Inactivation kinetics for surrogates of common foodborne pathogens during food residue drying.

Postconsumer household food residues can act as useful substrates for other industries, but transporting high-moisture material corresponds to high fuel use and associated greenhouse gas production. Drying food residues at the household level reduces transportation weight, increases stability, and preserves the nutritional quality of recovered material. Mitigating foodborne microbiological safety risks is crucial to encourage the development of novel methods to rapidly dry and stabilize food residues. The objective of this study was to improve the prediction of bacterial pathogen inactivation under various thermal and drying processes in a synthetic mixture of residual food material (RFM). The log reduction rate was measured for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Listeria innocua (surrogates of common foodborne pathogens) in RFM under different moisture contents (12% and 25% by fresh weight) and temperatures (50, 55, and 60°C). Inactivation data were used to determine D- and z-values and to fit a multiple regression model to predict log(D-values) in response to temperature and moisture content. Across conditions, D-values were measured to be 5.1-120, 4.6-123, and 32-545 min for E. coli, L. innocua, and E. faecium, respectively. Temperature sensitivities were significantly higher in lower moisture RFM for E. coli and L. innocua. Applying E. coli inactivation models during RFM at 55°C yielded inactivation rates that aligned with experimental values after 5 min (0.1 vs. 0-0.1 logs), 30 min (2.1 vs. 1.3-2.3 logs), and 90 min (7.2 vs. 7.1-8.9 logs). These results can inform the design of RFM drying and stabilization processes to promote pathogen inactivation and safety in downstream applications of dried material.

Research Progress of Biosensor Based on Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor.

In order to solve the food safety problem better, it is very important to develop a rapid and sensitive technology for detecting food contamination residues. Organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) biosensor rely on the photovoltage generated by a semiconductor upon excitation by light to regulate the conductivity of the polymer channels and realize biosensor analysis under zero gate bias. This technology integrates the excellent characteristics of photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis and the high sensitivity and inherent amplification ability of organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). Based on this, OPECT biosensor detection has been proven to be superior to traditional biosensor detection methods. In this review, we summarize the research status of OPECT biosensor in disease markers and food residue analysis, the basic principle, classification, and biosensing mechanism of OPECT biosensor analysis are briefly introduced, and the recent applications of biosensor analysis are discussed according to the signal strategy. We mainly introduced the OPECT biosensor analysis methods applied in different fields, including the detection of disease markers and food hazard residues such as prostate-specific antigen, heart-type fatty acid binding protein, T-2 toxin detection in milk samples, fat mass and objectivity related protein, ciprofloxacin in milk. The OPECT biosensor provides considerable development potential for the construction of safety analysis and detection platforms in many fields, such as agriculture and food, and hopes to provide some reference for the future development of biosensing analysis methods with higher selectivity, faster analysis speed and higher sensitivity.

Upcycling of Defatted Sesame Seed Meal via Protein Amyloid-Based Nanostructures: Preparation, Characterization, and Functional and Antioxidant Attributes.

Herein, the possibility of valorizing defatted sesame seed meal (DSSM) as a viable source for valuable plant proteins and amyloid-based nanostructure was investigated. Sesame seed protein isolate (SSPI) and the major storage protein globulin (SSG) were prepared by alkaline extraction-isoelectric point precipitation as well as fractionation in the case of SSG. The protein samples were characterized for their physicochemical attributes. SSPI and SSG were also evaluated for their ability to form amyloid structures under heating (90 °C) at low pH (2.0). Additionally, the functional attributes, antioxidant activity, and biocompatibility of the proteins and amyloid nanostructures were also examined. SSPI and SSG were both successfully prepared from DSSM. The data showed that the physicochemical attributes of both protein samples were quite similar, except for the fact that SSG was mostly composed of 11S globulin, as evinced by Tricine-SDS-PAGE analysis. TEM micrographs revealed that SSG was able to form curly-shaped fibrillar amyloid structures, whereas those derived from SSPI were mostly amorphous. Thioflavin-T assay and Tricine-SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that acidic heating promoted protein hydrolysis and self-aggregation of the hydrolyzed peptides into a ß-sheet rich amyloid structure. Importantly, the amyloid preparations displayed commendable solubility, superior water and oil holding capacities, and antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS. The protein amyloid nanostructures were found to be non-toxic against RAW264.7 cells, HaCaT cells, and red blood cells. These findings indicate that DSSM could be upcycled into valuable protein amyloid structures with good potentialities as novel food ingredients.

Biosorption of bioactive compounds in bacterial nanocellulose: Mechanisms and physical-chemical properties.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biomaterial produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus, with wide applicability in different areas, such as biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food. BC production is usually carried out in a medium containing phenolic compounds (PC), such as teas, however, the purification process leads to the loss of such bioactive. Thus, the innovation of this research consists of the reincorporation of PC after the purification of the BC matrices through the biosorption process. In this context, the effects of the biosorption process in BC were evaluated to maximize the incorporation of phenolic compounds from a ternary mixture of hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa), white tea (Camellia sinensis), and grape pomace (Vitis labrusca). The biosorbed membrane (BC-Bio) showed a great concentration of total phenolic compounds (TPC = 64.89 mg L-1) and high antioxidant capacity through different assays (FRAP: 130.7 mg L-1, DPPH: 83.4 mg L-1, ABTS: 158.6 mg L-1, TBARS: 234.2 mg L-1). The physical tests also indicated that the biosorbed membrane presented high water absorption capacity, thermal stability, low permeability to water vapor and improved mechanical properties compared to BC-control. These results indicated that the biosorption of phenolic compounds in BC efficiently increases bioactive content and improves physical membrane characteristics. Also, PC release in a buffered solution suggests that BC-Bio can be used as a polyphenol delivery system. Therefore, BC-Bio is a polymer with wide application in different industrial segments.

Chitosan suspension as extractor and encapsulating agent of phenolics from acerola by-product.

The polymeric suspension of chitosan (Ch) has been an effective media for the extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from the acerola by-product. It facilitates the subsequent production of nanoparticles loaded with the phenolics (Np-TPC) by ionic gelation. However, neither the effects of Ch concentration on encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of TPC nor which compounds are extracted in its media are known, being it the first objective of this study. The second objective was to analyze the stability of the Np-TPC under accelerated conditions and its release profile at pHs 3.0 and 7.0. The results showed that Ch does not affect the extraction of TPC. However, the EE increased from 35.0 to 48.1 % with the increase of Ch concentration (0.4 to 1.0 %). LC/ESI-QTOF MS analysis showed that phenolic acids and flavonoids are extracted in 0.8 % Ch medium. After encapsulation, microscopy images revealed particle sizes ranging between 110 and 150 nm. Additionally, the presence of phenolics did not change the stability of the particles under accelerated conditions and the actives were fully released into the released medium for 10 h. The Np-TPC suspension appears to be useful for the production of edible antioxidant coatings to preserve fruits/vegetables, with potential application as carrier of other food ingredients.

A Comprehensive Analysis of ATP Tests: Practical Use and Recent Progress in the Total Adenylate Test for the Effective Monitoring of Hygiene.

ABSTRACT: Rapid hygiene monitoring tests based on the presence of ATP have been widely used in the food industry to ensure that adequate cleanliness is maintained. In this study, the practical applications and limitations of these tests and recent technological progress for facilitating more accurate control were evaluated. The presence of ATP on a surface indicates improper cleaning and the presence of contaminants, including organic debris and bacteria. Food residues are indicators of insufficient cleaning and are direct hazards because they may provide safe harbors for bacteria, provide sources of nutrients for bacterial growth, interfere with the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants, and support the formation of biofilms. Residues of allergenic foods on a surface may increase the risk of allergen cross-contact. However, ATP tests cannot detect bacteria or allergenic proteins directly. To ensure efficient use of commercially available ATP tests, in-depth knowledge is needed regarding their practical applications, methods for determining pass-fail limits, and differences in performance. Conventional ATP tests have limitations due to possible hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and AMP, which further hinders the identification of food residues. To overcome this problem, a total adenylate test was developed that could detect ATP+ADP+AMP (A3 test). The A3 test is suitable for the detection of adenylates from food residues and useful for verification of hygiene levels. The A3 test in conjunction with other methods, such as microorganism culture and food allergen tests, may be a useful strategy for identifying contamination sources and facilitating effective hygiene management.

Spent mushroom substrate is capable of physisorption-chemisorption of CO2.

No in-depth investigation exists on the feasibility of integrating hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and pelletization into the process of making spent mushroom substrate (SMS), an agro-food residue from the commercial mushroom industry, into an adsorbent for post-combustion CO2 removal. Therefore, this study analyzed if it could be possible for systematically converting low-pressure hydrochars of various SMSs into carbon-adsorbing mini-capsules. Sources of SMS included paddy straw and achiote capsule shell from Pleurotus ostreatus; eucalyptus sawdust and grassy straw from Lentinula edodes; and compost containing peat or soil as casing layer from Agaricus subrufescens. The eucalyptus sawdust and grassy straw from L. edodes outperformed the other biomaterials in adsorbing CO2, and thus effectively encapsuled most of the gas, 8.25 mmol g-1 and 8.10 mmol g-1, respectively. They contained mostly hetero-atoms of O and N, requiring less unit energy to bind acidic molecules of CO2 at the alkaline sites. The amount of unit energy the pore-filling process demanded at 25 °C was 12.65 kJ mol-1, an attribute of self-sustaining and saleable physisorption. A negative 6.80 kJ mol-1 free energy validated both spontaneity and exothermal of biocarbons at steady-state atmosphere. The major findings and innovations of our study support utilizing SMS as an adsorbent as a carbon capture, storage and utilization networking. Our insights into the physisorption-chemisorption on SMS are timely and relevant to help manage the re-use of SMS, and thus bring the global mushroom industry closer to environmental sustainability and toward a lower carbon society and circular economy.

Rapid field trace detection of pesticide residue in food based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is an alternative detection tool for monitoring food security. However, there is still a lack of a conclusion of SERS detection with respect to pesticides and real sample analysis, and the summary of intelligent algorithms in SERS is also a blank. In this review, a comprehensive report of pesticides detection using SERS technology is given. The SERS detection characteristics of different types of pesticides and the influence of substrate on inspection are discussed and compared by the typical ways of classification. The key points, including the progress in real sample analysis and Raman data processing methods with intelligent algorithm, are highlighted. Lastly, major challenges and future research trends of SERS analysis of pesticide residue are also addressed. SERS has been proven to be a powerful technique for rapid test of residue pesticides in complex food matrices, but there still is a tremendous development space for future research.

Pilot-plant scale extraction of phenolic compounds from grape canes: Comprehensive characterization by LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS.

Grape canes, also named vine shoots, are well-known viticultural byproducts containing high levels of phenolic compounds, which are associated with a broad range of health benefits. In this work, grape canes (Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir) were extracted in a 750 L pilot-plant reactor under the following conditions: temperature 80 °C, time 100 min, solid/liquid ratio 1:10. The comprehensive characterization of grape cane phenolic compounds was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution/accurate mass measurement LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. A total of 44 compounds were identified and, 26 of them also quantified, consisting of phenolic acids and aldehydes (17), flavonoids (12), and stilbenoids (15). The most abundant class of phenolics were stilbenoids, among which (E)-ε-viniferin predominated. The phenolic profile of grape canes obtained using pilot plant extraction differed significantly from the results of laboratory-scale studies obtained previously. Additionally, we observed a high antioxidant capacity of grape cane pilot-plant extract measured by the radical antioxidant scavenging potential (ABTS+) (2209 ± 125 µmol TE/g DW) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity using fluorescein (ORAC-FL) (4612 ± 155 µmol TE/g DW). Grape cane pilot-plant extract for their phenolic profile may be used as a by-product for the development of novel nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products, improving the value and the sustainability of these residues.

Development of astaxanthin production from citrus peel extract using Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous.

Developing a use for the inedible parts of citrus, mainly peel, would have great environmental and economic benefits worldwide. Astaxanthin is a value-added fine chemical that affects fish pigmentation and has recently been used in healthcare products for humans, resulting in an increased demand. This study aimed to produce astaxanthin from a citrus, ponkan, peel extract using the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, which has the ability to use both pentose and hexose. Feeding on only ponkan peel extract enhanced X. dendrorhous growth and the concomitant astaxanthin production. Additionally, we determined that pectin and its arabinose content were the main substrate and sole carbon source, respectively, for X. dendrorhous growth and astaxanthin production. Thus, ponkan peel extract could become a valuable resource for X. dendrorhous-based astaxanthin production. Using citrus peel extract for microbial fermentation will allow the development of processes that produce value-added chemicals from agricultural byproducts.

Pollution， human exposure and harmful effects of neonicotinoid pesticides / 上海预防医学

Neonicotinoid is a kind of neuroactive pesticide， and it has become the most widely used pesticide in the world. In recent years， neonicotinoid has been detected in the environment and food， suggesting that human can be exposed to this kind of pesticide through drinking water， ingestion and respiration， which poses potential health hazards to human. However， there is no comprehensive report on the pollution level of neonicotinoid pesticides in the environment and food and the impact on human health. In this paper， the pollution status， population exposure level and potential health risks of neonicotinoid pesticides in water， air and food were reviewed. We found that neonicotinoid residues are widespread in fruits and vegetables， of which imidacloprid has the highest detection rate. Except for a few samples with excessive neonicotinoid detection， the detection level in most samples did not exceed national food safety standards. A variety of neonicotinoid pesticides have been detected in the air， surface water， tap water and drinking water. External exposure studies in the population have shown that ingestion is the main route of exposure to neonicotinoid， and the external exposure level is much lower than its chronic reference dose. The internal exposure study mainly detected the concentration of neonicotinoid pesticides and their metabolites in urine. A variety of neonicotinoid pesticides and their metabolites are detected in urine， and the concentration range is ng/ml level. Internal exposure studies found that the detection rate of thiamethoxam and dinotefuran in urine is higher， and the detection rate of neonicotinoid in Asian countries is higher than that in European and American countries. Occupational exposure studies found that neonicotinoid exposure levels increased after pesticide spraying， and the exposure levels in rural areas where pesticides were commonly used were higher than those in neighboring urban areas. Animal experiments have found that neonicotinoid pesticides have reproductive toxicity， genetic toxicity， neurotoxicity， immunotoxicity， liver toxicity and nephrotoxicity to non-target organisms. Cell experiments suggest that neonicotinoid is an endocrine disruptor. The symptoms of acute exposure in humans are related to the exposure dose， route and physical condition of the exposed person， which ranges from mild symptoms （nausea， vomiting， headache and diarrhea） to death. Population epidemiological studies have shown that chronic exposure to neonicotinoid pesticides is associated with adverse health effects in humans such as neonatal tetralogy of Fallot， anencephaly， and adverse mental symptoms.

Implications of Adenylate Metabolism in Hygiene Assessment: A Review.

The assessment of a hygienic state or cleanliness of contact surfaces has significant implications for food and medical industries seeking to monitor sanitation and exert improved control over a host of operations affecting human health. Methods used to make such assessments commonly involve visual inspections, standard microbial plating practices, and the application of ATP-based assays. Visual methods for inspection of hygienic states are inherently subjective and limited in efficacy by the accuracy of human senses, the degree of task-specific work experience, and various sources of human bias. Standard microbial swabbing and plating techniques are limited in that they require hours or even days of incubation to generate results, with such steps as enrichment and colony outgrowth resulting in delays that are often incompatible with manufacturing or usage schedules. Rapid in conduct and considered more objective in operation than visual or tactile inspection techniques, swabbing surfaces using ATP-based assessments are relied on as routine, even standard, methods of hygienic assessment alone or in complement with microbial and visual inspection methods. Still, current ATP methods remain indirect methods of total hygiene assessment and have limitations that must be understood and considered if such methods are to be applied judiciously, especially under increasingly strict demands for the verification of hygiene state. Here, we present current methods of ATP-based bioluminescence assays and describe the limitations of such methods when applied to general food manufacturing or health care facilities.

Comparison of Detection Limits for Allergenic Foods between Total Adenylate (ATP+ADP+AMP) Hygiene Monitoring Test and Several Hygiene Monitoring Approaches.

ABSTRACT: Validation and verification of cleaning and inspection methods are essential to prevent the spread of allergens via cross-contact. Among the hygiene monitoring tests used on-site, the ATP test is rapid and provides quantifiable results. Nevertheless, because a wide variety of foods contain significant amount of ADP and/or AMP due to the degradation of ATP, the ATP+ADP+AMP (A3) test is preferred for detecting food debris. Hence, the A3 test may be valuable in screening food debris that may contain residual allergens. In this study, the detection limits of the A3 test for 40 foods that are regulated in several countries as allergenic were compared with those of the other hygiene monitoring tests used on-site: the conventional ATP test with similar sensitivity for ATP, the protein swab test that detects as little as 50 µg of protein, and the lateral flow immunoassay (LFI). The A3 test demonstrated lower detection limits than did the ATP test. The detection sensitivity of the A3 test was greater than that of the protein swab test except for its use on gelatin (extracted protein). The cleaning validation performance using a stainless steel model in fish and meat revealed that the A3 test is efficient in verifying the levels of remaining food debris. Although LFI displayed the best sensitivities for 10 of 14 foods, it is not commercially available for some specific allergens; however, the A3 test can detect such food debris. Moreover, the detection limits of the A3 test were preferable or comparable to those of LFI for crustacean shellfish and for processed grains, with the exception of wheat flour and buckwheat. A field study in a food processing plant demonstrated that the amount of both A3 and milk protein (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) considerably decreased as the cleaning steps progressed. Therefore, the A3 test is effective in detecting the risk for allergen cross-contact after inadequate cleaning.

Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment, Extraction, and Catalysis of Biomass and Food Waste.

Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and food residues to obtain valuable chemicals is essential to the establishment of a sustainable and biobased economy in the modern world. The latest and greenest generation of ionic liquids (ILs) are deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs); these have shown great promise for various applications and have attracted considerable attention from researchers who seek versatile solvents with pretreatment, extraction, and catalysis capabilities in biomass- and biowaste-to-bioenergy conversion processes. The present work aimed to review the use of DESs and NADESs in the valorization of biomass and biowaste as pretreatment or extraction solvents or catalysis agents.

Food residue biomass product as an alternative fuel for the cement industry.

The present study focuses on the production of an alternative fuel (AF) for the cement industry from a food residue biomass (FORBI) product, generated from pre-sorted household food waste (HFW). FORBI is generated by drying and shredding the fermentable fraction of HFW collected door-to-door in the Municipality of Halandri, Greece. The key physicochemical properties such as the net calorific value (NCV), and the concentration of heavy metals and chlorine are subsequently determined using well-established international standards (EN and ISO). FORBI is evaluated as a potential AF in terms of technical feasibility and environmental impacts. Based on the characterization, FORBI is classified as a non-dangerous waste according to EWC 20 01 08, European Commission Decision 2014/955. According to EN 15359, it is classified as category 3, 2, and 1 with respect to NCV, Cl, and Hg respectively. The study concludes that FORBI is a suitable candidate as a secondary fuel for the cement industry, given its high calorific value along with its low humidity and ash content. Challenges for practical implementation include the relatively high chlorine content, the inclusion of alkalis in the cement produced, and the reduction of non-thermal NOx emissions.

Protein extraction from agri-food residues for integration in biorefinery: Potential techniques and current status.

The biorefinery concept is attracting scientific and policy attention as a promising option for enhancing the benefits of agri-food biomass along with a reduction of the environmental impact. Obtaining bioproducts based on proteins from agri-food residues could help to diversify the revenue stream in a biorefinery. In fact, the extracted proteins can be applied as such or in the form of hydrolyzates due to their nutritional, bioactive and techno-functional properties. In this context, the present review summarizes, exemplifies and discusses conventional extraction methods and current trends to extract proteins from residues of the harvesting, post-harvesting and/or processing of important crops worldwide. Moreover, those extraction methods just integrated in a biorefinery scheme are also described. In conclusion, a plethora of methods exits but only some of them have been applied in biorefinery designs, mostly at laboratory scale. Their economic and technical feasibility at large scale requires further study.

Bioelectricity production from fermentable household waste in a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell.

In this study, the use of a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell for the production of bioelectricity from a food residue biomass (FORBI) product was investigated. Food residue biomass was produced by drying and shredding the pre-sorted fermentable fraction of household food waste collected door-to-door in the Municipality of Halandri, Athens, Greece. Different organic loads of food residue biomass expressed as chemical oxygen demand (COD) were examined (0.7, 0.9, 1.4, 2.8, 6 and 14 g COD L-1, respectively). It was observed that an increase of the initial concentration of the final extract resulted in a corresponding increase in the operating time. The microbial fuel cell potential increased from 33.3 mV to 46 mV as the concentration was increased from 0.7 to 14 g COD L-1. The best performance in terms of maximum power density (29.6 mW m-2) corresponding to a current density of 88 mA m-2 was observed for 6 g COD L-1. Setting the external resistance at its optimal value (Rext = 2 kΩ) as determined by polarisation experiments, Pyield drastically increased to 13.7 and 17.3 Joule (g FORBI)-1 in two consecutive cycles. The results demonstrate that readily biodegradable substrates, such as food residue biomass, can be effectively used for enhanced bioelectricity harvesting in a microbial fuel cell.

Development of a Novel Hygiene Monitoring System Based on the Detection of Total Adenylate (ATP+ADP+AMP).

ATP is the universal energy molecule found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. ATP rapid hygiene monitoring tests have been employed in the food industry to ensure that adequate cleanliness is being maintained. However, because ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and AMP by metabolic processes, by heat treatment, or under acidic or alkaline conditions, total adenylate (ATP+ADP+AMP [A3]) could be a more reliable sanitation indicator of food residues that may cause biofilm formation and allergen contamination. Therefore, a novel hygiene monitoring system to measure A3 was developed based on the luciferin-luciferase assay with the combination of two enzymes, pyruvate kinase and pyruvate phosphate dikinase, that can convert ADP into ATP and recycle AMP into ATP, respectively. The newly developed A3 assay system afforded stable bioluminescence signals and equivalent linear calibration curves between relative light units (RLU) and the amounts of ATP, ADP, and AMP, respectively. To verify the significance of the A3 method, the ratios of ATP, ADP, and AMP in various food samples were determined; large amounts of ADP and AMP were found in a variety of foods, such as meat, seafood, dairy, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and fermented foods. Sanitation monitoring of stainless steel exposed to raw meat was also examined, and the A3 method achieved a 200-RLU level, the typical benchmark value, after complete washing with detergent and rinsing. In contrast, a conventional ATP method showed less than 200 RLU after only a light cold and hot water rinse. In conclusion, the A3 assay appeared to be suitable for detection of adenylates from food residues that are not detected by the conventional ATP assay.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer on the lesser curvature in upper third of the stomach is a risk factor for postoperative delayed gastric emptying.

BACKGROUND: Advances in Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) technology have established ESD for early gastric cancer as a safe and stable technique. However, ESD may induce delayed gastric emptying and the cause of food residue retention in the stomach after ESD is not clear. This study aimed to clarify risk factors for delayed gastric emptying with food retention after gastric ESD. METHODS: We retrospectively examined for food residue in the stomach 1 week after ESD was performed for early gastric carcinoma at Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital from February 2008 to November 2016. RESULTS: Food residue was observed in 68 (6.1%) of 1114 patients who underwent gastric ESD. The percentage of lesions located on the lesser curvature of the upper third of the stomach was 45.6% (31/68) in the food residue group and 3.5% (37/1046) in the non-food residue group, which was significantly different (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that lesions on the lesser curvature of the upper third of the stomach (Odds ratio [OR] 23.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.60-43.61, P < 0.01), post-ESD bleeding (OR 4.25, 95%CI 1.67-9.80, P < 0.01), submucosal invasion (OR 2.80, 95%CI 1.34-5.63, P < 0.01), and age over 80 years (OR 2.34, 95%CI 1.28-4.22, P < 0.01) were independent risk factors for food retention after gastric ESD. Of the 68 patients, 3 had food residue in the stomach on endoscopic examination for follow-up observation after the ESD ulcer had healed. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed gastric emptying with food retention after gastric ESD was associated with lesions located in the lesser curvature of the upper stomach, submucosal invasion of the lesion, age older than 80 years, and post-ESD bleeding, though it was temporary in most cases.

Effect of quantity of food residues on resistance to desiccation of food-related pathogens adhered to a stainless steel surface.

In order to study the effect of food residues on the survival of food-borne pathogens, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes were subjected to drying conditions in the presence of small amounts of food such as carrot juice, aqueous solution of nori, milk, and soy-milk. After drying for 2 h at room temperature in the absence of food residue, cell counts of S. Typhimurium, S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes decreased from 8 to 3, 6, and 5 log cfu/dish, respectively. Five milligrams of fresh carrot, 0.05 mg dried nori, and 100 nL milk or soy milk per 10 mm φ surface were sufficient to demonstrate a protective effect on the adhered pathogens, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy. Results from this study suggest that small sediments of food, not only protein rich but also carbohydrate rich, increase the resistance of surface-adherent bacteria to desiccation, rendering sanitization processes ineffective and encouraging cross contamination.