air humidity 72.6%. An increase of 10 pg/m3 of PM25 with one and two days of lag was associated with an hospitalizations increase due to respiratory diseases close to 2%, this percentage increased to 5% when the exposure was with eight days of lag, reflecting synergism between particulate matter and respiratory viruses (RSV). CONCLUSION: Short air pollution exposure can lead to children's hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases.

Limits of monetization in protecting ecosystem services.

The monetary valuation of ecosystem services is gaining traction in policy and business communities. Several tools and decision-making processes have been proposed, including criteria to assess the appropriateness of using monetary valuation for biodiversity conservation outcomes. These criteria include measures such as scale, uniqueness, and threat. We used case studies of monetization projects for which the outcomes were measured to explore the limitations and application of these criteria. There was limited evidence of the effectiveness of such schemes. The majority of the schemes were established in areas where the criteria specifically excluded their use in isolation. Thus, although some aspects of monetization may be beneficial for biodiversity conservation, these schemes were not being used appropriately and require some quantitative minimum (or maximum) measurements to be applied through additional policy or governance measures to ensure biodiversity conservation outcomes.

Making habitat connectivity a reality.

Although a plethora of habitat-connectivity plans exists, protecting and restoring connectivity through on-the-ground action has been slow. We identified challenges to and opportunities for connectivity conservation through a literature review of project implementation, a workshop with scientists and conservation practitioners, 3 case studies of connectivity projects, and interviews with conservation professionals. Connectivity challenges and solutions tended to be context specific, dependent on land-ownership patterns, socioeconomic factors, and the policy framework. Successful connectivity implementation tended to be associated with development and promotion of a common vision among diverse sets of stakeholders, including nontraditional conservation actors, such as water districts and recreation departments, and with communication with partners and the public. Other factors that lead to successful implementation included undertaking empirical studies to prioritize and validate corridors and the identification of related co-benefits of corridor projects. Engaging partners involved in land management and planning, such as nongovernmental conservation organizations, public agencies, and private landowners, is critical to effective strategy implementation. A clear regulatory framework, including unambiguous connectivity conservation mandates, would increase public resource allocation, and incentive programs are needed to promote private sector engagement. Connectivity conservation must move more rapidly from planning to implementation. We provide an evidence-based solution composed of key elements for successful on-the-ground connectivity implementation. We identified the social processes necessary to advance habitat connectivity for biodiversity conservation and resilient landscapes under climate change.

Multiple case study applied in nursing research: a case report / Estudio de casos múltiples aplicado en la investigación de enfermería: relato de experiencia / Estudo de casos múltiplos aplicado na pesquisa de enfermagem: relato de experiência

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the experience of using the method of multiple case study. Method: We used the method of multiple case study, conducted with children and adolescents assisted in the pediatric oncology inpatient unit. Results: The steps used for the development of a multiple case study were: Step 1 - Define and design; Step 2 - Prepare, collect and analyze; Step 3 - Analyze and complete. The steps included the development of a research project with the definition of its components, preparation of protocol for the case study, data collection, individual report of cases, data analysis and final report with data cross-referencing. Conclusion: The case study method can be used by nurses and contribute to the advancement in knowledge of nursing as a science and therefore contribute to a full care practice in the context in which the phenomenon happens.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Relatar la experiencia sobre la utilización del método de estudio de casos múltiples. Método: Se utilizó del método de estudio de casos múltiples, realizado junto a niños y adolescentes asistidos en la unidad de internación de la oncopediatría. Resultados: Las etapas utilizadas para el desarrollo de un estudio de casos múltiples fueron: Etapa 1 - Definir y proyectar; Etapa 2 - Preparar, recoger y analizar; Etapa 3 - Analizar y concluir. Las etapas contemplaron la elaboración del proyecto de investigación con la definición de sus componentes, la elaboración del protocolo para el estudio de caso, la recogida de datos, el informe individual de los casos, el análisis de los datos y el informe final con el cruce de los datos. Conclusión: El método de estudio de caso puede ser utilizado por los enfermeros y aportar para el avance en el conocimiento de la enfermería como ciencia y consecuentemente aportar para una práctica de cuidado integral en el contexto en que el fenómeno ocurre.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar a experiência sobre a utilização do método de estudo de casos múltiplos. Método: Utilizou-se do método de estudo de casos múltiplos, realizado junto a crianças e adolescentes assistidos na unidade de internação da oncopediatria. Resultados: As etapas utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de um estudo de casos múltiplos foram: Etapa 1 - Definir e projetar; Etapa 2 - Preparar, coletar e analisar; Etapa 3 - Analisar e concluir. As etapas contemplaram a elaboração do projeto de pesquisa com a definição dos seus componentes, elaboração do protocolo para o estudo de caso, coleta de dados, relatório individual dos casos, análise dos dados e relatório final com cruzamento dos dados. Conclusão: O método de estudo de caso pode ser utilizado por enfermeiros e contribuir para o avanço no conhecimento da enfermagem como ciência e consequentemente contribuir para uma prática de cuidado integral no contexto em que o fenômeno acontece.

La reanimación cardiopulmonar desde la experiencia del estudiante: estudio de caso / Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Experience from Student: Case Study / Ressuscitação cardiopulmonar desde a experiência do estudante: estudo de caso

Introducción: la reanimación es un momento de cuidado que en el profesional de enfermería genera sentimientos y emociones para los cuales no se está preparado, debido a que la formación está centrada en el componente teórico-práctico. Esta situación es similar a la del estudiante. Objetivo: describir la experiencia del estudiante durante la reanimación cardiopulmonar, a fin de reconocer aspectos esenciales para la formación profesional. Materiales y método: abordaje cualitativo, fenomenológico, mediante un estudio de caso. Para recolectar y analizar la información se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada y la observación, que se registró en notas de campo. Resultados: las categorías que surgieron del análisis se denominaron: conciencia de la subjetividad, apoyo del docente, cuestionamiento frente a la cotidianidad de la muerte en el equipo de salud, la vida como motivación y el resignificado de la muerte. Se contrastaron los resultados de la investigación a la luz de la literatura. Conclusiones: el estudiante experimenta vivencias en las cuales aflora la subjetividad; la muerte es una de ellas y tiene mayor significado cuando se asume por primera vez, puesto que no se está preparado para abordarla. Ayudar a morir con dignidad y acompañar en el sufrimiento requiere formación, conocimiento y madurez, en el futuro profesional, dada la implicación emocional que genera. Por tanto, se deben propiciar espacios de reflexión en torno a estas situaciones críticas, preferiblemente desde las experiencias de los mismos estudiantes, para fortalecer los aspectos que hacen de esta una experiencia enriquecedora.

Introduction: Cardiopulmonary CPR resuscitation is a moment of care generated in the professional nursing feelings and emotions for which you are not prepared, because the training is focused on the theoretical and practical component; this situation is similar to the student. Aim: To describe the student experience during CPR, to recognize essential aspects for vocational training. Materials and Methods: A qualitative approach, phenomenological, through a case study. To collect and analyze information through semistructured interviews and observation was recorded in field notes was used. Results: The categories that emerged from the analysis were named: Awareness of subjectivity, teacher support, questioning face death every day in the health team, life as motivation and redefined death. The results of research in the light of the literature were contrasted. Conclusions: The student experiences where subjectivity comes out, death is one of them and has more meaning when it is assumed for the first time, since you are not prepared to address it. Helping to die with dignity and accompany suffering requires training, knowledge and maturity in the professional future, given the emotional involvement it generates. Therefore, should promote opportunities for reflection on these critical situations, preferably from the experiences of these students in order to strengthen the aspects that make this an enriching experience.

Introdução: a ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP) é um momento de cuidado que no professional de enfermagem gera sentimentos e emoções para as quais não está preparado, porque o treinamento é focado na teória e na prática. Objetivo: descrever a experiência do estudante durante a RCP, para reconhecer aspectos essenciais para a formação profissional. Materiais e métodos: abordagem qualitativa, fenomenológica, através de um estudo de caso. Para recolher e analisar a informação, nós usamos entrevistas e observação semi-estruturada que foi gravada em notas de campo. Resultados: as categorias que emergiram da análise foram nomeados: a consciência da subjetividade, apoio dos professores, questionando diante a cotidianidade da morte na equipe de saúde, a vida como motivação e o entendimento da morte. Os resultados da pesquisa foram comparados à luz da literatura. Conclusões: o estudante tem experiências onde a subjetividade emerge, a morte é uma delas e tem mais significado quando e assumida pela primeira vez, porque a pessoa não está preparada para enfrentá-lo. Ajudar a morrer com dignidade e acompanhar no sofrimento que exige formação, conhecimento e maturidade, no futuro profissional, dado o envolvimento emocional que ele gera. Portanto, ele deve promover espaços para a reflexão sobre estas situações críticas, de preferência a partir das experiências dos próprios alunos, a fim de reforçar os aspectos que tornam esta uma experiência enriquecedora.

Desarrollo de valores y actitudes a través de la clase de educación física / O desenvolvimento de valores e atitudes por meio da aula de educação física / Development of values and attitudes through physical education classes

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender las actitudes y valores que genera la Educación Física en los estudiantes de secundaria. Para ello se parte de conceptos claves como valores, actitudes y Educación Física. La investigación es cualitativa y se llevó a cabo a través de un diseño de estudio de caso en un instituto de Madrid-España; permitiendo una comprensión de las percepciones, emociones, vivencias y opiniones que tienen los estudiantes sobre los valores y actitudes que se generan en la clase de Educación Física. La información fue recolectada por medio de la observación y del grupo focal. Los resultados muestran, el compañerismo y la cooperación como los valores más importantes dentro de la práctica para los estudiantes; igualmente se evidenciaron actitudes y valores en relación con uno mismo y en relación a la asignatura.

The purpose of this study was to understand the attitudes and values promoted by Physical Education in High School students, based on key concepts like values, attitudes and Physical Education. It is a qualitative study conducted through a case study at a secondary education institution in Madrid, Spain. It allowed understanding students’ perceptions, emotions, experiences and opinions about the values and attitudes fostered by Physical Education. Data were obtained using observation and a focus group. Companionship and cooperation were found as the most important values for students in the practice. Likewise, results show students’ attitudes and values about themselves and the Physical Education class.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender as atitudes e os valores gerados pela Educação Física em estudantes do ensino médio. Para isso, partiu-se de conceitos chave como valores, atitudes e Educação Física. A pesquisa é qualitativa e foi realizada através de um projeto de estudo de caso em uma instituição de ensino de Madri, na Espanha. Isto permitiu uma compreensão das percepções, emoções, experiências e opiniões que os alunos têm sobre os valores e atitudes que são gerados na aula de Educação Física. As informações foram coletadas por meio de observação e grupo focal. Os resultados mostram companheirismo e cooperação como os valores mais importantes na prática para os alunos; também atitudes e valores em relação a si mesmos e em relação ao assunto eram evidentes.

"Tem que nascer já com aquele dom": vivências de uma jovem travesti / "You have to be born with that gift": experiences of a young travesti / "Tiene que haber nacido con ese don": experiencias de un joven travesti

O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi conhecer as vivências sociais, afetivas e sexuais de uma jovem travesti e compreender sua percepção sobre a identidade de gênero. Utilizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada. A análise deu-se a partir do referencial fenomenológico. A participante possui 22 anos, atua como profissional do sexo e diz não se sentir como um homem ou uma mulher, mas uma travesti. No que tange ao seu "mundo próprio", nota-se que a entrevistada evita e foge da angústia, o que dificulta que se conscientize de seus sentimentos e diminua sua capacidade para fazer integração existencial de suas escolhas. Isso parece impedi-la de assumir e de transformar seu "mundo próprio", mantendo pensamentos, sentimentos e condutas rígidos e com pouca mobilidade. O olhar do pesquisador deve ser o de acolher essa escuta e compreendê-la, com destaque para a potencialização de seus recursos.(AU)

The aim of this case study was to understand the social, emotional and sexual experiences of a young travesti and understand their perception of gender identity. We used a semistructured interview. The analysis was conducted from the phenomenological method. The participant has 22 years, acting as a sex worker and says not feel like a man or a woman, but a travesti. In terms of their "own world", there is evidence that has a lesser degree self-awareness, with less integrated existential choices. This seems to prevent her from taking over and transforming their "own world", keeping thoughts, feelings and behaviors and rigid with little mobility. The researcher should be to accommodate this listening and understand it, especially the enhancement of its resources.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las experiencias sociales, emocionales y sexuales de una joven travesti y comprender su percepción de la identidad de género. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada. Se realizó un análisis fenomenológico. La participante tiene 22 años, actúa como prostituta y dice que no se siente como un hombre o una mujer, sino un travesti. En su "propio mundo" hay evidencia de que tiene un menor grado de auto-conciencia, con opciones existenciales menos integrados. Esto parece evitar que se apoderen y transformar su "propio mundo", manteniendo pensamientos, sentimientos y comportamientos rígidos y con poca movilidad. La mirada del investigador debe ser para dar cabida a esta escucha y lo entiendo, sobre todo el aumento de sus recursos.(AU)

"Tem que nascer já com aquele dom": vivências de uma jovem travesti / "You have to be born with that gift": experiences of a young travesti / "Tiene que haber nacido con ese don": experiencias de un joven travesti

O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi conhecer as vivências sociais, afetivas e sexuais de uma jovem travesti e compreender sua percepção sobre a identidade de gênero. Utilizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada. A análise deu-se a partir do referencial fenomenológico. A participante possui 22 anos, atua como profissional do sexo e diz não se sentir como um homem ou uma mulher, mas uma travesti. No que tange ao seu "mundo próprio", nota-se que a entrevistada evita e foge da angústia, o que dificulta que se conscientize de seus sentimentos e diminua sua capacidade para fazer integração existencial de suas escolhas. Isso parece impedi-la de assumir e de transformar seu "mundo próprio", mantendo pensamentos, sentimentos e condutas rígidos e com pouca mobilidade. O olhar do pesquisador deve ser o de acolher essa escuta e compreendê-la, com destaque para a potencialização de seus recursos.

The aim of this case study was to understand the social, emotional and sexual experiences of a young travesti and understand their perception of gender identity. We used a semistructured interview. The analysis was conducted from the phenomenological method. The participant has 22 years, acting as a sex worker and says not feel like a man or a woman, but a travesti. In terms of their "own world", there is evidence that has a lesser degree self-awareness, with less integrated existential choices. This seems to prevent her from taking over and transforming their "own world", keeping thoughts, feelings and behaviors and rigid with little mobility. The researcher should be to accommodate this listening and understand it, especially the enhancement of its resources.

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las experiencias sociales, emocionales y sexuales de una joven travesti y comprender su percepción de la identidad de género. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada. Se realizó un análisis fenomenológico. La participante tiene 22 años, actúa como prostituta y dice que no se siente como un hombre o una mujer, sino un travesti. En su "propio mundo" hay evidencia de que tiene un menor grado de auto-conciencia, con opciones existenciales menos integrados. Esto parece evitar que se apoderen y transformar su "propio mundo", manteniendo pensamientos, sentimientos y comportamientos rígidos y con poca movilidad. La mirada del investigador debe ser para dar cabida a esta escucha y lo entiendo, sobre todo el aumento de sus recursos.

A multidisciplinary conceptualization of conservation opportunity.

An opportunity represents an advantageous combination of circumstances that allows goals to be achieved. We reviewed the nature of opportunity and how it manifests in different subsystems (e.g., biophysical, social, political, economic) as conceptualized in other bodies of literature, including behavior, adoption, entrepreneur, public policy, and resilience literature. We then developed a multidisciplinary conceptualization of conservation opportunity. We identified 3 types of conservation opportunity: potential, actors remove barriers to problem solving by identifying the capabilities within the system that can be manipulated to create support for conservation action; traction, actors identify windows of opportunity that arise from exogenous shocks, events, or changes that remove barriers to solving problems; and existing, everything is in place for conservation action (i.e., no barriers exist) and an actor takes advantage of the existing circumstances to solve problems. Different leverage points characterize each type of opportunity. Thus, unique stages of opportunity identification or creation and exploitation exist: characterizing the system and defining problems; identifying potential solutions; assessing the feasibility of solutions; identifying or creating opportunities; and taking advantage of opportunities. These stages can be undertaken independently or as part of a situational analysis and typically comprise the first stage, but they can also be conducted iteratively throughout a conservation planning process. Four types of entrepreneur can be identified (business, policy, social, and conservation), each possessing attributes that enable them to identify or create opportunities and take advantage of them. We examined how different types of conservation opportunity manifest in a social-ecological system (the Great Barrier Reef) and how they can be taken advantage of. Our multidisciplinary conceptualization of conservation opportunity strengthens and legitimizes the concept.

Modelo de atenção primária à saúde na Venezuela, misión barrio adentro I: 2003-2006 / Model of primary health care in Venezuela, misión barrio adentro I: 2003-2006 / Modelo de atención primaria de salud en Venezuela, misión barrio adentro I: 2003-2006

Este artigo descreve o modelo de atenção primária à saúde da Venezuela: Misión Barrio Adentro I. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso por meio de análise documental, roteiro de observação e entrevistas obtidas em campo durante os meses de julho e agosto de 2006. Os resultados mostram que a Misión Barrio Adentro está se estruturando rapidamente, com a construção de consultórios populares e desenvolvimento do Sistema Público Nacional de Saúde, que garantem referência e contrarreferência. O processo está baseado no trabalho em equipe, predominam atividades curativas, com desenvolvimento de atividades de prevenção e forte participação popular. Embora as metas estejam sendo atingidas, têm sido pouco documentadas. Este estudo permitiu ampliar o conhecimento acerca dos diferentes modelos de atenção primária em saúde implantados na América Latina, em um contexto de transformação social.

This article describes the model of primary health care in Venezuela: Misión Barrio Adentro I. This is a case study analyzing documents, observation guidelines, and interviews obtained in the field during the months of July and August, 2006. The results show that Misión Barrio Adentro is taking shape rapidly, with the construction of popular practices and the development of the National Public Health System, which ensure references and counterreferences. The process is based on teamwork, under which healing activities predominate, with prevention activities and strong community participation. Although the goals are being achieved, they have been poorly documented. This study allowed knowledge concerning the different models of primary health care deployed in Latin America in a context of social transformation to be enhanced.

Este artículo describe el modelo de atención primaria de la salud de Venezuela: Misión Barrio Adentro I. El método utilizado fue el estudio de caso a través del análisis documental, guía de observación y entrevistas obtenidas en campo, durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2006. Los resultados muestran que la Misión Barrio Adentro está tomando forma rápidamente, con la construcción de consultorios populares y el desarrollo del Sistema Público Nacional de Salud, que aseguran referencia y contrarreferencia. El proceso se basa en el trabajo en equipo, predominan las actividades curativas, con el desarrollo de actividades de prevención y fuerte participación popular. Aunque se están logrando las metas, éstas han sido poco documentadas. Este estudio permitió ampliar el conocimiento sobre los diferentes modelos de atención primaria de la salud implantados en América Latina, en un ámbito de transformación social.

Facomatosis pigmentovascularisasociada a síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay y a alopecia triangular: reporte de caso / Pigmentovascularis phacomatosis associated to Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and triangular alopecia: a case report

La facomatosis pigmentovascularis se caracteriza por la coexistencia de malformaciones vasculares cutáneas con nevus melanocíticos y hasta en un 50 % de los casos puede tener compromiso sistémico. El sistema de clasificación tradicional identificaba cinco categorías, numeradas del I al V de acuerdo a la presencia de cierto tipo de nevus, subdivididos en tipo a y b dependiendo de si existe o no compromiso sistémico. Más recientemente, Happle propone una nueva categorización basada en los hallazgos clínicos así: cesioflammea (mancha mongólica y nevus flammeus), spilorosea (nevus de Spilus y nevus telangiectásico) y cesiomarmorata (mancha mongólica y cutis marmorata telangiectásico congénita), siendo la primera la más común. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de tres años de edad, quien desde el nacimiento presentaba una malformación vascular capilar tipo nevus flammeus extenso, mancha mongólica, melanosis escleral e iris mamilado, una malformación venosa congénita localizada en la región suprapúbica, además de alopecia triangular, a quien se le hizo el diagnóstico inicial de facomatosis pigmentovascularis tipo cesioflammea y posteriormente se asoció a síndrome de Klippel Trenaunay.

Phacomatosis pigmentovascularis is a disorder characterized by cutaneous vascular malformations associated with melanocytic nevi: up to 50 % of patients have systemic involvement. The traditional classification system identifies 5 categories numbered from I to V according to the presence of certain types of nevi, and it subdivides the categories into type a and b, depending on whether or not systemic involvement is present. More recently, Happle proposed a new classification based on clinical findings as follows: cesioflammea (Mongolian spot and nevus flammeus), spilorosea (telangiectatic nevus and nevus Spilus) and cesiomarmorata (Mongolian spot and congenital telangiectatic cutis marmorata), the first one being the most common one. We present a case of a 3 year old male patient who presented at birth with a capillary vascular malformation, an extensive nevus flammeus, a Mongolian spot, scleral melanosis and mammilated iris, a suprapubic congenital venous malformation and triangular alopecia; he was diagnosed with cesioflammea phacomatosis pigmentovascularis that was later associated with Klippel Trenaunay Syndrome.

Meningioma intraventricular del trígono derecho: reporte de un caso / Intraventricular meningioma of the right trigone: a case report

Los meningiomas son tumores originados de las cubiertas aracnoideas. La localización intraventricular es rara especialmente los originados en el trígono ventricular derecho. Objetivo: reportar un caso de localización atípica de un meningioma intracraneal. Caso clínico: paciente femenina de 68 años con historia de crisis cerebrales focales y cefalea de un mes de evolución, los estudios de Resonancia Nuclear Magnética muestran una lesión localizada en el trígono derecho. Se realiza abordaje quirúrgico directo y excéresis total. El resultado patológico demostró un Meningioma fibroblástico. Conclusiones: El abordaje y excéresis de meningiomas intraventriculares puede ser llevado a cabo exitosamente y en ausencia de complicaciones importantes.

Meningiomas are tumors originated from arachnoidal membranes. Its intraventricular location is uncommon especially the originated in the right ventricular trigone. Objective: to report a case of atypical localization of intracranial meningioma. Case report: a female patient of 68-year old with history of focal brain crisis and headache of a month of evolution. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies show a lesion in the right trigone. Direct surgical approach and total exeresis was carried out. The pathological result showed a fibroblastic meningioma. Conclusions: the surgical approach and exeresis of intraventricular meningioma may be carried out successfully with no significant complications.