Effects of Age in Fecal Microbiota and Correlations with Blood Parameters in Genetic Nucleus of Cattle.

This study aimed to determine the impact of age on the fecal microbiota in the genetic nucleus of cattle, with a focus on microbial richness, composition, functional diversity, and correlations with blood parameters. Fecal and blood samples from 21 cattle were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Older cattle exhibited greater bacterial diversity and abundance, with significant changes in alpha diversity indices (p < 0.05). Beta diversity analysis revealed significant variations in microbial composition between age groups and the interaction of age and sex (p < 0.05). Correlations between alpha diversity, community composition, and hematological values highlighted the influence of microbiota on bovine health. Beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, were more abundant in older cattle, suggesting a role in gut health. Functional diversity analysis indicated that younger cattle had significantly more abundant metabolic pathways in fermentation and anaerobic chemoheterotrophy. These findings suggest management strategies including tailored probiotic therapies, dietary adjustments, and targeted health monitoring to enhance livestock health and performance. Further research should include comprehensive metabolic analyses to better correlate microbiota changes with age-related variations, enhancing understanding of the complex interactions between microbiota, age, and reproductive status.

Changes in the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients Undergoing Fecal Microbiota Transplantation.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function in which gut dysbiosis is involved. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be a promising alternative for restoring gut microbiota and treating CKD. This study evaluated the changes in CKD progression in patients treated with FMT. Patients with diabetes and/or hypertension with CKD clinical stages 2, 3, and 4 in this single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (NCT04361097) were randomly assigned to receive either FMT or placebo capsules for 6 months. Laboratory and stool metagenomic analyses were performed. A total of 28 patients were included (15 FMT and 13 placebo). Regardless of CKD stages, patients responded similarly to FMT treatment. More patients (53.8%) from the placebo group progressed to CKD than the FMT group (13.3%). The FMT group maintained stable renal function parameters (serum creatinine and urea nitrogen) compared to the placebo group. Adverse events after FMT treatment were mild or moderate gastrointestinal symptoms. The abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria decreased whereas Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Roseburia spp. increased in the FMT group. CKD patients showed less disease progression after FMT administration. The administration of oral FMT in patients with CKD is a safe strategy, does not represent a risk, and has potential benefits.

Changes in the fecal microbiota of breast cancer patients based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer (BC) is a devastating disease for women. Microbial influences may be involved in the development and progression of breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate the difference in intestinal flora abundance between breast cancer patients and healthy controls (HC) based on previous 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing results, which have been scattered and inconsistent in previous studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In agreement with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), we searched for pertinent literature in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from build until February 1, 2023. Relative abundance, diversity of intestinal microflora by level, microbial composition, community structure, diversity index, and other related data were extracted. We used a fixed or random effects model for data analysis. We also conducted funnel plot analysis, sensitivity analysis, Egger's, and Begg's tests to assess the bias risk. RESULTS: A total of ten studies involving 734 BC patients were enrolled. It was pointed out that there were significant differences in the Chao index between BC and HC in these studies [SMD = - 175.44 (95% CI - 246.50 to - 104.39)]. The relative abundance of Prevotellaceae [SMD = - 0.27 (95% CI - 0.39 to - 0.15)] and Bacteroides [SMD = 0.36 (95% CI 0.23-0.49)] was significantly different. In the included articles, the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcus, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii decreased in BC. Accordingly, the relative richness of Erysipelotrichaceae was high in BC. CONCLUSIONS: This observational meta-analysis revealed that the changes in gut microbiota were correlated with BC, and the changes in some primary fecal microbiota might affect the beginning of breast cancer.

Effect of antibiotics and low-crude protein diets on growth performance, health, immune response, and fecal microbiota of growing pigs.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of diets with and without antibiotics supplementation and diets with 18.5% and 13.0% crude protein (CP) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, disease incidence, fecal microbiota, immune response, and antioxidant capacity of growing pigs. One hundred and eighty pigs (59-day-old; 18.5 ±â€…2.5 kg) were distributed in a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, nine replicates, and five pigs per pen. The factors were CP (18.5% or 13.0%) and antibiotics (none or 100 mg/kg tiamulin + 506 mg/kg oxytetracycline). Medicated diets were fed from days 59 to 73. After that, all pigs were fed their respective CP diets from 73 to 87 days. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS version 9.4. From days 59 to 73, pigs fed antibiotics diets had higher (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), compared to the diets without antibiotics. From days 73 to 87 (postmedicated period), any previous supplementation of antibiotics did not affect pig growth performance. Overall (days 59 to 87), pigs-fed antibiotics diets had higher (P < 0.05) G:F compared to pigs-fed diets without antibiotics. In all periods evaluated, pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had higher (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared to pigs fed 13.0% CP. Pigs fed the 13.0% CP diets had lower (P < 0.05) fecal score and diarrhea incidence than those fed 18.5% CP. Pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had improved (P < 0.05) loin area compared to pigs-fed diets with 13.0% CP. At 66 days of age, pigs-fed antibiotics diets had lower (P < 0.05) alpha diversity estimated with Shannon and Simpson compared to the pig-fed diets without antibiotics. At family level, pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had higher (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Streptococcaceae, and lower (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Clostridiaceae at days 66 and 87 compared with pigs fed 13.0% CP. Pigs-fed antibiotics diets had lower (P < 0.05) immunoglobulin G and protein carbonyl concentrations at day 66 compared to the pigs-fed diets without antibiotics. The reduction of dietary CP from 18.5% to 13.0% reduced the growth performance and loin muscle area of growing pigs, although it was effective to reduce diarrhea incidence. Antibiotics improved growth performance, lowered diarrhea incidence, improved components of the humoral immune response, and reduced microbiota diversity. However, in the postmedicated period, we found no residual effect on the general health of the animals, and considering the overall period, only G:F was improved by the use of antibiotics.

Dietary antibiotics have been used in pig farming practices to avoid health problems and improve animal growth performance. However, their use in production animals is considered a global health challenge, due to its association with selection of resistance in zoonotic bacteria. Another negative impact of pig farming that has gained attention is related to environmental pollution due to the excretion of nitrogenous compounds. Reducing dietary crude protein content has become a goal in the pig feed industry due to the limited availability and high cost of dietary protein sources, as well as the aim of enhancing gut health in pigs. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diets with and without antibiotics supplementation and diets with 18.5% and 13.0% crude protein for pigs. The reduction of dietary crude protein in this study reduced growth performance, although it was effective to reduce diarrhea incidence. Antibiotics improved growth performance, positively affected the overall health of animals, and reduced microbiota diversity. However, during the postmedicated period, we found no residual effect on the general health of the animals, and considering the overall period, only gain to feed ratio was improved by the use of antibiotics.

Fecal transplantation in patient with metastatic melanoma refractory to immunotherapy: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma, but a significant proportion of patients still experience treatment resistance. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a potential strategy to overcome immunotherapy resistance by modulating the gut microbiome. CASE SUMMARY: We present a case report of a 57-year-old male with metastatic melanoma refractory to immunotherapy who received FMT in combination with anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy (pembrolizumab). After failing multiple lines of treatment, the patient underwent a single FMT procedure by colonoscopy using fecal material from a female metastatic melanoma donor who successfully responded to immunotherapy. Following FMT, the patient demonstrated a response with decreased subcutaneous disease and subsequently underwent surgery to remove the residual disease. Despite a subsequent recurrence in the small bowel that was resected, the patient remained on pembrolizumab without evidence of melanoma recurrence at the time of writing. CONCLUSION: The favorable clinical and long-lasting effect we saw in our patient without significant toxicity suggests that this procedure should be considered in similar patients with immunotherapy refractory melanomas.

Fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with metabolic syndrome and obesity: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disease, and the gut microbiota may play a role in its pathogenesis. Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, is associated with insulin resistance, often increasing the risk of type two diabetes mellitus, vascular endothelial dysfunction, an abnormal lipid profile, hypertension, and vascular inflammation, all of which promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. AIM: To evaluate the outcomes of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in patients with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This was a randomized, single-blind placebo-controlled trial comparing FMT and a sham procedure in patients with metabolic syndrome. We selected 32 female patients, who were divided into eight groups of four patients each. All of the patients were submitted to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In each group, two patients were randomly allocated to undergo FMT, and the other two patients received saline infusion. The patients were followed for one year after the procedures, during which time anthropometric, bioimpedance, and biochemical data were collected. The patients also had periodic consultations with a nutritionist and an endocrinologist. The primary end point was a change in the gut microbiota. RESULTS: There was evidence of a postprocedural change in microbiota composition in the patients who underwent FMT in relation to that observed in those who underwent the sham procedure. However, we found no difference between the two groups in terms of the clinical parameters evaluated. CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in biochemical or anthropometric parameters, between the two groups evaluated. Nevertheless, there were significant postprocedural differences in the microbiota composition between the placebo group. To date, clinical outcomes related to FMT remain uncertain.

Milk kefir alters fecal microbiota impacting gut and brain health in mice.

Kefir is a fermented beverage made of a symbiotic microbial community that stands out for health benefits. Although its microbial profile is still little explored, its effects on modulation of gut microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) seems to act by improving brain health. This work aimed to analyze the microbiota profile of milk kefir and its effect on metabolism, oxidative stress, and in the microbiota-gut-brain axis in a murine model. The experimental design was carried out using C57BL-6 mice (n = 20) subdivided into groups that received 0.1 mL water or 0.1 mL (10% w/v) kefir. The kefir proceeded to maturation for 48 h, and then it was orally administered, via gavage, to the animals for 4 weeks. Physicochemical, microbiological, antioxidant analyzes, and microbial profiling of milk kefir beverage were performed as well as growth parameters, food intake, serum markers, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, SCFAs, and metabarcoding were analyzed in the mice. Milk kefir had 76.64 ± 0.42% of free radical scavenging and the microbiota composed primarily by the genus Comamonas. Moreover, kefir increased catalase and superoxide dismutase (colon), and SCFAs in feces (butyrate), and in the brain (butyrate and propionate). Kefir reduced triglycerides, uric acid, and affected the microbiome of animals increasing fecal butyrate-producing bacteria (Lachnospiraceae and Lachnoclostridium). Our results on the brain and fecal SCFAs and the antioxidant effect found were associated with the change in the gut microbiota caused by kefir, which indicates that kefir positively influences the gut-microbiota-brain axis and contributes to the preservation of gut and brain health. KEY POINTS: • Milk kefir modulates fecal microbiota and SCFA production in brain and colon. • Kefir treatment increases the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria. • Milk kefir increases antioxidant enzymes and influences the metabolism of mice.

Trasplante de microbiota fecal como alternativa de tratamiento por infecciones de clostridoides difficile / Fecal microbiota transplantation as a treatment alternative for clostridoides difficile infections / Transplante de microbiota fecal como tratamento alternativo para infecções clostridioides difficile

La infección por Clostridioides difficile es una amenaza para la salud pública, está asociada a la atención médica, cuya complicación más frecuente es la infección recurrente, con tasas de hasta el 60% después del tercer episodio. Las opciones de tratamiento para la recurrencia de esta infección son limitadas. Una gran paradoja es tratar una infección asociada a antibióticos con más antibióticos, por ello, la piedra angular en el manejo de esta infección es la restauración de la microbiota intestinal mediante el trasplante de microbiota fecal. Objetivo. Determinar la eficacia y seguridad del trasplante de microbiota fecal para el tratamiento de la infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica narrativa de la literatura científica en las bases de datos PubMed y Cochrane Library empleando los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) y Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), junto con los operadores booleanos "AND/Y", "OR/O"; donde se recopilaron los estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Conclusión. Se concluyó que el trasplante de microbiota fecal en la infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile es un tratamiento eficaz y seguro, con eventos adversos mínimos, aunque la seguridad a largo plazo no está bien establecida.

Clostridioides difficile infection is a public health threat, is associated with health care, the most common complication of which is recurrent infection, with rates of up to 60% after the third episode. Treatment options for recurrence of this infection are limited. A great paradox is to treat an antibiotic-associated infection with more antibiotics; therefore, the cornerstone in the management of this infection is the restoration of the intestinal microbiota by fecal microbiota transplantation. Objective. To determine the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Methodology. A narrative bibliographic review of the scientific literature was carried out in the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases using the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), together with the Boolean operators "AND/Y", "OR/O"; where the studies that met the inclusion criteria were collected. Conclusion. It was concluded that fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection is an effective and safe treatment, with minimal adverse events, although long-term safety is not well established.

A infecção por Clostridioides difficile é uma ameaça à saúde pública associada ao cuidado com a saúde, cuja complicação mais comum é a infecção recorrente, com taxas de até 60% após o terceiro episódio. As opções de tratamento para infecções recorrentes são limitadas. Um grande paradoxo é tratar uma infecção associada a antibióticos com mais antibióticos, portanto, a pedra fundamental no manejo desta infecção é a restauração da microbiota intestinal através do transplante da microbiota fecal. Objetivo. Determinar a eficácia e segurança do transplante de microbiota fecal para o tratamento de infecções recorrentes por Clostridioides difficile. Metodologia. Uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa da literatura científica foi realizada nas bases de dados da Biblioteca PubMed e Cochrane utilizando os Descritores de Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e os Títulos de Assuntos Médicos (MeSH), juntamente com os operadores booleanos "AND/Y", "OR/O"; onde foram compilados os estudos que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão. Conclusão. Concluiu-se que o transplante de microbiota fecal em infecção recorrente por Clostridioides difficile é um tratamento eficaz e seguro com o mínimo de eventos adversos, embora a segurança a longo prazo não esteja bem estabelecida.

Metagenomics analysis of the morphological aspects and bacterial composition of broiler feces.

In this descriptive study, we used metagenomics to analyze the relationship between the morphological aspects of chicken feces and its respective bacterial compositions. The microbiota composition was determined by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA genes collected from fresh broiler feces at 19 d old. In total, 48 samples were collected and divided into 8 groups of 6 samples each. The morphological changes studied were feed passage (FP) and reddish mucus (RM). Each was classified into 3 levels of intensity: 1 (slight), 2 (moderate), or 3 (intense). Thus, the 8 groups studied were feed passage (FP-1; FP-2; FP-3), reddish mucus (RM-1; RM-2; RM-3), normal ileal feces (NIF), and cecal discharge (CD). The alpha diversity (Shannon's index) revealed that the CD group showed greater diversity, and was significantly different from FP-2, FP-3, and RM-1. The beta diversity showed that the CD group samples were more homogeneous than the ileal feces groups. The relative abundance analysis revealed that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla in the ileal feces groups. In CD, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant. The relative abundance at the genus level revealed 136 different bacterial genera. In the ileal feces groups, the two most abundant genera were Lactobacillus and Escherichia/Shigella, except in the FP-1 and RM-2 groups, which had the opposite order. Unlike the others, the CD group had a higher abundance of Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium. When comparing the NIF group with the others, significant changes were found in the fecal microbiota, with nine genera for the FP groups, 19 for the RM groups, and 61 when compared to CD. The results of the present study suggest that evaluation of fecal morphology is a fundamental task that makes it possible to act quickly and assertively, as the morphological aspects of the feces may be related to the composition and structure of fecal microbiota.

Impact of orange juice containing potentially prebiotic ingredients on human gut microbiota composition and its metabolites.

Orange juice containing oligosaccharides and dextran was assessed, after in vitro digestion, in a fermentative system with fecal microbiota from two donors (A and B) in anaerobiosis (37 °C/48 h). Microbiota analysis was performed using 16S rRNA sequencing, and HPLC quantified the metabolites. Oligosaccharides and dextran were resistant to digestion and were consumed during colonic fermentation. Lactate and acetate were the main metabolites, followed by butyrate, propionate, and isobutyrate. High propionate accumulation and fast consumption of oligosaccharides were observed for donor B. Lactobacillus ruminis (44.96 %) presented an increased relative abundance for donor A. Bifidobacterium adolescentis (41.73 %) was remarkable for donor B after fermentation. In addition, the functional orange juice promoted the growth of emerging probiotics such as Bacteroides xylanisolvens and reduced some strains, such as Clostridia sp. Thus, the potentially prebiotic orange juice enhances gut microbiota composition and might be a suitable product for the functional food market.

[Non-IgE-mediated food allergy]. / Alergia alimentaria no mediada por IgE.

Food allergy is an immune response to proteins in food. It usually affects 8% of children and 2% of adults in Western countries. Non-IgE-mediated food allergy mainly affects the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal food allergies are classified, by their underlying pathogenesis, as: IgE-mediated, non-IgE-mediated, or mixed. The symptoms of patients with food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis originate from local inflammation of the distal colon, which causes hematochezia in neonates. It can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract and cause symptoms of intractable emesis, with subsequent metabolic disorders and hypovolemic shock. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome is a non-IgE-mediated allergy that usually appears in childhood, with prolonged repetitive vomiting, starting 1 to 4 hours after ingestion of food. The manifestation in adults is usually triggered by the consumption of shellfish. Atopic diseases affect 40-60% of patients with food protein- induced enterocolitis syndrome, including 40-50% of those with food protein-induced enteropathy and proctocolitis. Probiotics (Lactobacillus GG) can alleviate the symptoms of allergic proctocolitis induced by food proteins, by altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can change intestinal microecology efficiently compared to food or probiotics.

La alergia alimentaria es una respuesta inmunitaria a las proteínas de los alimentos. Suele afectar al 8% de los niños y al 2% de los adultos en países occidentales. La alergia alimentaria no mediada por IgE afecta, principalmente, el aparato gastrointestinal. Las alergias alimentarias gastrointestinales se clasifican, por su patogenia subyacente, en: mediadas por IgE, no mediadas por IgE, o mixtas. Los síntomas de pacientes con proctocolitis alérgica inducida por proteínas alimentarias se originan por la inflamación local del colon distal, que causa hematoquecia en neonatos. Puede afectar todo el conducto gastrointestinal y provocar síntomas de emesis intratable, con subsiguientes trastornos metabólicos y choque hipovolémico. El síndrome de enterocolitis inducida por proteínas alimentarias es una alergia no mediada por IgE que suele aparecer en la infancia, con vómito prolongado repetitivo, que inicia entre 1 a 4 horas después de la ingestión de alimentos. La manifestación en adultos suele desencadenarse por el consumo de mariscos. Las enfermedades atópicas afectan del 40-60% de los pacientes con síndrome de enterocolitis inducida por proteínas alimentarias, incluso al 40-50% de quienes padecen enteropatía y proctocolitis inducidas por proteínas alimentarias. Los probióticos (Lactobacillus GG) pueden aliviar los síntomas de proctocolitis alérgica inducida por proteínas alimentarias, al alterar la composición de la microbiota intestinal. El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) puede cambiar la microecología intestinal de manera eficiente comparada con los alimentos o probióticos.

Gut microbiota mediated the effects of high relative humidity on lupus in female MRL/lpr mice

Abstract Introduction The relationship between humidity and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has yielded inconsistent results in prior research, while the effects of humidity on lupus in animal experiments and its underlying mechanism remain inadequately explored. Methods The present study aimed to investigate the impact of high humidity (80 ± 5%) on lupus using female and male MRL/lpr mice, with a particular focus on elucidating the role of gut microbiota in this process. To this end, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was employed to transfer the gut microbiota of MRL/lpr mice under high humidity to blank MRL/lpr mice under normal humidity (50 ± 5%), allowing for an assessment of the effect of FMT on lupus. Results The study revealed that high humidity exacerbated lupus indices (serum anti-dsDNA, ANA, IL-6, and IFN- g, and renal pathology) in female MRL/lpr mice but had no significant effect on male MRL/lpr mice. The aggravation of lupus caused by high humidity may be attributed to the increased abundances of the Rikenella, Romboutsia, Turicibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella genera in female MRL/lpr mice. Furthermore, FMT also exacerbated lupus in female MRL/lpr mice but not in male MRL/lpr mice. Conclusion In summary, this study has demonstrated that high humidity exacerbated lupus by modulating gut microbiota in female MRL/lpr mice. The findings underscore the importance of considering environmental factors and gut microbiota in the development and progression of lupus, particularly among female patients.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias residentes nas amostras orais, intestinais e fecais de diferentes espécies de faisão

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias residentes nas amostras orais, intestinais e fecais de diferentes espécies de faisão

There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias residentes nas amostras orais, intestinais e fecais de diferentes espécies de faisão

There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.(AU)

Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.(AU)

Intervenções terapêuticas na microbiota intestinal e as mudanças dos sintomas do transtorno do espectro autista / Therapeutic interventions in the intestinal microbiota and changes in autism spectrum disorder symptoms / Intervenciones terapéuticas en la microbiota intestinal y cambios en los síntomas del trastorno del espectro autista

Objetivo: Oferecer uma visão geral sobre os efeitos que as intervenções com o uso de probióticos, prebióticos ou Transplante de Microbiota Fecal (TMF) e suas combinações provocam nos sintomas neurocomportamentais e gastrointestinais (GI) em indivíduos com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa (RI) da literatura nas plataformas PubMed, SciELO, LILACS e Scopus, a partir dos descritores "autistic disorder", "autism", "prebiotics", "probiotics", "fecal microbiota transplantation" e "fecal transplantation", utilizando os operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". Foram selecionados apenas artigos dos anos de 2013 a 2022, publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol e que possuíam relação direta com o tema. Resultados: Foram analisados 24 artigos na íntegra, dos quais 14 obedeciam aos critérios de inclusão e tiveram seus resultados analisados na presente revisão. Desses, dois relataram melhora dos sintomas GI com uso de probiótico, prebiótico e/ou TMF, nove mencionaram melhora tanto dos sintomas GI como dos neurocomportamentais com as terapias utilizadas e os outros três avaliaram a mudança dos sintomas neurocomportamentais. Conclusão: As terapias com probióticos, prebióticos e TMF possuem um efeito promissor na modificação da microbiota e na melhora dos sintomas neurocomportamentais e GI em pessoas com TEA.

Objective: To provide an overview of the effects that interventions with the use of probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation and their combinations have on neurobehavioral and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methodology: An integrative review of the literature was conducted on the PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, and Scopus platforms using the descriptors "autistic disorder", "autism", "prebiotics", "probiotics", "fecal microbiota transplantation", and "fecal transplantation", using the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Only articles published between 2013 and 2022 in Portuguese, English, or Spanish and directly related to the topic were selected. Results: Twenty-four articles were fully analyzed, of which fourteen met the inclusion criteria and had their results analyzed in this review. Of these, two reported improvement in GI symptoms with the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and/or fecal microbiota transplantation, nine mentioned improvement in both GI and neurobehavioral symptoms with the therapies used, and the other three evaluated the change in neurobehavioral symptoms. Conclusion: Probiotic, prebiotic, and fecal microbiota transplantation therapies have a promising effect on modifying the microbiota and improving neurobehavioral and GI symptoms in individuals with ASD.

Objetivo: Proporcionar una visión general de los efectos que las intervenciones con el uso de probióticos, prebióticos o trasplante de microbiota fecal y sus combinaciones tienen sobre los síntomas neuroconductuales y gastrointestinales (GI) en individuos con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). Metodología: Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura en las plataformas PubMed, SciELO, LILACS y Scopus utilizando los descriptores "autistic disorder", "autism", "prebiotics", "probiotics", "fecal microbiota transplantation" y "fecal transplantation", utilizando los operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR". Solo se seleccionaron artículos publicados entre 2013 y 2022 en portugués, inglés o español y directamente relacionados con el tema. Resultados: Veinticuatro artículos fueron analizados en su totalidad, de los cuales catorce cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y sus resultados fueron analizados en esta revisión. De estos, dos reportaron mejoría en los síntomas GI con el uso de probióticos, prebióticos y/o trasplante de microbiota fecal, nueve mencionaron mejoría tanto en los síntomas GI como neuroconductuales con las terapias utilizadas, y los otros tres evaluaron el cambio en los síntomas neuroconductuales. Conclusiones: Las terapias con probióticos, prebióticos y trasplante de microbiota fecal tienen un efecto prometedor en la modificación de la microbiota y la mejora de los síntomas neuroconductuales y GI en individuos con TEA. PALABRAS CLAVE: Autismo; Microbiota; Prebióticos; Probióticos; Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal.

Fecal microbiota transplantation and its repercussions in patients with melanoma refractory to anti-PD-1 therapy: scope review / Transplante de microbiota fecal e suas repercussões em pacientes com melanoma refratário à terapia anti-PD-1: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Introduction: despite being extremely effective in some cases, up to 70% of patients with melanoma do not respond to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 (primary resistance) and many of the responders eventually progress (secondary resistance). Extensive efforts are being made to overcome this resistance through new strategies, especially aimed at modulating the intestinal microbiota. Objective: to assess whether fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), associated with immunotherapy, is beneficial in the clinical course of patients with refractory melanoma. Methods: this is a scope review, based on studies collected on the MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, The Cochrane Library, Embase and BMJ Journals; using the terms: "Antibodies, Monoclonal"; "Drug Resistance, Neoplasm"; "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation"; "Host Microbial Interactions"; "Immunotherapy"; "Melanoma"; and "Microbiota". Clinical trials, in English, with relevant data on the subject and fully available were included. A cut-off period was not determined, due to the limited amount of evidence on the topic. Results: crossing the descriptors allowed the identification of 342 publications and, after applying the eligibility criteria, allowed the selection of 4 studies. From the analyses, it was observed that a considerable part of those studied overcame resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors after FMT, with better response to treatment, less tumor growth and increased beneficial immune response. Conclusion: it is noted that FMT favors the response of melanoma to immunotherapy, translated into significant clinical benefit. However, further studies are necessary for the complete elucidation of the bacteria and the mechanisms involved, as well as for the translation of new evidence to oncological care practice.

RESUMO Introdução: apesar de extremamente eficaz em alguns casos, até 70% dos pacientes com melanoma não respondem aos anti-PD-1/PD-L1 (resistência primária) e muitos dos respondedores, eventualmente, acabam progredindo (resistência secundária). Extensos esforços estão sendo realizados para superar esta resistência através de novas estratégias, sobretudo, visando a modulação da microbiota intestinal. Objetivo: avaliar se o transplante de microbiota fecal (TMF), associado à imunoterapia, é benéfico no curso clínico do paciente com melanoma refratário. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão de escopo, baseada em estudos coletados nas plataformas MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, The Cochrane Library, Embase e BMJ Journals; utilizando os descritores: "Antibodies, Monoclonal"; "Drug Resistance, Neoplasm"; "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation"; "Host Microbial Interactions"; "Immunotherapy"; "Melanoma"; e "Microbiota". Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos, na língua inglesa, com dados relevantes sobre a temática e disponíveis integralmente. Não foi determinado um período de corte temporal, devido à quantidade limitada de evidências sobre o tema. Resultados: o cruzamento dos descritores permitiu a identificação de 342 publicações e, após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, permitiu a seleção de 4 estudos. A partir das análises, observou-se que grande parte dos estudados superaram a resistência aos inibidores do checkpoint imunológico pós-TMF, com melhor resposta ao tratamento, menor crescimento tumoral e aumento da resposta imunológica benéfica. Conclusão: nota-se que o TMF favorece a resposta do melanoma à imunoterapia, traduzido por benefício clínico significativo. Entretanto, novos estudos são necessários para a completa elucidação das bactérias e mecanismos envolvidos, bem como para que haja a translação das novas evidências para a prática assistencial oncológica.

Fecal microbiota profile of ovariohysterectomized cats submitted to estrogen replacement / Perfil da microbiota fecal de gatas ovariohisterectomizadas submetidas à reposição estrogênica

This study aimed to observe the effects of 17 ß-estradiol replacements on the fecal microbiota in spayed cats. Individual samples of fresh feces were collected and stored at -80° C. Sequencing of the V3/V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene was used, and bioinformatic analysis was performed. Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio was lower in the group receiving estrogen replacement compared to the SHAM group (P = 0,005). Jaccard index (P = 0.123) and Yue & Clayton index (P = 0.094) did not reveal alpha and beta diversity differences. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) identified Firmicutes and MegasPhaera as the biomarkers for the SHAM group, and Burkholderiales, Betaproteobacteria, Sutterellaceae, Suterella, Proteobacteria, Proteobacteria unclassified and Collinsella for the group receiving estrogen replacement.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi observar os efeitos da reposição de 17 ß-estradiol na microbiota fecal de gatas castradas. Amostras individuais de fezes frescas foram colhidas e armazenadas a -80°C. Foi realizado o sequenciamento das regiões V3/V4 do gene 16S rRNA e a análise bioinformática. A razão Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes foi menor no grupo que recebeu reposição estrogênica em comparação ao grupo SHAM (P = 0,005). O índice de Jaccard (P = 0,123) e o índice de Yue & Clayton (P = 0,094) não revelaram diferenças na alfa e beta diversidade. A análise discriminatória linear de tamanho do efeito (LefSe) identificou Firmicutes e Megasphaera como biomarcadores para o grupo SHAM, e Burkholderiales, Betaproteobacteria, Sutterellaceae, Suterella, Proteobacteria, Proteobacteria não classificada e Collinsella para o grupo que recebeu reposição estrogênica.(AU)

Trasplante de microbiota fecal por colonoscopía en una mujer embarazada con infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile / Fecal microbiota transplantation through colonoscopy for Clostridioides difficile recurrent infection in a pregnant woman

El diagnóstico de la infección por Clostridioides dfficile (ICD) ha aumentado en el embarazo y periparto. Cambios fisiológicos e inmunológicos normales durante el embarazo pueden incrementar el riesgo de ICD. Mujeres embarazadas con ICD tienen una mayor frecuencia de fracaso al tratamiento y una significativa morbilidad y mortalidad. El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) se ha convertido en el tratamiento estándar de la ICD recurrente y refractaria. Sin embargo, existen escasos datos sobre sus resultados en mujeres embarazadas. Presentamos el caso de una mujer embarazada que se sometió con éxito a un TMF para el tratamiento de una ICD recurrente.

The diagnosis of Clostridioides dfficile infection (CDI) in pregnant and peripartum women has increased. In this scenario, there are higher rates of treatment failure and a significant maternal morbidity and mortality. Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) has become the gold standard for the treatment of recurrent and refractory CDI however, there are few data on its results in pregnant patients. This case showed that FMT could be a therapeutic strategy in pregnant women with recurrent CDI.