Eficácia in sílico do florfenicol no tratamento de pododermatite infecciosa por Fusobacterium necrophorum em ovelhas / In sílico efficacy of florfenicol in the treatment of Fusobacterium necrophorum infectious pododermatitis in sheep

Objetivou-se comparar o efeito in silico do florfenicol nas doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg em ovinos pelas vias intravenosa (IV) e intramuscular (IM), usando a modelagem PK/PD. Realizou-se uma simulação de Monte Carlo com base nos dados de concentração plasmática de um estudo publicado anteriormente. Calculou-se a área sob a curva (ASC) e as taxas de eficácia do florfenicol para os efeitos bacteriostático, bactericida e de erradicação bacteriológica. A dose de 20 mg/Kg IV demonstrou efeitos de erradicação de 100, 93 e 0% para CIM de 0,5, 1 e acima, respectivamente. O efeito bacteriostático foi de 99 e 90% para CIM de 4 e 2 µg/ml, enquanto o bactericida foi de 14% para CIM de 2 µg/ml. A dose de 30 mg/Kg IV apresentou 100% de erradicação para CIM de 1 µg/mL e 100% de efeito bactericida para CIM de 2 µg/mL. Há 100% de efeito bacteriostático em CIM de 4 µg/ml. As doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg IM mostraram 100% de erradicação para CIM até 1 µg/mL e 0% para CIM maiores. O efeito bacteriostático foi mantido em 100% para uma CIM de 4 µg/mL em ambas as doses. Este estudo mostra o efeito de erradicação bacteriológica do florfenicol nas doses de 20 e 30 mg/Kg, IV e IM. Recomenda-se que seja feito um estudo de eficácia in vivo com a dose de 30mg/Kg IM em ovinos infectados por F. necrophorum com MIC superior a 2 µg/mL.

We aimed to compare the in silico effect of florfenicol at doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg in sheep by intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes, using PK/PD modeling. We performed a Monte Carlo simulation based on plasma concentration data from a previously published study. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) and the efficacy rates of florfenicol to bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacteriological eradication effects. The dose of 20 mg/Kg IV demonstrated 100, 93, and 0% eradication effects for MICs of 0.5, 1, and above, respectively. The bacteriostatic effect was 99 and 90% for MIC of 4 and 2 µg/ml, while the bactericide was 14% for MIC of 2 µg/ml. The 30 mg/Kg IV dose showed 100% eradication for MIC of 1 µg/mL and 100% bactericidal effect for MIC of 2 µg/mL. There is a 100% of bacteriostatic effect at MIC of 4 µg/ml. Doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg IM showed 100% eradication for MIC up to 1 µg/mL and 0% for MIC above. The bacteriostatic effect was maintained at 100% for a MIC of 4 µg/mL at both doses. This study shows the bacteriological eradication effect of florfenicol at doses of 20 and 30 mg/Kg, IV, and IM. Therefore, we recommend an in vivo efficacy study with a dose of 30mg/Kg IM in sheep infected with F. necrophorum with MIC greater than two µg/mL.

Isolamento e caracterização molecular de Dichelobacter nodosus isolados de ovinos no estado da Bahia, Brasil / Isolation and molecular characterization of Dichelobacter nodosus isolated from sheep in Bahia, Brazil

Background: Pododermatitis or footrot is an infectious disease that affects the hoof and interdigital tissue of sheep causing lameness. The disease is caused by the interaction of the agent Dichelobacter nodosus and symbiotic bacteria in the complex environment of the epidermal tissues of the hoof and host immune system. D. nodosus is not able to invadehealthy hooves, so the infection is preceded by colonization of the interdigital skin by Fuso bacterium necrophorum. The aim of this research was to perform the isolation andcharacterization of D. nodosus in sheep farms of different municipalities of Bahia, obtaining the serogroups present in each herd.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out in nine sheep farms from eight municipalities in the state of Bahia. All farms presented history of foot diseases. A total of 620 animals were observed, 140 of which were examined for lameness. To collect the contents of the lesions, sterile swabs were introduced into tubes containing sterile Thorley transport medium under refrigeration at 8°C and sent for laboratory analysis. Subsequently, each swab collected was seeded in two Petri dishes containing 4% hoof agar medium and incubated in anaerobic at 37°C for 96 hours. The purified samples were seeded on 2% hoof agar and incubated under the same conditions as above. The colonies were identified by the morphological characteristic and Gram staining. The DNA was extracted and stored at -20°C until its use in PCR, for identification and classification of D. nodosus in serogroups (A-I). In the nine farms visited were found animals with clinical signs of infectious pododermatitis. After processing, there was success of isolation in 39 samples (41%), confirming the presence of D. nodosus in all municipalities evaluated.[...]

Isolamento e caracterização molecular de Dichelobacter nodosus isolados de ovinos no estado da Bahia, Brasil / Isolation and molecular characterization of Dichelobacter nodosus isolated from sheep in Bahia, Brazil

Background: Pododermatitis or footrot is an infectious disease that affects the hoof and interdigital tissue of sheep causing lameness. The disease is caused by the interaction of the agent Dichelobacter nodosus and symbiotic bacteria in the complex environment of the epidermal tissues of the hoof and host immune system. D. nodosus is not able to invadehealthy hooves, so the infection is preceded by colonization of the interdigital skin by Fuso bacterium necrophorum. The aim of this research was to perform the isolation andcharacterization of D. nodosus in sheep farms of different municipalities of Bahia, obtaining the serogroups present in each herd.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out in nine sheep farms from eight municipalities in the state of Bahia. All farms presented history of foot diseases. A total of 620 animals were observed, 140 of which were examined for lameness. To collect the contents of the lesions, sterile swabs were introduced into tubes containing sterile Thorley transport medium under refrigeration at 8°C and sent for laboratory analysis. Subsequently, each swab collected was seeded in two Petri dishes containing 4% hoof agar medium and incubated in anaerobic at 37°C for 96 hours. The purified samples were seeded on 2% hoof agar and incubated under the same conditions as above. The colonies were identified by the morphological characteristic and Gram staining. The DNA was extracted and stored at -20°C until its use in PCR, for identification and classification of D. nodosus in serogroups (A-I). In the nine farms visited were found animals with clinical signs of infectious pododermatitis. After processing, there was success of isolation in 39 samples (41%), confirming the presence of D. nodosus in all municipalities evaluated.[...](AU)

Histopathological findings of foot-rot disease which causes deaths in a sheep flock

Background: Foot-rot is a contagious bacterial infection of the feet of sheep that causes lameness. This infection leads to major economic losses in wool, meat, and dairy industries throughout the world. Pathogenesis of foot-rot can be described as the damage of the interdigital skin, invasion of fecal bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum, and finally the involvement of Dichelobacter nodosus in the infection. In the worst cases, the disease becomes widespread, and systemic bacterial infections may occur. The present study aims to describe macroscopic and histopathological findings of foot-rot lesions formed in the foot, heart, liver, and lungs to draw attention to these aspects of the disease.Case: The material of the study consisted of a 3-year-old sheep. The investigation was composed of the disease history; post-mortem examination; and histopathological analysis of lung, liver, heart, and foot lesions. At the anamnesis, it was reported that the diseased animal had lameness and weakness with other clinical symptoms, and approximately 10 infected sheep had died within a 1-week period. At necropsy, malodorous ulcerative lesions between the nails; focal-disseminated foci in the liver, lung, and heart; yellowish matte thickening in the heart valves; and hydropericardium were detected. After necropsy, tissue samples taken from the skin, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and liver were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution, paraffin embedded, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Giemsa staining was done to detect the agents in the tissues. The slides were examined and photographed using a light microscope. Histopathological examination revealed that ulcerations between the nails were lesions shaped as the result of the foot rot disease...(AU)

Histopathological findings of foot-rot disease which causes deaths in a sheep flock

Background: Foot-rot is a contagious bacterial infection of the feet of sheep that causes lameness. This infection leads to major economic losses in wool, meat, and dairy industries throughout the world. Pathogenesis of foot-rot can be described as the damage of the interdigital skin, invasion of fecal bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum, and finally the involvement of Dichelobacter nodosus in the infection. In the worst cases, the disease becomes widespread, and systemic bacterial infections may occur. The present study aims to describe macroscopic and histopathological findings of foot-rot lesions formed in the foot, heart, liver, and lungs to draw attention to these aspects of the disease.Case: The material of the study consisted of a 3-year-old sheep. The investigation was composed of the disease history; post-mortem examination; and histopathological analysis of lung, liver, heart, and foot lesions. At the anamnesis, it was reported that the diseased animal had lameness and weakness with other clinical symptoms, and approximately 10 infected sheep had died within a 1-week period. At necropsy, malodorous ulcerative lesions between the nails; focal-disseminated foci in the liver, lung, and heart; yellowish matte thickening in the heart valves; and hydropericardium were detected. After necropsy, tissue samples taken from the skin, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and liver were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution, paraffin embedded, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Giemsa staining was done to detect the agents in the tissues. The slides were examined and photographed using a light microscope. Histopathological examination revealed that ulcerations between the nails were lesions shaped as the result of the foot rot disease...

Lesões podais em ovinos da Mesorregião Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul / Foot lesions of sheep from southwestern Rio Grande do Sul

Lesões podais em ovinos são causas importantes de perdas econômicas por quedas na produtividade, na reprodução, por gastos com tratamentos ineficientes e com o descarte de animais afetados. Dessa forma, os objetivos foram descrever as principais características das lesões podais observadas em ovinos da Mesorregião Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, seus aspectos epidemiológicos e a importância da ocorrência desses distúrbios para a criação de ovinos nessa região. Foram coletados dados epidemiológicos e clinicopatológicos de rebanhos ovinos da região entre abril de 2014 e abril de 2015 através de visitas técnicas em propriedades rurais. Foram avaliados rebanhos ovinos em 27 propriedades rurais localizadas em diferentes municípios, dos quais 21 registraram a ocorrência de lesões podais com relato de perdas econômicas significativas. Aproximadamente 1.700 ovinos, em média 10% dos rebanhos, apresentavam diferentes graus de claudicação decorrente de lesões podais que variavam de brandas a severas. Verificou-se que diversos fatores como clima e manejo foram favoráveis para o desenvolvimento das lesões podais e essas podem estar associadas a diferentes distúrbios e agentes etiológicos. No entanto, embora essas condições sejam importantes, o controle e a prevenção tem se mostrado ineficientes. Observou-se ainda que a pododermatite infecciosa dos ovinos (Footrot), parece ser a principal doença podal na região e atualmente pode ser considerada uma doença negligenciada.(AU)

Foot lesions in sheep are important causes of economic loss due to fall in productivity, reproduction, by spending on ineffective treatment and elimination of affected animals. The purpose of this study was described the main features of foot lesions of sheep from southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, as well as epidemiological aspects and the importance of occurrence of these lesions for sheep farming in the region. Epidemiological and clinic-pathological information of sheep herds from the region between April 2014 and April 2015, by means of visits to farms. In the study were evaluated 27 sheep flocks on farms located in different municipalities. In 21 farms was reported occurrence of foot lesions in sheep having caused significant economic losses. About 1700 sheep, 10% of herds, showed different degree of lameness caused by foot lesions ranging from mild to severe. It was found that several factors, such as climate and breeding were favorable for the development of foot injuries which may be associated with different disorders and etiologic agents. Although these injuries are important, the control and prevention has proved ineffective. Also was observed that infectious pododermatitis (Footrot) may be the main foot disease of sheep in the region, and can be considered a neglected disease.(AU)

Lesões podais em ovinos da Mesorregião Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul / Foot lesions of sheep from southwestern Rio Grande do Sul

Foot lesions in sheep are important causes of economic loss due to fall in productivity, reproduction, by spending on ineffective treatment and elimination of affected animals. The purpose of this study was described the main features of foot lesions of sheep from southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, as well as epidemiological aspects and the importance of occurrence of these lesions for sheep farming in the region. Epidemiological and clinic-pathological information of sheep herds from the region between April 2014 and April 2015, by means of visits to farms. In the study were evaluated 27 sheep flocks on farms located in different municipalities. In 21 farms was reported occurrence of foot lesions in sheep having caused significant economic losses. About 1700 sheep, 10% of herds, showed different degree of lameness caused by foot lesions ranging from mild to severe. It was found that several factors, such as climate and breeding were favorable for the development of foot injuries which may be associated with different disorders and etiologic agents. Although these injuries are important, the control and prevention has proved ineffective. Also was observed that infectious pododermatitis (Footrot) may be the main foot disease of sheep in the region, and can be considered a neglected disease.(AU)

Lesões podais em ovinos são causas importantes de perdas econômicas por quedas na produtividade, na reprodução, por gastos com tratamentos ineficientes e com o descarte de animais afetados. Dessa forma, os objetivos foram descrever as principais características das lesões podais observadas em ovinos da Mesorregião Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, seus aspectos epidemiológicos e a importância da ocorrência desses distúrbios para a criação de ovinos nessa região. Foram coletados dados epidemiológicos e clinicopatológicos de rebanhos ovinos da região entre abril de 2014 e abril de 2015 através de visitas técnicas em propriedades rurais. Foram avaliados rebanhos ovinos em 27 propriedades rurais localizadas em diferentes municípios, dos quais 21 registraram a ocorrência de lesões podais com relato de perdas econômicas significativas. Aproximadamente 1.700 ovinos, em média 10% dos rebanhos, apresentavam diferentes graus de claudicação decorrente de lesões podais que variavam de brandas a severas. Verificou-se que diversos fatores como clima e manejo foram favoráveis para o desenvolvimento das lesões podais e essas podem estar associadas a diferentes distúrbios e agentes etiológicos. No entanto, embora essas condições sejam importantes, o controle e a prevenção tem se mostrado ineficientes. Observou-se ainda que a pododermatite infecciosa dos ovinos (Footrot), parece ser a principal doença podal na região e atualmente pode ser considerada uma doença negligenciada.(AU)

Evolução clínica e avaliação de parâmetros leucocitários e de proteínas de fase aguda na pododermatite infecciosa ovina / Clinical evolution and evaluation of leukocyte parameters and acute phase protein of ovine footrot

Neste artigo realizou-se a avaliação de ovinos mestiços Santa Inês com pododermatite infecciosa, verificando as alterações no leucograma e proteínas de fase aguda. No primeiro experimento, 70 fêmeas foram separadas em três grupos de acordo com o seu escore podal: Grupo controle (G1) com escore 0; Dermatite interdigital (G2) com escore 1 ou 2 e Pododermatite necrosante (G3) com escore 3, 4 ou 5. Durante dois meses observou-se a evolução clínica e efeitos no leucograma em cinco momentos: M1 (dia 0), M2 (dia 15), M3 (dia 30), M4 (dia 45) e M5 (dia 60). A intensidade do resultado do leucograma foi de baixa magnitude, observando-se alterações significativas (p<0,05) como uma leve leucocitose (G3, M4), atribuída a neutrofilia e um discreto aumento no número total de monócitos (G3, M2 e M3) apesar do extenso dano e necrose tecidual existentes na última fase da doença. No segundo experimento, utilizaram-se 105 animais de sete propriedades com objetivo de isolar o agente etiológico e avaliar os efeitos da doença sobre proteína plasmática total e proteínas de fase aguda. Os animais também foram separados em três grupos: controle, dermatite interdigital e pododermatite necrosante. Em todas as propriedades foi realizado o isolamento de Dichelobacter nodosus. Não houve correlação significativa (p<0,05) das diferentes fases da doença sobre as proteínas estudadas, porém a haptoglobina dos grupos com animais doentes apresentou médias superiores ao grupo controle. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada e resultados obtidos, conclui-se que as proteínas de fase aguda estudadas não foram eficientes na caracterização das fases da pododermatite infecciosa ovina e que a resposta leucocitária foi branda, tornando difícil sua utilização para este fim.(AU)

In this paper, Santa Inês crossbred sheep with footrot were evaluated, checking the changes on leukogram and the acute phase proteins. In the first experiment, 70 females were divided into three groups according to their podal scores: a control group (G1) with score 0, scald group (G2) with score 1 or 2 and a footrot group (G3) with score 3, 4 or 5. During two months, the clinical course and its effect on leukogram were observed at five moments: M1 (day 0), M2 (day 15), M3 (day 30), M4 (day 45) and M5 (day 60). The intensity of the white blood cell count was low magnitude, observing significant changes (p <0.05) as a mild leukocytosis (G3, M4), attributed to neutrophilia and a slight increase in the total number of monocytes (G3, M2 and M3) despite the extensive damage and tissue necrosis existed during the final stage of the disease. In the second experiment, 105 animals from seven farms were used with the objective of isolating the causative agent and to evaluate the effect of disease on total plasma protein and acute phase proteins. The animals were also divided into three groups: control, scald and footrot. In all farms, the isolation of Dichelobacter nodosus was regarded. For the different stages of the disease on the proteins studied there was no significant correlation (p<0.05) but the haptoglobin in scald and footrot groups showed higher average than the control group. Based on these results, we conclude that the acute phase proteins studied were not efficient in the characterization of the phases of the disease and the leukocyte response was mild, making it difficult to use for this purpose.(AU)

Evolução clínica e avaliação de parâmetros leucocitários e de proteínas de fase aguda na pododermatite infecciosa ovina / Clinical evolution and evaluation of leukocyte parameters and acute phase protein of ovine footrot

Neste artigo realizou-se a avaliação de ovinos mestiços Santa Inês com pododermatite infecciosa, verificando as alterações no leucograma e proteínas de fase aguda. No primeiro experimento, 70 fêmeas foram separadas em três grupos de acordo com o seu escore podal: Grupo controle (G1) com escore 0; Dermatite interdigital (G2) com escore 1 ou 2 e Pododermatite necrosante (G3) com escore 3, 4 ou 5. Durante dois meses observou-se a evolução clínica e efeitos no leucograma em cinco momentos: M1 (dia 0), M2 (dia 15), M3 (dia 30), M4 (dia 45) e M5 (dia 60). A intensidade do resultado do leucograma foi de baixa magnitude, observando-se alterações significativas (p<0,05) como uma leve leucocitose (G3, M4), atribuída a neutrofilia e um discreto aumento no número total de monócitos (G3, M2 e M3) apesar do extenso dano e necrose tecidual existentes na última fase da doença. No segundo experimento, utilizaram-se 105 animais de sete propriedades com objetivo de isolar o agente etiológico e avaliar os efeitos da doença sobre proteína plasmática total e proteínas de fase aguda. Os animais também foram separados em três grupos: controle, dermatite interdigital e pododermatite necrosante. Em todas as propriedades foi realizado o isolamento de Dichelobacter nodosus. Não houve correlação significativa (p<0,05) das diferentes fases da doença sobre as proteínas estudadas, porém a haptoglobina dos grupos com animais doentes apresentou médias superiores ao grupo controle. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada e resultados obtidos, conclui-se que as proteínas de fase aguda estudadas não foram eficientes na caracterização das fases da pododermatite infecciosa ovina e que a resposta leucocitária foi branda, tornando difícil sua utilização para este fim.

In this paper, Santa Inês crossbred sheep with footrot were evaluated, checking the changes on leukogram and the acute phase proteins. In the first experiment, 70 females were divided into three groups according to their podal scores: a control group (G1) with score 0, scald group (G2) with score 1 or 2 and a footrot group (G3) with score 3, 4 or 5. During two months, the clinical course and its effect on leukogram were observed at five moments: M1 (day 0), M2 (day 15), M3 (day 30), M4 (day 45) and M5 (day 60). The intensity of the white blood cell count was low magnitude, observing significant changes (p <0.05) as a mild leukocytosis (G3, M4), attributed to neutrophilia and a slight increase in the total number of monocytes (G3, M2 and M3) despite the extensive damage and tissue necrosis existed during the final stage of the disease. In the second experiment, 105 animals from seven farms were used with the objective of isolating the causative agent and to evaluate the effect of disease on total plasma protein and acute phase proteins. The animals were also divided into three groups: control, scald and footrot. In all farms, the isolation of Dichelobacter nodosus was regarded. For the different stages of the disease on the proteins studied there was no significant correlation (p<0.05) but the haptoglobin in scald and footrot groups showed higher average than the control group. Based on these results, we conclude that the acute phase proteins studied were not efficient in the characterization of the phases of the disease and the leukocyte response was mild, making it difficult to use for this purpose.

Perda reprodutiva causada pelo footrot em dois rebanhos ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul / Reproduction losses caused by footrot on two sheep flocks of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

O footrot (FR) dos ovinos é considerado o maior problema sanitário da ovinocultura gaúcha. Existem poucas referências sobre o impacto do FR na produção ovina. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influência dessa infecção na porcentagem de prenhez (PP) de ovinos criados a campo no RS. Foram estudados dois rebanhos, o rebanho 1, com 880 ovelhas Merino Australiano, criadas no município de Quaraí (RS); o rebanho 2, com 65 ovelhas cruzas (Crioula x Texel), criadas em Osório (RS). As ovelhas foram encarneiradas nos meses de outono (março-abril),com 2% de carneiros férteis. No início do encarneiramento foram examinados todos os cascos de todas as ovelhas dos dois rebanhos, quando foi estimada a gravidade das lesões numa escala de 1 a 4. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado por ultrassonografia aos 60 dias após a retirada dos carneiros. No rebanho 2 foi estimada, também, a condição corporal (CC) das ovelhas no início do experimento. A PP das ovelhas sadias e infectadas nos rebanhos 1 e 2 foram respectivamente: 91 87%; 81 e 44%, mostrando diferença estatisticamente significativa entre ovelhas do mesmo rebanho (P<0,05). A prevalência do FR nos rebanhos 1 e 2 foi de 14 e 26,7%, respectivamente.Finalmente, no rebanho 2, a CC das ovelhas sadias (3,32) foi superior a do grupo infectado (2,45) (P<0,001). Os dados sugerem que nesse rebanho, a baixa PP das ovelhas infectadas está associada a menor CC, detectada no início do encarneiramento(AU)..

Ovine footrot (FR) is the most pressing problem of the sheep industry of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) the southern most State of Brazil. No accurate information is available concerning the economic impact of FR upon the local sheep industry. The aim of this paper was to evaluated the losses caused by this condition on the pregnancy percentage (PP) of sheep flocks reared in natural pastural areas of RS. The study was carried out in two flocks. Flock 1, comprising 880 Australian Merino ewes, grazed in the district of Quaraí (RS); Flock 2 comprising 65 cross ewes (Crioula x Texel),grazed in the district of Osorio (RS). The ewes were naturaly mated during autumn (March-April), using 2% of fertile rams. At the beginning of the mating season all sheep feet were acessed for footrot lesions, when the severity of the lesions were graded in a scale from 1 to 4. The ewes were scanned 60 days after the finishing of the breeding period. The flock 2 had the ewes body condition score (CS) evaluated at the time of ram intruduction. The PP of the infected and healthy ewes in the flocks 1 and 2 was: 91 and 87%; 81 and 44%, respectively, showing statistical significancy between ewes of the same flock (P<0,05). The prevalence of FR on flocks 1 and 2 was 14 and 26,7%, respectively. Finally, in flock 2, the CS of health ewes (3,32) was significantly higher than the infected ones (2,45) (P<0,001). The data presented sugest that, at least in this flock, the lower PP observed on the infected ewes is associated to the lower CC mean detected at the beginning of the breeding season(AU)

Perda reprodutiva causada pelo footrot em dois rebanhos ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul / Reproduction losses caused by footrot on two sheep flocks of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

O footrot (FR) dos ovinos é considerado o maior problema sanitário da ovinocultura gaúcha. Existem poucas referências sobre o impacto do FR na produção ovina. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influência dessa infecção na porcentagem de prenhez (PP) de ovinos criados a campo no RS. Foram estudados dois rebanhos, o rebanho 1, com 880 ovelhas Merino Australiano, criadas no município de Quaraí (RS); o rebanho 2, com 65 ovelhas cruzas (Crioula x Texel), criadas em Osório (RS). As ovelhas foram encarneiradas nos meses de outono (março-abril),com 2% de carneiros férteis. No início do encarneiramento foram examinados todos os cascos de todas as ovelhas dos dois rebanhos, quando foi estimada a gravidade das lesões numa escala de 1 a 4. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado por ultrassonografia aos 60 dias após a retirada dos carneiros. No rebanho 2 foi estimada, também, a condição corporal (CC) das ovelhas no início do experimento. A PP das ovelhas sadias e infectadas nos rebanhos 1 e 2 foram respectivamente: 91 87%; 81 e 44%, mostrando diferença estatisticamente significativa entre ovelhas do mesmo rebanho (P<0,05). A prevalência do FR nos rebanhos 1 e 2 foi de 14 e 26,7%, respectivamente.Finalmente, no rebanho 2, a CC das ovelhas sadias (3,32) foi superior a do grupo infectado (2,45) (P<0,001). Os dados sugerem que nesse rebanho, a baixa PP das ovelhas infectadas está associada a menor CC, detectada no início do encarneiramento..

Ovine footrot (FR) is the most pressing problem of the sheep industry of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) the southern most State of Brazil. No accurate information is available concerning the economic impact of FR upon the local sheep industry. The aim of this paper was to evaluated the losses caused by this condition on the pregnancy percentage (PP) of sheep flocks reared in natural pastural areas of RS. The study was carried out in two flocks. Flock 1, comprising 880 Australian Merino ewes, grazed in the district of Quaraí (RS); Flock 2 comprising 65 cross ewes (Crioula x Texel),grazed in the district of Osorio (RS). The ewes were naturaly mated during autumn (March-April), using 2% of fertile rams. At the beginning of the mating season all sheep feet were acessed for footrot lesions, when the severity of the lesions were graded in a scale from 1 to 4. The ewes were scanned 60 days after the finishing of the breeding period. The flock 2 had the ewes body condition score (CS) evaluated at the time of ram intruduction. The PP of the infected and healthy ewes in the flocks 1 and 2 was: 91 and 87%; 81 and 44%, respectively, showing statistical significancy between ewes of the same flock (P<0,05). The prevalence of FR on flocks 1 and 2 was 14 and 26,7%, respectively. Finally, in flock 2, the CS of health ewes (3,32) was significantly higher than the infected ones (2,45) (P<0,001). The data presented sugest that, at least in this flock, the lower PP observed on the infected ewes is associated to the lower CC mean detected at the beginning of the breeding season

Uso de vacina autógena monovalente(sorogrupo D) no controle do footrot em um rebanho ovino no estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Use of an autogenous monovalent vaccine (serogroup D) in the control of footrot in a sheep flock in the State of Rio Grande do Sul

Este trabalho avaliou a eficácia de uma vacina autógena monovalente (sorogrupoD) com adjuvante oleoso no controle do footrot (FR) em ovinos de uma propriedade rural do município de Santiago/RS. Foram vacinados 347 ovinos, duas doses com intervalo de 30 dias por via subcutânea (SC), administradas na região axilar (150 animais) e na região inguinal (197 animais). Um grupo de 75 animais não recebeu a vacina, constituindo o grupo controle. Os dados mostraram que a prevalência do footrot no grupo de ovinos vacinados(V), que inicialmente era de 4%, sofreu uma redução para 2% na semana 23, chegando a zero na semana 30. No grupo controle (C), a prevalência de animais infectados foi de 6,7%no início do experimento, teve uma redução para 5,3% na semana 23 e, ao final, estava em 3,7%. Observou-se uma redução gradativa no número de ovinos infectados nos dois grupos,entretanto a eliminação seletiva ocorrida no grupo controle prejudicou a análise estatística dos dados. Em cinco ocasiões durante o experimento, amostras de sangue foram colhidas da jugular dos animais para verificar títulos de anticorpos aglutinantes contra o antígeno presente na propriedade. Os resultados mostraram diferenças signifi cativas (p<0,001) entre os títulos de anticorpos aglutinantes contra Dichelobacter nodosus no soro de ovinos vacinados e nãovacinados durante o experimento. A análise das reações vacinais locais apontou a região inguinal como o melhor local para a aplicação da vacina com adjuvante oleoso por via SC e também demonstrou uma relação direta entre a idade dos ovinos e o percentual de reações vacinais locais e a severidade dessas reações. Os resultados sugerem que a vacina autógena com adjuvante oleoso obteve sucesso no controle da doença(AU)

This study evaluated the effi cacy of autogenous monovalent vaccine (serogroup D) with oil-adjuvant in the control of footrot in sheep from a farm in the municipality of Santiago/RS. 347 sheep were vaccinated, two doses with an interval of 30 days by subcutaneously administered in the axillary region (150 animals) and in the inguinal region (197 animals).A group of 75 animals did not receive the vaccine, constituting the control group. The data showed that the prevalence of footrot in the group of sheep vaccinated (V) initially set at 4%,was reduced to 2% in 23 weeks, reaching zero at the last inspection. In the control group (C)the prevalence of infected animals was 6.7% at baseline, was reduced to 5.3% at week 23 and the end was 3.7%. There was a gradual reduction in the number of infected sheep in both groups, however the selective elimination occurred in the control group affected the statistical analysis. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of the animals to see evidence of agglutinating antibodies against the antigen present on the property on five occasions during the experiment. The results showed signifi cant differences (p<0,001) between antibody titers against Dichelobacter nodosus in the serum of sheep vaccinated and not vaccinated during the experiment. The analysis of local vaccine reactions showed the inguinal region as the best place for the application subcutaneously oil-adjuvant vaccine and also demonstrated a direct relationship between the age of the sheep and the percentage of local vaccine reactions and the severity of these reactions. The results suggest that autogenous oil-adjuvant vaccine succeeded in controlling the disease(AU)

Resposta imunológica contra o footrot dos ovinos promovida por vacina autógena monovalente e por vacina comercial polivalente / Immunological response against ovine footrot promoted by autogenous monovalent and a commercial polyvalent vaccine

Este trabalho avaliou a resposta imunológica provocada por uma vacina monovalente(sorogrupo D) e por uma vacina polivalente (7 sorogrupos) contra o footrot. Trinta fêmeas ovinas, com idades variadas, foram divididas aleatoriamente em 3 grupos de 10 animais: grupo controle(C) que não foi vacinado, grupo vacinado com vacina monovalente (Vm) e grupo vacinado com vacina polivalente (Vp). Os ovinos vacinados receberam duas doses (2 ml por via subcutânea na região inguinal) com quatro semanas de intervalo. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas da jugular dos animais para verificar títulos de anticorpos aglutinantes contra o Dichelobacter nodosus no início do experimento (dia zero) e em outras três ocasiões, semanas 4, 7 e 12. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas (p<0,001) entre os títulos médios geométricos (GMT) de anticorpos aglutinantes contra Dichelobacter nodosus no soro de ovinos vacinados (Vm e Vp) enão vacinados (C) na quarta, sétima e 12ª semanas do experimento. Em relação aos títulos médios geométricos (GMT) entre os grupos Vm e Vp houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na quarta e sétima semanas. A vacina monovalente induziu títulos de aglutininas superiores contra oDichelobacter nodosus em comparação com a vacina polivalente(AU)

This study evaluated the immune response elicited by a monovalent (serogroup D) and a polyvalent vaccine (7 serogroups) against footrot. Thirty ewes, of various ages were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 animals: control group (C) was not vaccinated, group vaccinated with monovalent vaccine (Vm) and the group vaccinated with polyvalent vaccine (Vp). The sheep were vaccinated with two doses four weeks apart, the dose was 2 ml subcutaneously in the inguinal region. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of the animals to determine agglutination titers against Dichelobacter nodosus in the beginning of the experiment (day zero) and in other three occasions, weeks 4, 7 and 12. The results showed highly significant differences (p<0,001)between the geometric mean titers (GMT) of antibodies against Dichelobacter nodosus in the serum of sheep vaccinated (Vm e Vp) and unvaccinated (C) in the fourth, seventh and 12th weeks of the experiment. For the geometric mean titers (GMT) between the Vm and Vp groups there was statistically significant differences in the fourth and the seventh weeks. The monovalent vaccine induced titers of higher against Dichelobacter nodosus compared with the polyvalent vaccine(AU)

Resposta imunológica contra o footrot dos ovinos promovida por vacina autógena monovalente e por vacina comercial polivalente / Immunological response against ovine footrot promoted by autogenous monovalent and a commercial polyvalent vaccine

Este trabalho avaliou a resposta imunológica provocada por uma vacina monovalente(sorogrupo D) e por uma vacina polivalente (7 sorogrupos) contra o footrot. Trinta fêmeas ovinas, com idades variadas, foram divididas aleatoriamente em 3 grupos de 10 animais: grupo controle(C) que não foi vacinado, grupo vacinado com vacina monovalente (Vm) e grupo vacinado com vacina polivalente (Vp). Os ovinos vacinados receberam duas doses (2 ml por via subcutânea na região inguinal) com quatro semanas de intervalo. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas da jugular dos animais para verificar títulos de anticorpos aglutinantes contra o Dichelobacter nodosus no início do experimento (dia zero) e em outras três ocasiões, semanas 4, 7 e 12. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas (p<0,001) entre os títulos médios geométricos (GMT) de anticorpos aglutinantes contra Dichelobacter nodosus no soro de ovinos vacinados (Vm e Vp) enão vacinados (C) na quarta, sétima e 12ª semanas do experimento. Em relação aos títulos médios geométricos (GMT) entre os grupos Vm e Vp houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na quarta e sétima semanas. A vacina monovalente induziu títulos de aglutininas superiores contra oDichelobacter nodosus em comparação com a vacina polivalente

This study evaluated the immune response elicited by a monovalent (serogroup D) and a polyvalent vaccine (7 serogroups) against footrot. Thirty ewes, of various ages were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 animals: control group (C) was not vaccinated, group vaccinated with monovalent vaccine (Vm) and the group vaccinated with polyvalent vaccine (Vp). The sheep were vaccinated with two doses four weeks apart, the dose was 2 ml subcutaneously in the inguinal region. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of the animals to determine agglutination titers against Dichelobacter nodosus in the beginning of the experiment (day zero) and in other three occasions, weeks 4, 7 and 12. The results showed highly significant differences (p<0,001)between the geometric mean titers (GMT) of antibodies against Dichelobacter nodosus in the serum of sheep vaccinated (Vm e Vp) and unvaccinated (C) in the fourth, seventh and 12th weeks of the experiment. For the geometric mean titers (GMT) between the Vm and Vp groups there was statistically significant differences in the fourth and the seventh weeks. The monovalent vaccine induced titers of higher against Dichelobacter nodosus compared with the polyvalent vaccine

Uso de vacina autógena monovalente(sorogrupo D) no controle do footrot em um rebanho ovino no estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Use of an autogenous monovalent vaccine (serogroup D) in the control of footrot in a sheep flock in the State of Rio Grande do Sul

Este trabalho avaliou a eficácia de uma vacina autógena monovalente (sorogrupoD) com adjuvante oleoso no controle do footrot (FR) em ovinos de uma propriedade rural do município de Santiago/RS. Foram vacinados 347 ovinos, duas doses com intervalo de 30 dias por via subcutânea (SC), administradas na região axilar (150 animais) e na região inguinal (197 animais). Um grupo de 75 animais não recebeu a vacina, constituindo o grupo controle. Os dados mostraram que a prevalência do footrot no grupo de ovinos vacinados(V), que inicialmente era de 4%, sofreu uma redução para 2% na semana 23, chegando a zero na semana 30. No grupo controle (C), a prevalência de animais infectados foi de 6,7%no início do experimento, teve uma redução para 5,3% na semana 23 e, ao final, estava em 3,7%. Observou-se uma redução gradativa no número de ovinos infectados nos dois grupos,entretanto a eliminação seletiva ocorrida no grupo controle prejudicou a análise estatística dos dados. Em cinco ocasiões durante o experimento, amostras de sangue foram colhidas da jugular dos animais para verificar títulos de anticorpos aglutinantes contra o antígeno presente na propriedade. Os resultados mostraram diferenças signifi cativas (p<0,001) entre os títulos de anticorpos aglutinantes contra Dichelobacter nodosus no soro de ovinos vacinados e nãovacinados durante o experimento. A análise das reações vacinais locais apontou a região inguinal como o melhor local para a aplicação da vacina com adjuvante oleoso por via SC e também demonstrou uma relação direta entre a idade dos ovinos e o percentual de reações vacinais locais e a severidade dessas reações. Os resultados sugerem que a vacina autógena com adjuvante oleoso obteve sucesso no controle da doença

This study evaluated the effi cacy of autogenous monovalent vaccine (serogroup D) with oil-adjuvant in the control of footrot in sheep from a farm in the municipality of Santiago/RS. 347 sheep were vaccinated, two doses with an interval of 30 days by subcutaneously administered in the axillary region (150 animals) and in the inguinal region (197 animals).A group of 75 animals did not receive the vaccine, constituting the control group. The data showed that the prevalence of footrot in the group of sheep vaccinated (V) initially set at 4%,was reduced to 2% in 23 weeks, reaching zero at the last inspection. In the control group (C)the prevalence of infected animals was 6.7% at baseline, was reduced to 5.3% at week 23 and the end was 3.7%. There was a gradual reduction in the number of infected sheep in both groups, however the selective elimination occurred in the control group affected the statistical analysis. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of the animals to see evidence of agglutinating antibodies against the antigen present on the property on five occasions during the experiment. The results showed signifi cant differences (p<0,001) between antibody titers against Dichelobacter nodosus in the serum of sheep vaccinated and not vaccinated during the experiment. The analysis of local vaccine reactions showed the inguinal region as the best place for the application subcutaneously oil-adjuvant vaccine and also demonstrated a direct relationship between the age of the sheep and the percentage of local vaccine reactions and the severity of these reactions. The results suggest that autogenous oil-adjuvant vaccine succeeded in controlling the disease

Footrot outbreak in a sheep herd in the Araçatuba region, state of S. Paulo, Brazil / Ocorrência de um surto de "footrot" em um rebanho de ovinos na região de Araçatuba; SP; Brasil

Footrot is a multifactorial, contagious, bacterial disease that starts in the interdigital space and spreads to the horny parts of the feet, particularly in sheep. Dichelobacter nodosus (Bacteroides nodosus) is the causing agent and main pathogen of this complex disease. The classification of footrot as virulent or benign is based on the proteolytic characteristics of the bacteria and extension of epidermal matrix involvement, and hence the degree of hom separation. The disease is particularly prevalent in the Brazilian South states and is found less often in the state of S. Paulo. The objective of this study was to report an outbreak of the virulent form of the disease in a 400-sheep farm in the region of Araçatuba, after some animals from the state of Paraná were introduced. The horn lesions were initially observed in 15 animals and during the treatment period all animals had been infected. Lesions were found in the epidermal matrix, with a high degree of tissue destruction resulting in separation and growth deformation of the horny tissues. The lesions were assessed and the tissue destruction graded as mild (5% of the animals), moderate (10%) or severe (85%). The four feet were affected in most animals. The treatment included hoof trimming, vaccination with an inactivated suspension of D. nodosus and use of footbath containing 10% CuSO4 + 3% formalin. Although the disease wa

O "footrot" é uma infecção bacteriana, contagiosa, multi fatorial que atinge o espaço interdigital e o tecido córneo dos dígitos, especialmente de ovinos. Causada pela ação do Dichelobacter nodosus (Bacteroides nodosus), possuidor de uma menor (forma benigna) ou maior (forma virulenta) capacidade proteolítica, que determina a extensão de invasão da matriz epidermal e, conseqüentemente, o grau de destruição tecidual. A afecção é freqüentemente encontrada nos Estados do Sul do País, sendo pouco observada no Estado de São Paulo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram relatar a ocorrência da enfermidade, verificar e classificar as lesões encontradas nos dígitos e avaliar a eficácia do tratamento utilizado. O surto ocorreu em uma propriedade com 400 ovinos, oriundos do Estado do Paraná. As primeiras alterações podais foram observadas em 15 animais e posteriormente, durante o período de tratamento, os demais animais do rebanho desenvolveram a doença. As lesões encontradas invadiam a matriz epidermal, com elevado grau de destruição tecidual e descolamento da sola, implicando deformações no crescimento dos cascos, sendo classificadas quanto ao grau de destruição tecidual, variando em leve, moderada e severa, predominando a ocorrência nos quatro membros e o acometimento em 5, 10 e 85% dos animais do rebanho respectivamente. No tratamento foram realizados casqueamento dos membros afetados, va

Footrot outbreak in a sheep herd in the Araçatuba region, state of S. Paulo, Brazil / Ocorrência de um surto de "footrot" em um rebanho de ovinos na região de Araçatuba; SP; Brasil

Footrot is a multifactorial, contagious, bacterial disease that starts in the interdigital space and spreads to the horny parts of the feet, particularly in sheep. Dichelobacter nodosus (Bacteroides nodosus) is the causing agent and main pathogen of this complex disease. The classification of footrot as virulent or benign is based on the proteolytic characteristics of the bacteria and extension of epidermal matrix involvement, and hence the degree of hom separation. The disease is particularly prevalent in the Brazilian South states and is found less often in the state of S. Paulo. The objective of this study was to report an outbreak of the virulent form of the disease in a 400-sheep farm in the region of Araçatuba, after some animals from the state of Paraná were introduced. The horn lesions were initially observed in 15 animals and during the treatment period all animals had been infected. Lesions were found in the epidermal matrix, with a high degree of tissue destruction resulting in separation and growth deformation of the horny tissues. The lesions were assessed and the tissue destruction graded as mild (5% of the animals), moderate (10%) or severe (85%). The four feet were affected in most animals. The treatment included hoof trimming, vaccination with an inactivated suspension of D. nodosus and use of footbath containing 10% CuSO4 + 3% formalin. Although the disease wa

O "footrot" é uma infecção bacteriana, contagiosa, multi fatorial que atinge o espaço interdigital e o tecido córneo dos dígitos, especialmente de ovinos. Causada pela ação do Dichelobacter nodosus (Bacteroides nodosus), possuidor de uma menor (forma benigna) ou maior (forma virulenta) capacidade proteolítica, que determina a extensão de invasão da matriz epidermal e, conseqüentemente, o grau de destruição tecidual. A afecção é freqüentemente encontrada nos Estados do Sul do País, sendo pouco observada no Estado de São Paulo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram relatar a ocorrência da enfermidade, verificar e classificar as lesões encontradas nos dígitos e avaliar a eficácia do tratamento utilizado. O surto ocorreu em uma propriedade com 400 ovinos, oriundos do Estado do Paraná. As primeiras alterações podais foram observadas em 15 animais e posteriormente, durante o período de tratamento, os demais animais do rebanho desenvolveram a doença. As lesões encontradas invadiam a matriz epidermal, com elevado grau de destruição tecidual e descolamento da sola, implicando deformações no crescimento dos cascos, sendo classificadas quanto ao grau de destruição tecidual, variando em leve, moderada e severa, predominando a ocorrência nos quatro membros e o acometimento em 5, 10 e 85% dos animais do rebanho respectivamente. No tratamento foram realizados casqueamento dos membros afetados, va