Carnobacterium as a bioprotective and potential probiotic culture to improve food quality, food safety, and human health - a scoping review.

It is well-known that some bacteria can promote human and animal health. Bacteria of the genus Carnobacterium, while underexplored, have demonstrated significant probiotic and bioprotective potential. In this review, the recent scientific advances in this area are discussed. There are several requirements for a strain to be considered a probiotic or bioprotective agent, including the absence of antimicrobial resistance and the ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Several researchers have reported such features in Carnobacterium bacteria, especially with regard to the production of antimicrobial substances. Research into animal production has advanced, especially in the aquaculture field, wherein inhibitory activity has been demonstrated against several important pathogens (for example Vibrio), and improvement in zootechnical indexes is evident. With respect to human health-related applications, research is still in the early stages. However, excellent in vitro results against pathogens, such as Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been reported. Carnobacterium bacteria have been assessed for a variety of applications in food, including direct application to the matrix and application to smart packaging, with proven effectiveness against Listeria monocytogenes. However, there is a lack of in vivo studies on Carnobacterium applications, which hinders its applications in various industries despite its high potential.

Retrospective whole-genome comparison of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from foodborne outbreaks in Southern Brazil.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is frequently isolated from animal-source foods associated with human salmonellosis outbreaks. This serovar was spread to animal (mainly poultry) farms worldwide in the 1980s, and it is still detected in foods produced in many countries, including Brazil. The present study reports a retrospective genome-wide comparison of S. Enteritidis from foodborne outbreaks in Southern Brazil in the last two decades. Fifty-two S. Enteritidis isolates were obtained from foodborne outbreaks occurring in different cities of the Brazilian southernmost State, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), from 2003 to 2015. Whole-genome sequences (WGS) from these isolates were obtained and comparatively analyzed with 65 additional genomes from NCBI. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses were performed to study temporal evolution. Genes related to antibiotic resistance and virulence were also evaluated. The results demonstrated that all S. Enteritidis isolates from Southern Brazil clustered in the global epidemic clade disseminated worldwide originally in the 1980s. Temporal analysis demonstrated that all Brazilian isolates had a tMRCA (time to most recent common ancestor) in 1986 with an effective population size (Ne) increase soon after until 1992, then becoming constant up to now. In Southern Brazil, there was a significant decrease in the spreading of S. Enteritidis in the last decade. In addition, three antibiotic resistance genes were detected in all isolates: aac(6')-Iaa, mdfA, and tet(34). These results demonstrate the high frequency of one only specific S. Enteritidis lineage (global epidemic clade) in foodborne outbreaks from Southern Brazil in the last two decades.

Genome analysis reveals insights into high-resistance and virulence of Salmonella Enteritidis involved in foodborne outbreaks.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis strain SE86 has been associated with several foodborne diseases occurring in Southern Brazil, becoming and important causative agent of human salmonellosis. In this work, the complete genome of the bacterium Salmonella Enteritidis SE86 was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. An in silico analysis of the SE86 genome was performed in order to compare it with different Salmonella strains as well as to investigate the presence of stress-resistance and virulence genes. This strain showed a variety of genes that can be involved in antimicrobial and biocide resistance, acid and thermal resistance as well as virulence and adhesion. These genetic features could explain its increased resistance and the prevalence of this strain in foodborne outbreaks in Southern Brazil.

Biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis at different incubation temperatures

Background: The genus Salmonella, associated with poultry products, is considered the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks in humans in many countries. In Brazil, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is the serovar remains as one most frequentlyisolated from humans, and it is also a major serovar found in animals, food, animal feed, and environmental samples, despiteall the efforts to control this pathogen. Also, the bacterium is able to form biofilms on different surfaces, protecting cellsfrom both cleaning and sanitizing procedures in the food industries. This study aimed to verify the ability of SalmonellaEnteritidis isolates to form biofilm on polystyrene at different incubation temperatures.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 171 SE samples were isolated from foodborne outbreaks (foods and stool cultures) and poultry products between 2003 and 2010. The biofilm-forming ability of samples was measured at four differenttemperatures (3°C, 9ºC, 25ºC, and 36ºC), for 24 h, simulating temperatures usually found in poultry slaughterhouses. Later,200 μL of each bacterial suspension was inoculated, in triplicate, onto 96-well, flat-bottomed sterile polystyrene microtiterplates, washed, after that, the biofilm was fixed with methanol. The plates were dried at ambient temperature, stained with2% Huckers crystal violet. Afterwards, absorbance was read using an ELISA plate reader and the optical density (OD)of each isolate was obtained by the arithmetic mean of the absorbance of three wells and this value was compared withthe mean absorbance of negative controls (ODnc). The following classification was used for the determination of biofilmformation: no biofilm production, weak biofilm production, moderate biofilm production and strong biofilm production.Results demonstrated all isolates from stool cultures and foods involved in foodborne outbreaks, at least one of the fourtemperatures tested, were able to form biofilm...(AU)

Biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis at different incubation temperatures

Background: The genus Salmonella, associated with poultry products, is considered the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks in humans in many countries. In Brazil, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is the serovar remains as one most frequentlyisolated from humans, and it is also a major serovar found in animals, food, animal feed, and environmental samples, despiteall the efforts to control this pathogen. Also, the bacterium is able to form biofilms on different surfaces, protecting cellsfrom both cleaning and sanitizing procedures in the food industries. This study aimed to verify the ability of SalmonellaEnteritidis isolates to form biofilm on polystyrene at different incubation temperatures.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 171 SE samples were isolated from foodborne outbreaks (foods and stool cultures) and poultry products between 2003 and 2010. The biofilm-forming ability of samples was measured at four differenttemperatures (3°C, 9ºC, 25ºC, and 36ºC), for 24 h, simulating temperatures usually found in poultry slaughterhouses. Later,200 μL of each bacterial suspension was inoculated, in triplicate, onto 96-well, flat-bottomed sterile polystyrene microtiterplates, washed, after that, the biofilm was fixed with methanol. The plates were dried at ambient temperature, stained with2% Hucker’s crystal violet. Afterwards, absorbance was read using an ELISA plate reader and the optical density (OD)of each isolate was obtained by the arithmetic mean of the absorbance of three wells and this value was compared withthe mean absorbance of negative controls (ODnc). The following classification was used for the determination of biofilmformation: no biofilm production, weak biofilm production, moderate biofilm production and strong biofilm production.Results demonstrated all isolates from stool cultures and foods involved in foodborne outbreaks, at least one of the fourtemperatures tested, were able to form biofilm...

Doenças crônicas e a internalização de microorganismos patogênicos / Chronic diseases and the internalization of pathogenic microorganisms

Em todo o mundo, a incidência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) vem aumentando devido às mudanças no estilo de vida. Estudos comprovam que o consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras reduzem a incidência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis na população devido à presença de fibras, antioxidantes e compostos bioativos, que aumentam as defesas orgânicas estimulando a proteção contra as agressões por radicais livres, contribuindo para diminuir o risco de doença cardiovascular e degenerativa. O aumento no consumo de produtos frescos tem sido acompanhado por uma maior incidência de surtos alimentares. Alguns micro-organismos patogênicos como Salmonella, Escherichia coli e alguns tipos de virus, apresentam a capacidade de se internalizar, levando à colonização da planta. Este artigo teve o propósito de iniciar uma discussão acerca do incentivo ao consumo de produtos frescos, os quais podem contribuir para veicular doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Foram consultadas as bases eletrônicas: Lilacs, Scielo, Scirus e Scopus, sendo selecionados artigos em intervalo de 30 anos (1982-2012). Com base nas contribuições dos artigos algumas considerações são apresentadas acerca das diferentes formas de internalização microbiana para partes comestíveis de produtos frescos e como os micro-organismos internalizados não são efetivamente removidos por tratamentos da superfície.

Worldwide, the incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing due changes in lifestyles. Studies confirm consumption of fruits and vegetables reduce the incidence of noncommunicable diseases in the population due to the presence of fiber, antioxidants and bioactive compounds that increase the organic defenses stimulating protection against attacks by free radicals, helping to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and degenerative. The increased consumption of fresh products has been accompanied by a higher incidence of food borne outbreaks. Some pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli and some types of virus, have the ability to internalize, leading to colonization of the plant. This article has the purpose of initiate a discussion about the incentive to consumption of fresh products which can help convey foodborne diseases.The electronic databases consulted were: Lilacs, Scielo, Scirus e Scopus, were selected studies over a period of 30 years (1982-2012). Based on their contributions some considerations are presented about the various types of microbial internalization for edible plant parts and how microorganisms internalized are not effectively removed by surface treatment.