Associations among Financial Well-Being, Daily Relationship Tension, and Daily Affect in Two Adult Cohorts Separated by the Great Recession.

Financial well-being may be an important context for daily emotional reactivity to relationship tension (e.g., arguments) whose salience varies across historical time or as a function of exposure to economic downturns. This study investigated how emotional reactivity, operationalized as daily fluctuations in negative and positive affect associated with the occurrence of daily relationship tension, varied by financial well-being among those who were and were not exposed to the Great Recession of 2008. Two matched, independent subsamples of partnered individuals from the National Study of Daily Experiences completed identical 8-day diary protocols, one before the Great Recession (n = 587) and one after (n = 351). Individuals reported higher negative affect and lower positive affect on days when relationship tension occurred. Further, results indicated that negative affect reactivity, but not positive affect reactivity, was moderated by both financial well-being and cohort status. For the pre-recession cohort, negative affect reactivity was stronger among those with lower financial well-being. However, among the post-recession cohort, financial well-being did not moderate negative affect reactivity to relationship tension. Findings highlight the utility of considering major societal events, such as economic downturns, to understand variability in emotional reactivity to day-to-day relationship tension in the context of financial well-being, as the salience of financial well-being in the ways relationship tension and negative affect are related on a daily basis appears to vary by historical context.

Parenting-allocated time in families of the Ural Russian region: amounts and determinants / Tempo alocado para a paternidade em famílias da região Ural da Rússia: quantidades e determinantes / Tiempo asignado a la crianza en familias de la región Ural de Rusia: cantidades y determinantes

Abstract This study aims to measure the time allocated to child raising using parents' self-assessment and the criterion of subjective time sufficiency or insufficiency. We surveyed 545 Russian parents from the Ural region and used factor analysis to identify the main determinants that affect the self-assessment of time allocated to parenting. We found that parents in the Russian Ural region believe they do not spend enough time with their children. Reasons for the insufficient amount of time allocated to parenting are the following: overload of labor duties at home and at work, psychological causes of intergenerational interaction, external reasons − studies, poor health, the need to care for other relatives and so on.

Resumo Este estudo tenta medir o tempo alocado aos filhos por meio da autoavaliação dos pais e do critério de suficiência subjetiva ou tempo insuficiente. Foram pesquisados 545 pais russos da região dos Urais e utilizou-se a análise fatorial para identificar os principais determinantes que afetam a autoavaliação do tempo alocado pelos pais. Verificou-se que os pais nas regiões russas dos Urais têm uma opinião comum de que não passam tempo suficiente com seus filhos. As razões para o tempo insuficiente alocado à educação dos filhos são as seguintes: sobrecarga de tarefas em casa e no trabalho; causas psicológicas de interação intergeracional; e razões externas, como estudo, saúde precária e necessidade de cuidar de outros parentes.

Resumen Este estudio intenta medir el tiempo asignado a los niños por medio de la autoevaluación de los padres y del criterio de suficiencia subjetiva o de insuficiencia de tiempo. Se encuestaron 545 padres rusos de la región de los Urales y se usó el análisis factorial para identificar los principales determinantes que afectan la autoevaluación del tiempo asignado a la crianza de los hijos. Descubrimos que en las regiones rusas los padres tienen la opinión común de que no pasan suficiente tiempo con sus hijos. Las razones para la cantidad insuficiente de tiempo asignado a la crianza de los hijos son la sobrecarga de deberes laborales en el hogar y en el trabajo, causas psicológicas de la interacción intergeneracional, o razones externas como estudio, mala salud o necesidad de cuidar a otros familiares.

Genetic correlation of the plasma lipidome with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes and insulin resistance in Mexican American families.

BACKGROUND: Differential plasma concentrations of circulating lipid species are associated with pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Whether the wide inter-individual variability in the plasma lipidome contributes to the genetic basis of T2D is unknown. Here, we investigated the potential overlap in the genetic basis of the plasma lipidome and T2D-related traits. RESULTS: We used plasma lipidomic data (1202 pedigreed individuals, 319 lipid species representing 23 lipid classes) from San Antonio Family Heart Study in Mexican Americans. Bivariate trait analyses were used to estimate the genetic and environmental correlation of all lipid species with three T2D-related traits: risk of T2D, presence of prediabetes and homeostatic model of assessment - insulin resistance. We found that 44 lipid species were significantly genetically correlated with one or more of the three T2D-related traits. Majority of these lipid species belonged to the diacylglycerol (DAG, 17 species) and triacylglycerol (TAG, 17 species) classes. Six lipid species (all belonging to the triacylglycerol class and containing palmitate at the first position) were significantly genetically correlated with all the T2D-related traits. CONCLUSIONS: Our results imply that: a) not all plasma lipid species are genetically informative for T2D pathogenesis; b) the DAG and TAG lipid classes partially share genetic basis of T2D; and c) 1-palmitate containing TAGs may provide additional insights into the genetic basis of T2D.

Replication of genome-wide association study (GWAS) susceptibility loci in a Latino bipolar disorder cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous putative genetic polymorphisms associated with bipolar disorder (BD) and/or schizophrenia (SC). We hypothesized that a portion of these polymorphisms would also be associated with BD in the Latino American population. To identify such regions, we tested previously identified genetic variants associated with BD and/or SC and ancestral haploblocks containing these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a sample of Latino subjects with BD. METHODS: A total of 2254 Latino individuals were genotyped for 91 SNPs identified in previous BD and/or SC GWASs, along with selected SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium with these markers. Family-based single marker and haplotype association testing was performed using the PBAT software package. Empirical P-values were derived from 10 000 permutations. RESULTS: Associations of eight a priori GWAS SNPs with BD were replicated with nominal (P≤.05) levels of significance. These included SNPs within nuclear factor I A (NFIA), serologically defined colon cancer antigen 8 (SDCCAG8), lysosomal associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3), nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1), major histocompatibility complex, class I, B (HLA-B) and 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II (NT5C2) and SNPs within intragenic regions microRNA 6828 (MIR6828)-solute carrier family 7 member 14 (SLC7A14) and sonic hedgehog (SHH)-long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1006 (LINC01006). Of the 76 ancestral haploblocks that were tested for associations with BD, our top associated haploblock was located in LAMP3; however, the association did not meet statistical thresholds of significance following Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that some of the gene variants found to be associated with BD or SC in other populations are also associated with BD risk in Latinos. Variants in six genes and two intragenic regions were associated with BD in our Latino sample and provide additional evidence for overlap in genetic risk between SC and BD.

Caracterización clínica de familias costarricenses con trastorno afectivo bipolar / Clinical characterization of Costa Rican families with bipolar affective disorder

Justificación y objetivos: la heterogeneidad clínica del trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I constituye uno de los principales desafíos en el diagnóstico de dicha enfermedad. Se necesitan múltiples fuentes de información que permitan definir el perfil clínico, demográfico y comorbilidad con otras enfermedades psiquiátricas. El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las características clínicas, sociodemográficas y curso del trastorno, en familias costarricenses con uno o más miembros afectados. Métodos: se estudió a 167 pacientes con trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I, los cuales provenían de diferentes familias de Costa Rica. El diagnóstico clínico se llevó a cabo mediante el proceso de mejor estimado diagnóstico y caracterización clínica dimensional a través de la vida. El análisis estadístico incluyó regresión logística, así como curvas de sobrevivencia de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: 93 sujetos (55,7%) fueron mujeres. La edad promedio al momento de la entrevista fue de 43,25 (DE=13,90). De los probandos con edad de inicio de enfermedad posterior a 20 años, 24 (14,0%) familiares de primer grado tenían trastorno bipolar tipo I (x²=3,56, p=0,05); OR=1,7; 95% CI=1,2-2,7. La edad promedio de inicio para el trastorno por uso de sustancias en varones, fue 17 años (DE=0,4), versus 23 años (DE=3,2) para mujeres (x²=3.90, p=0.04). Varones con trastorno bipolar tipo y uso comórbido de sustancias presentaron menor edad de inicio de cualquier síntoma psiquiátrico, que aquellos sin TUS (x²=8,99, p=0,003). Conclusiones: el trastorno por uso de sustancias seguido por los trastornos de ansiedad, constituyen las condiciones comórbidas más frecuentes en el trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I. La edad de inicio más temprana de trastorno afectivo bipolar tipo I en probandos, se asocia con mayor número de afectados por dicho trastorno en familiares de primer grado.

Explanation and objectives: Clinical heterogeneity is one of the main challenges to diagnose bipolar disorder type I. Multiple sources of information are required to define comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, as well as the clinical and demographic characteristics of this mental disorder. The objective of this study is to analyze the socio-demographic, clinical and course characteristics of bipolar disorder type I in Costa Rican families with more than one member affected. Methods: A sample of 167 individuals with bipolar disorder type I from different families in Costa Rica was studied. The clinical diagnosis was carried out through a best estimate diagnostic procedure and a characterization of lifetime clinical dimensions. Logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Ninety-three subjects (55.7%) were females and the mean age at the time of the interview was 43.25 (SD=13.90). In the case of probands with age of onset for bipolar disorder type I after age 20 years, 24 (14.0%) first-degree relatives had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder type I (x2=3.56, p=0.05); OR=1.7; 95% CI=1.2-2.7. The median for age of onset of substance use disorder in males was 17 (SE=0.4) compared to 23 (SE=3.2) in females (x2=3.90, p=0.04). Bipolar disorder type I males with comorbid substance use disorder reported earlier age of onset of any psychiatric symptom than those without substance use disorder (x2=8.99, p=0.003). Conclusions: Substance use disorder, followed by anxiety disorders are the most prevalent comorbid conditions in bipolar disorder type I. Early onset of bipolar disorder type I in probands was associated with higher number of relatives suffering from bipolar disorder type I.

Shared genetic factors influence risk for bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorders.

Bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder (AUD) have a high rate of comorbidity, more than 50% of individuals with bipolar disorder also receive a diagnosis of AUD in their lifetimes. Although both disorders are heritable, it is unclear if the same genetic factors mediate risk for bipolar disorder and AUD. We examined 733 Costa Rican individuals from 61 bipolar pedigrees. Based on a best estimate process, 32% of the sample met criteria for bipolar disorder, 17% had a lifetime AUD diagnosis, 32% met criteria for lifetime nicotine dependence, and 21% had an anxiety disorder. AUD, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders were relatively more common among individuals with bipolar disorder than in their non-bipolar relatives. All illnesses were shown to be heritable and bipolar disorder was genetically correlated with AUD, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders. The genetic correlation between bipolar and AUD remained when controlling for anxiety, suggesting that unique genetic factors influence the risk for comorbid bipolar and AUD independent of anxiety. Our findings provide evidence for shared genetic effects on bipolar disorder and AUD risk. Demonstrating that common genetic factors influence these independent diagnostic constructs could help to refine our diagnostic nosology.