Relación entre diabetes mellitus y periodontitis apical de origen endodóntico. Revisión narrativa / Relationship between diabetes mellitus and apical periodontitis of endodontic origin. Narrative review

La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica que se caracteriza por tener un aumento en los niveles de glucemia, causando un estado inflamatorio sistémico que puede afectar la cicatrización de las lesiones periapicales presentes en la periodontitis apical, una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica causada por una infección endodóntica cuyo desarrollo está regulado por la respuesta inmunitaria del huésped. La diabetes podría interactuar con la periodontitis apical al desencadenar la modulación inmunitaria, pudiendo afectar la respuesta clínica de las lesiones periapicales e interferir con la cicatrización después del tratamiento endodóntico. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura es analizar la evidencia respecto a la relación entre la diabetes mellitus y la presencia y severidad de la periodontitis apical de origen endodóntico. Se recopilaron artículos de las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science entre los años 2016 y 2021. Se eligieron 31 artículos pertinentes para el estudio. En el 41,6% de los estudios se encontró una mayor presencia de periodontitis apical en pacientes con diabetes asociada a una lesión apical más compleja y comprometida. Un 25% de los estudios encontró que los pacientes diabéticos mal controlados presentan mayor presencia de periodontitis apical. Un 25% de los estudios encontró que niveles altos de HbA1c se asocian a la presencia de periodontitis apical. Se encontró una relación entre la diabetes y la periodontitis apical, por lo que la diabetes debe ser considerada como un factor preoperatorio importante en el desarrollo y severidad de la periodontitis apical, sin embargo, se deben realizar estudios experimentales más estandarizados para poder determinar con mayor exactitud esta relación, además de poder indagar la bidireccionalidad entre ambos.(AU)

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels, causing a systemic inflammatory state that can affect the healing of periapical lesions present in apical periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease caused by an endodontic infection whose development is regulated by the host's immune response. Diabetes could interact with apical periodontitis by triggering immune modulation, being able to affect the clinical outcome of periapical lesions and interfering with healing after endodontic treatment. The objective of this literature review is to analyze the evidence regarding the relationship between diabetes mellitus and the presence and severity of apical periodontitis of endodontic origin. Articles were collected from the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases between the years 2016 and 2021. 31 relevant articles were included for this study. In 41.6% of the studies a greater presence of apical periodontitis was found in patients with diabetes associated with a more complex and compromised apical lesion. 25% of the studies reported that poorly controlled diabetic patients had a greater presence of apical periodontitis. 25% of the studies reported high levels of HbA1c in association with apical periodontitis. A relationship was found between diabetes and apical periodontitis, which means diabetes should be considered as an important preoperative factor in the development and severity of apical periodontitis; however, more standardized experimental studies should be carried out to determine this relationship more accurately, in addition to being able to investigate a bidirectionality between the two.(AU)

Gender effect of glucose, insulin/glucagon ratio, lipids, and nitrogen-metabolites on serum HGF and EGF levels in patients with diabetes type 2.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) exhibits potent growth-inducing properties across various tissues, while epidermal growth factor (EGF) acts as a molecular integration point for diverse stimuli. HGF plays a crucial role in hepatic metabolism, tissue repair, and offers protective effects on epithelial and non-epithelial organs, in addition to its involvement in reducing apoptosis and inflammation, underscoring its anti-inflammatory capabilities. The HGF-Met system is instrumental in hepatic metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity in animal diabetes models. Similarly, the EGF and its receptor tyrosine kinase family (EGFR) are critical in regulating cell growth, proliferation, migration, and differentiation in both healthy and diseased states, with EGF also contributing to insulin sensitivity. In this observational study, we aimed to identify correlations between serum levels of HGF and EGF, insulin, glucagon, glucose, and primary serum lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), taking into account the impact of gender. We noted differences in the management of glucose, insulin, and glucagon between healthy men and women, potentially due to the distinct influences of sexual hormones on the development of type 2 DM. Additionally, metabolites such as glucose, albumin, direct bilirubin, nitrites, and ammonia might influence serum levels of growth factors and hormones. In summary, our results highlight the regulatory role of insulin and glucagon in serum glucose and lipids, along with variations in HGF and EGF levels, which are affected by gender. This link is especially significant in DM, where impaired cell proliferation or repair mechanisms lead to metabolic changes. The gender-based differences in growth factors point to their involvement in the pathophysiology of the disease.

Complicaciones vasculares en pacientes diabéticos con hemoglobina glicosilada alterada internados en el Centro Médico Nacional - Hospital Nacional periodo 2022 - 2023 / Vascular complications in diabetic patients with altered glycated hemoglobin admitted to Centro Médico Nacional - Hospital Nacional period 2022 ­ 2023

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica que, al no ser controlada, puede desencadenar en complicaciones macro y microvasculares. Uno de los indicadores de un adecuado control glucémico es la hemoglobina glicosilada. Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia de complicaciones macro y microvasculares en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con hemoglobina glicosilada alterada internados en el Hospital Nacional de Itauguá periodo 2022 - 2023 Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a 170 pacientes adultos internados en el servicio de clínica médica del Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay) durante los años 2022 y 2023. Resultados: la edad media fue de 58 ± 12 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (51 %). La complicación más frecuentemente diagnosticada fue la enfermedad del pie relacionada a la diabetes con 83 pacientes (49 %), seguido por retinopatía diabética 23 (14 %). El valor promedio de hemoglobina glicosilada fue de 10 ± 2 %. Solamente 6 (4 %) del total de pacientes presentó un valor de HbA1C≥ 7,1 %. La comorbilidad asociada más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial 87 (51 %). El 91 % de los pacientes conocía ser portador de la enfermedad, el 80 % recibía algún tipo de tratamiento. Conclusiones: el pie diabético fue la complicación vascular diagnosticada con mayor ,frecuencia, especialmente en pacientes con HbA1C≥ 7,1 %.

Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that, if not controlled, can lead to macro- and microvascular complications. One of the indicators of adequate glycemic control is glycosylated hemoglobin. Objectives: to determine the frequency of macro and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients with altered glycosylated hemoglobin admitted to the Hospital Nacional from 2022 to 2023 Methodology: this was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study that included 170 adult patients admitted to the Internal Medicine service of the Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay) during the years 2022 and 2023. Results: the mean age was 58 ± 12 years, with a predominance of the female sex (51 %). The most frequently diagnosed complication was foot disease related to diabetes with 83 patients (49 %), followed by diabetic retinopathy 23 (14 %). The average value of glycosylated hemoglobin was 10 ± 2 %. Only 6 (4 %) of the total patients had an HbA1C value ≤7 %. The most frequent associated comorbidity was arterial hypertension 87 (51 %). 91 % of the patients knew they were carriers of the disease, 80 % received some type of treatment. Conclusions: diabetic foot was the most frequently diagnosed vascular complication, especially in patients with HbA1C ≥7.1 %.

Estrés psicológico y angustia por diabetes en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: una revisión sistemática / Psychological Stress and Diabetes Distress in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review / Estresse psicológico e angústia causada por diabetes em adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2: uma revisão sistemática

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es una enfermedad crónica que puede causar estrés psicológico en el desarrollo de la enfermedad y como suceso estresante, mientras que la angustia por la diabetes se asocia con estresores como el descontrol de las concentraciones de glucosa, presencia de complicaciones agudas o crónicas, disciplina y apego en el tratamiento integral. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la literatura científica disponible sobre el estrés psicológico y angustia por diabetes en relación con el con- trol glucémico en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Materiales y métodos: para la búsqueda de literatura se utilizaron las bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, CINAHL, EBSCO, Wiley y Google Académico. Se incluyeron artículos indexados en bases de datos con idioma inglés, español y portugués, de diseños descriptivos, correlacionales y experimentales publicados en el periodo 2010-2020. Los artículos se evaluaron a través de la lista de revisión del Joanna Briggs Institute. Resultados: se encontró que el estrés psicológico ocurre mayormente en mujeres y que la angustia por diabetes es predictora del control glucémico pobre, provoca un manejo inadecuado de la glucosa, aumenta la hemoglobina glucosilada y también es una de las causas de mortalidad en hombres. Conclusiones: los hallazgos muestran que existe mayor relación entre la angustia por diabetes y el control glucémico en estos pacientes

Introduction: type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that can cause psychological stress in the development of the disease and as a stressful event, while diabetes distress is associated to stressors such as uncontrolled diabetes, presence of acute or chronic complications, discipline and adherence in comprehensive treatment. The aim of the study is to analyze the available scientific literature on psychological stress and diabetes distress in relation to glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: For the literature search, Pubmed, Medline, Virtual Health Library, CINAHL, EBSCO, Wiley and Google databases were used. Articles indexed with English, Spanish and Portuguese languages, with descriptive, correlational and experimental designs published in the period 2010 to 2020. The articles were evaluated through the Joanna Briggs Institute Check list. Results: 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed, some studies showed an associated of psychological stress and diabetes distress with glycated hemoglobin, in addition, it was found that psychological stress is mostly in women and diabetes distress is a predictor of poor glycemic control, it causes inadequate glucose management, increases glycated hemoglobin and is also one of the causes of mortality in men. Conclusions: The findings show that there is a relationship mainly between diabetes distress and glycemic control in these patients.

Introdução: A diabetes mellitus tipo 2 é uma doença crônica que pode causar estresse psicológico no surgimento da doença e ser um evento estressante, enquanto que a angústia por diabetes está associada a estressores como os níveis glicose descontrolados, presença de complicações agudas ou crônicas, disciplina e aderência a um tratamento integral. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a literatura científica disponível sobre o estresse psicológico e a angústia por diabetes em relação ao controle glicêmico em adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Materiais e métodos: As bases de dados Pubmed, Medline, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, CINAHL, EBSCO, Wiley e Google foram utilizadas para a pesquisa bibliográfica. Foram incluídos artigos indexados em bases de dados em inglês, espanhol e português, com desenhos descritivos, correlacionais e experimentais publicados no período de 2010 a 2020. Os artigos foram avaliados através do Check List do Instituto Joanna Briggs. Resultados: Foram analisados 10 artigos que cumpriram com os critérios de inclusão, alguns estudos mostraram associação do estresse psicológico e angústia por diabetes com a hemoglobina glicosilada, além disso, descobriu-se que o estresse psicológico apresenta principalmente nas mulheres e a angústia por diabetes é um preditor de controle glicêmico deficiente, provocando manejo inadequado da glicose, aumentando a hemoglobina glicosilada e também, é uma das causas de mortalidade nos homens. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que existe uma maior relação entre a angustia por diabetes e o controle glicêmico nestes pacientes

Brisk Walking Pace Is Associated with Better Cardiometabolic Health in Adults: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017.

BACKGROUND: Although the importance of walking for promoting a better cardiometabolic health is widely known (this includes both cardiovascular and metabolic/endocrine systems), there is little knowledge regarding its appropriate pace to provide adults with more cardiometabolic benefits. AIM: To analyze the associations between different walking pace categories and cardiometabolic health markers in the adult Chilean population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. A total of 5520 participants aged 15 to 90 years old from the Chilean National Health Survey (CNHS) 2016-2017 were included. Walking pace categories (slow, average, and brisk) were collected through self-reported methods. Glycaemia, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), vitamin D2, vitamin D3, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and lipid profile (Total, HDL, LDL, VLDL, No HDL cholesterol and triglycerides) were determined using blood sample tests and measured with the standardized methods described in the CNHS 2016-2017. RESULTS: People who had a brisk walking pace were associated with lower levels of glycaemia, HbA1c, GGT, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and higher vitamin D3 levels compared with those with a slow walking pace. Moreover, people with a brisk walking pace had lower levels of VLDL cholesterol compared with those with a slow walking pace. However, after adjusting the model to include sociodemographic background, nutritional status, and lifestyle variables, the differences remained only for glycaemia, HbA1c and systolic blood pressure levels. CONCLUSIONS: A brisk walking pace was associated with better cardiometabolic health markers and lipid profile compared with a slow walking pace.

Telemedicine for the management of diabetic patients in a high-complexity Latin American hospital.

BACKGROUND: Noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM) have gained attention worldwide. Latin America experienced a rise in rates of DM. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a telemedicine program was implemented in a quaternary care academic complex in Latin America to continue the follow-up of patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe the clinical experience of DM patient management through telemedicine and the HbA1c behavior of patients followed-up through this modality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes who were treated via telemedicine from March to December 2020. A Wilcoxon statistical test was used to compare the changes in glycosylated hemoglobin between the first teleconsultation and after 6 months of telemedicine follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 663 patients were included, 17.65% (117) of whom had type 1 diabetes and 82.35% (546) of whom had type 2 diabetes. Patients with both types of diabetes, presented with stable HbA1c values regardless of the length of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The use of telemedicine can be a helpful tool for both patients and health care providers to support the continuity of care to maintain acceptable control levels within glycemic control goals.

Retinopatía diabética y su relación con los niveles de hemoglobina glucosilada / Diabetic Retinopathy and its Relationship with Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels

Introducción: La retinopatía diabética es la principal causa de ceguera en personas diabéticas de 20 a 64 años de edad, e incrementa su aparición frente a un mal control de la enfermedad, que se expresa con valores altos de hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1C). Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre los niveles de hemoglobina glucosilada y la presencia de retinopatía en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal, en el que se obtuvieron, mediante ficha de observación, datos sociodemográficos, de evaluación oftalmológica y niveles de HbA1C, de los pacientes atendidos en consulta externa del Hospital General Isidro Ayora de la ciudad de Loja, Ecuador, en el período febrero-junio de 2018. Se aplicaron medidas de frecuencia y asociación para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 160 pacientes: 108 mujeres y 52 hombres, todos de raza mestiza. Se identificó retinopatía en 26,8 por ciento (N = 43) de los pacientes, de quienes 41 por ciento (N = 18) tenía más de 65 años de edad. La media de HbA1C en pacientes sin retinopatía fue de 7,4 por ciento, y en aquellos con retinopatía de 9,8 por ciento en mayor porcentaje de pacientes con valores de HbA1C de 7 por ciento o más presentaron retinopatía diabética, en comparación con aquellos de HbA1C menores a 7 por ciento (p < 0,0001), la retinopatía no proliferativa moderada fue el principal diagnóstico realizado. Conclusiones: El mal control glucémico en las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se asocia con mayor probabilidad de aparición de lesiones retinianas(AU)

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy is the main cause of blindness in diabetic people aged 20 to 64 years; it increases its occurrence due to poor control of the disease, expressed by high values of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Objective: To establish the relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin levels and the presence of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study was carried out, in which sociodemographic data, others from an ophthalmologic evaluation and HbA1c levels were obtained, by means of an observation card, from patients seen in the outpatient clinic of Hospital General Isidro Ayoraof the city of Loja, Ecuador, in the period February-June 2018. Frequency and association measures were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The study included 160 patients: 108 women and 52 men, all of mixed race. Retinopathy was identified in 26.8percent (N=43) of patients, of whom 41percent (N=18) were over 65 years of age. The mean HbA1c in patients without retinopathy was 7.4percent, and 9.8percent in those with retinopathy. A higher percentage of patients with HbA1c values of 7percent more had diabetic retinopathy, compared to those with HbA1C under 7percent (p<0.0001). Moderate nonproliferative retinopathy was the main diagnosis. Conclusions: Poor glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with increased likelihood of retinal lesions(AU)

Eficacia del tratamiento con Bevacizumab intravítreo en pacientes diagnosticados de edema macular diabético en el Hospital Otorrino Oftalmológico de la Caja Nacional de Salud, La Paz ­ Bolivia / Effectiveness of treatment with intravitreous Bevacizumab in patients diagnosed with diabetic macular edema at the Hospital Otorrino Oftalmológico of the Caja Nacional de Salud, La Paz ­ Bolivia

Objetivo: determinar los cambios en el espesor macular establecido por Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica (OCT) posterior al tratamiento con Bevacizumab intravítreo en pacientes con Edema Macular Diabético, diagnosticados en el Hospital Otorrino Oftalmológico. Material y Métodos: es un estudio de serie de casos. Se realizo un muestreo por conveniencia de pacientes con edema macular diabético, la muestra obtenida fue de 106 casos de un universo de 146 pacientes con una confiabilidad del 95%, pero según criterios de inclusión y exclusión, la muestra se redujo a 24 pacientes. Resultados: disminución del espesor macular inicial de 493,8 µm a 287,6 µm. La agudeza visual mejora después del tratamiento con Bevacizumab en 79,2% de los pacientes, de los cuales el 62,5% mejoro hasta la 3era dosis de inyección intravítrea y en relación con la HbA1c (Hemoglobina Glicosilada) valores < a 7% da una frecuencia relativa de 66,7% y > a 7% un 33,3%. Existió mayor representatividad de edad entre un rango de 51 a 60 años en 9 pacientes 37,5%. Conclusiones: el tratamiento del edema macular diabético con Bevacizumab intravítreo produce mejorías significativas tanto anatómicas como funcionales. Los valores de HbA1Ac es influyente tanto para la mejora anatómica como funcional.

Objective: to determine the changes in macular thickness established by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) after treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab in patients with Diabetic Macular Edema, diagnosed at the Otorrino Ophthalmological Hospital. Material and Methods: it is a case series study. A convenience sampling of patients with diabetic macular edema was performed, the sample obtained was 106 cases from a universe of 146 patients with a reliability of 95%, but according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the sample was reduced to 24 patients. Results: decrease in initial macular thickness from 493.8 µm to 287.6 µm. Visual acuity improved after treatment with bevacizumab in 79.2% of patients, of whom 62.5% improved to the 3rd dose of intravitreal injection and in relation to HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) values < to 7% gives a relative frequency of 66.7% and > to 7% 33.3%. There was a greater representation of age between a range of 51 to 60 years in 9 patients, 37.5%. Conclusions: the treatment of diabetic macular edema with intravitreal bevacizumab produces significant anatomical and functional improvements. HbA1Ac values are influential for both anatomical and functional improvement.

Depression scores correlate with glycosylated hemoglobin a levels in type 2 diabetics from a mayan community / Los puntajes de depresión se correlacionan con los niveles de hemoglobina glucosilada en diabéticos tipo 2 de una comunidad maya

Abstract Objective: To assess whether depression and quality of life scores correlate with glycosylated hemoglobin A (HbA1c) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients of predominant Mayan ethnicity, from a rural community in the state of Yucatán, Mexico. Materials and methods: Instruments: for depression, CES-D (cutoff ≥ 16); for quality of life, D-39; criterion for poor glycemic control, HbA1c ≥ 8%. Results: Depression was detected in 36.3% of 33 diabetic subjects (10 men, 23 women), and their HbA1c levels (mean ± SD) were higher (10.7 ± 2.5%) than for those without depression (8.6 ± 2.2%, p = 0.015; unpaired Student's t-test, two-tailed). Depression occurred in 33.3% of diabetics with HbA1c ≥8%, but only in 3.0% of those with HbA1c < 8% (p = 0.027, Fisher's exact test). HbA1c levels positively correlated with CES-D scores (r2 =0.135; p = 0.035; Pearson). D-39 "Anxiety-Worry" (AW) dimension scores were higher in diabetics with depression (43.3 ± 22.2) than in those without depression (17.7 ± 17.8; p = 0.005, Mann-Whitney U-test). A positive correlation was found between CES-D and AW scores (r2 = 0.304; p = 0.001; Pearson). Conclusions: Considering that depression and anxiety have been related to poor self-care for achieving a good glycemic control, we propose the concomitant use of CES-D and D-39, which are validated and easy-to-apply instruments, as screening tests to detect depression and anxiety in T2DM patients residing in rural communities. Therefore, if patients test positive on one or both instruments, they can be referred to a psychiatrist to confirm the diagnosis and provide appropriate therapy. This would help to promote adherence to diabetes control measures and improve their quality of life.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar si las puntuaciones de depresión y calidad de vida se correlacionan con los niveles de hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) de etnia maya predominante, de una comunidad rural en el estado de Yucatán, México. Materiales y Métodos: Instrumentos: para depresión, CES-D (punto de corte ≥ 16); para calidad de vida, D-39; criterio de mal control glucémico, HbA1c ≥ 8%. Resultados: Se detectó depresión en el 36.3% de 33 sujetos diabéticos (10 hombres, 23 mujeres), y sus niveles de HbA1c (media ± DE) fueron más altos (10.7 ± 2.5%) que para los que no tenían depresión (8.6 ± 2.2%, p = 0.015; prueba t de Student, no pareada). La depresión se presentó en el 33.3% de los diabéticos con HbA1c ≥ 8%, pero solo en el 3.0% de aquellos con HbA1c <8% (p = 0.027, prueba exacta de Fisher). Los niveles de HbA1c se correlacionaron positivamente con las puntuaciones CES-D (r2 = 0.135; p = 0.035; Pearson). Los puntajes de la dimensión "Ansiedad-Preocupación" (AW) del D-39 fueron más altos en diabéticos con depresión (43.3 ± 22.2) que en aquellos sin depresión (17.7 ± 17.8; p = 0.005, prueba U de Mann-Whitney). Se encontró una correlación positiva entre las puntuaciones CES-D y AW (r2 = 0.304; p = 0.001; Pearson). Conclusiones: Considerando que la depresión y la ansiedad han sido asociadas a autocuidados inadecuados para alcanzar un buen control glicémico, proponemos el uso concomitante de CES-D y D-39, que son instrumentos validados y de fácil aplicación, como pruebas de cribado para detectar depresión y ansiedad en pacientes con DM2 residentes en comunidades rurales. Por lo tanto, si los pacientes dan positivo en uno o ambos instrumentos, se les puede derivar a un psiquiatra para confirmar el diagnóstico y proporcionar la terapia adecuada. Esto ayudaría a promover el cumplimiento de las medidas de control de la diabetes y a mejorar su calidad de vida.

[Type 2 diabetes. Is it possible to achieve the glycemic goal in real life?] / Diabetes Tipo 2 ¿en la vida real es posible lograr la meta glucémica?

INTRODUCTION: Achieving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes(T2D) prevents or delays chronic complications and extends survival. AIM: to analyze metabolic control goals in adults with T2DM, treated by specialists in their usual practice in Argentina, and their relationship with adherence to prescribed medications, different treatment strategies, time of diagnosis, quality of life variables and presence of chronic complications of T2DM. METHODS: cross-sectional design; multicenter study conducted in 28 centers in Argentina during 2018. The sample was selected randomly and systematically. Morisky-Green-Levine and WHO-5 adherence questionnaire for quality of life was applied. History of disease and laboratory markers were analyzed. RESULTS: of 1329 DMT2 cases included, 60.2% achieved the goal. Regarding pharmacological treatment in diabetes: 5.1% were without medication, 47.5% with 1 drug, 34.5% with 2, 12.9% with 3 or more; in turn, with insulin (alone or combined) 38.1%. According to the questionnaire, 68.4% adhered to treatment and 72.6% reached A1C <7%. Among the non-adherents, 27.4% reached the goal. Achieving the glycemic goal was associated with age = 65 years (p < 0.0001), higher adherence score (p < 0.0001), private health insurance (p < 0.0001), and physical activity (p < 0.02). The worst metabolic control was associated with time of DMT2 diagnosis (p <0.0001), insulin therapy (p < 0.0001) and symptoms of depression (p < 0.002) Conclusions: The youngest and most vulnerable presented lower values for adherence; intervening and intensifying the treatment earlier in them would allow better results.

Lograr control glucémico en diabetes tipo 2 (DMT2) previene, o enlentece las complicaciones crónicas y prolonga la supervivencia. Objetivo: analizar metas de control metabólico en adultos con DMT2 tratados por especialistas en Argentina y su relación con la adherencia a la medicación prescrita, las diferentes estrategias de tratamiento, la antigüedad de la enfermedad, las variables de calidad de vida y presencia de complicaciones crónicas de DMT2. Métodos: diseño transversal; estudio multicéntrico realizado en 28 centros de Argentina durante 2018. La muestra se seleccionó en forma aleatoria y sistemática. Se aplicó cuestionario de adherencia Morisky-Green-Levine y OMS-5 para calidad de vida. Se analizaron antecedentes de enfermedad y marcadores de laboratorio. Resultados: de 1329 casos de DMT2 incluidos, el 60.2% logró la meta. Respecto al tratamiento farmacológico en diabetes: el 5.1% estaba sin medicación, 47.5% con 1 fármaco, el 34.5% con 2, el 12.9% con 3 o más; a su vez, con insulina (sola o combinada) el 38.1%. Según cuestionario, adhería al tratamiento el 68.4% y el 72.6% alcanzó A1C < 7%. Entre los no adherentes, alcanzó la meta glucémica el 27.4%. Lograr esta meta se asoció con edad mayor de 65 años (p < 0.0001), mayor score de adherencia (p < 0.0001), tener medicina prepaga (p < 0.0001), y realizar actividad física (p < 0.02). El peor control metabólico se asoció con antigüedad de DMT2 (p < 0.0001), insulinoterapia (p < 0.0001) y síntomas de depresión (p < 0.002) Conclusiones: Los más jóvenes y los más vulnerables presentaron menor adherencia; en ellos intervenir e intensificar tratamiento más tempranamente permitiría mejores resultados.

Diabetes tipo 2 ¿En la vida real es posible lograr la meta glucémica? / Type 2 Diabetes. Is it possible to achieve the glycemic goal in real life?

Resumen Lograr control glucémico en diabetes tipo 2 (DMT2) previene, o enlentece las complicaciones crónicas y prolonga la supervivencia. Objetivo: analizar metas de control metabólico en adultos con DMT2 tratados por especialistas en Argentina y su relación con la adherencia a la medicación prescrita, las diferentes estrategias de tratamiento, la antigüedad de la enfermedad, las variables de calidad de vida y pre sencia de complicaciones crónicas de DMT2. Métodos: diseño transversal; estudio multicéntrico realizado en 28 centros de Argentina durante 2018. La muestra se seleccionó en forma aleatoria y sistemática. Se aplicó cuestionario de adherencia Morisky-Green-Levine y OMS-5 para calidad de vida. Se analizaron antecedentes de enfermedad y marcadores de laboratorio. Resultados: de 1329 casos de DMT2 incluidos, el 60.2% logró la meta. Respecto al tratamiento farmacológico en diabetes: el 5.1% estaba sin medicación, 47.5% con 1 fármaco, el 34.5% con 2, el 12.9% con 3 o más; a su vez, con insulina (sola o combinada) el 38.1%. Según cuestionario, adhería al tratamiento el 68.4% y el 72.6% alcanzó A1C < 7%. Entre los no adherentes, alcan zó la meta glucémica el 27.4%. Lograr esta meta se asoció con edad mayor de 65 años (p < 0.0001), mayor score de adherencia (p < 0.0001), tener medicina prepaga (p < 0.0001), y realizar actividad física (p < 0.02). El peor control metabólico se asoció con antigüedad de DMT2 (p < 0.0001), insulinoterapia (p < 0.0001) y síntomas de depresión (p < 0.002) Conclusiones: Los más jóvenes y los más vulnerables presentaron menor adherencia; en ellos intervenir e intensificar tratamiento más tempranamente permitiría mejores resultados.

Abstract Introduction: Achieving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes(T2D) prevents or delays chronic complications and extends survival. Aim: to analyze metabolic control goals in adults with T2DM, treated by specialists in their usual practice in Argentina, and their relationship with adherence to prescribed medications, different treatment strategies, time of diagnosis, quality of life variables and presence of chronic complications of T2DM. Methods: cross-sectional design; multicenter study conducted in 28 centers in Argentina during 2018. The sample was selected randomly and systematically. Morisky-Green-Levine and WHO-5 adherence questionnaire for quality of life was applied. History of disease and laboratory markers were analyzed. Results: of 1329 DMT2 cases included, 60.2% achieved the goal. Regarding pharmacological treatment in diabetes: 5.1% were without medication, 47.5% with 1 drug, 34.5% with 2, 12.9% with 3 or more; in turn, with insulin (alone or combined) 38.1%. According to the questionnaire, 68.4% adhered to treatment and 72.6% reached A1C <7%. Among the non-adherents, 27.4% reached the goal. Achieving the glycemic goal was associated with age ≥ 65 years (p < 0.0001), higher adherence score (p < 0.0001), private health insurance (p < 0.0001), and physical activity (p < 0.02). The worst metabolic control was associated with time of DMT2 diagnosis (p<0.0001), insulin therapy (p < 0.0001) and symptoms of depression (p < 0.002) Conclusions: The youngest and most vulnerable presented lower values for adherence; intervening and intensifying the treatment earlier in them would allow better results.

Glucemia en ayunas entre 100 y 109 mg/dL versus prediabetes según hemoglobina glicosilada / Fasting blood glucose between 100 and 109 mg/dL versus prediabetes according to glycosylated hemoglobin

Introducción: algunos estudios han señalado que valores de glucemia en ayunas entre 100 y 109 mg/dL se asocian con frecuencias elevadas de prediabetes cuando el criterio de clasificación son los valores de HbA1c. La Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes (SAD) sostiene a 110 mg/dL como valor a partir del cual se clasifica a un paciente como portador de glucemia en ayunas alterada; la frecuencia de individuos posiblemente clasificados en forma incorrecta, según este criterio, aún no se conoce en la población argentina. Objetivos: establecer la frecuencia con que se presenta prediabetes según HbA1c en una población sin diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus (DM) con glucemias en ayunas entre 100 y 109 mg/dL; correlacionar las dos variables y cuantificar la probabilidad de que esto ocurra respecto de otros con glucemias en ayunas <100 mg/dL. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron 1.002 muestras de igual número de sujetos desde 45 laboratorios de análisis clínicos de la Asociación de Laboratorios de Alta Complejidad (ALAC), con procesamiento local de glucemia y centralizado de HbA1c por high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Análisis estadístico: chi cuadrado, odds ratio, coeficiente de correlación y determinación de Pearson, y correlación serial de Durbin-Watson. Resultados: frecuencia de HbA1c ≥5,7% en la población estudiada con glucemias de ayunas entre 100 y 109 mg/dL=29,7%; test de chi cuadrado: p<0,001; odds ratio de tener HbA1c ≥5,7% entre la población con glucemias en ayunas de 100 a 109 mg/dL vs aquella con valores <100 mg/dL=4,328 (IC 95% 2,922-6,411); r=0,852, r2 = 0,727, Durbin-Watson=1,152. Conclusiones: la prediabetes diagnosticada por HbA1c resultó cuatro veces más frecuente en la población estudiada con glucemias en ayunas entre 100 y 109 mg/dL, que en aquella con valores por debajo de 100 mg/dL.

Introduction: some studies have shown that fasting blood glucose values between 100 and 109 mg/dL are associated with high rates of prediabetes when the classification criteria are HbA1c values. The Argentine Diabetes Society still maintains 110 mg/dL as the value from which a patient is classified as having impaired fasting blood glucose; the frequency of individuals possibly incorrectly classified, according to this criterion, is not yet known in any Argentine population. Objectives: to establish the frequency in a population without a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus with fasting blood glucose levels between 100 and 109 mg/dL in which prediabetes occurs according to HbA1c, to correlate both variables and to quantify the probability that this predicts with respect to others with fasting blood glucose levels <100 mg/dL. Materials and methods: 1.002 samples from the same number of subjects from 45 clinical laboratories belonging to ALAC, with local processing of blood glucose and centralized processing of HbA1c by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Statistical analysis: chi square, odds ratio, Pearson correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination and Durbin-Watson serial correlation. Results: frequency of HbA1c ≥5.7% in the studied population with fasting blood glucose levels between 100 and 109 mg/ dL = 29.7%, chi square test: p<0.001; odds ratio of having HbA1c ≥5.7% between the population with fasting blood glucose levels of 100 to 109 mg/dL vs that one with values <100 mg/dL=4.328 (95% CI 2.922-6.411); r=0.852, r2 =0.727, DurbinWatson=1.152. Conclusions: prediabetes diagnosed by HbA1c was four times more frequent in the studied population with fasting glucose values between 100 and 109 mg/dL than in that one with values below 100 mg/dL.

Actualización de la Relación Bidireccional de la Diabetes Mellitus y la Enfermedad Periodontal

RESUMEN: La diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad periodontal son patologías con una alta prevalencia en la población, y su frecuencia va en aumento. Ambas presentan mecanismos comunes de progresión y se manifiestan en términos de comorbilidad. El objetivo de esta revisión fue explicar los mecanismos de asociación bidireccional entre la diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad periodontal. Para ello se desarrolló una búsqueda sistematizada de la información en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scoopus y EBSCO de los últimos tres años y se seleccionaron aquellos en idioma inglés que incluían las vías de asociación entre la diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad periodontal o viceversa de manera unidireccional o bidireccional. La diabetes mellitus corresponde a un desorden metabólico, el cual se caracteriza por una hiperglucemia producto del defecto en la producción o acción de la insulina, o ambas. En los últimos tiempos se ha hecho énfasis en la influencia que tiene la condición periodontal en el control glucémico de los pacientes diabéticos Esta revisión concluyó que existe una asociación bidireccional de la diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad periodontal, así como la existencia de limitaciones de los estudios para explicar esta relación en términos de causalidad.

ABSTRACT: Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease are pathologies with a high prevalence in the population, and their frequency is increasing. Both present common mechanisms of progression and manifest themselves in terms of comorbidity. The aim of this review was to explain the mechanisms of two-way association between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. For this purpose, a systematic search of the information in PubMed databases wasdeveloped, ScienceDirect, Scoopus and EBSCO of the last three years and selected those in English that included the pathways of association between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease or viceversa in a unidirectional or bidirectional manner. Diabetes mellitus corresponds to a metabolic disorder, which is characterized by a hyperglycemia product of the defect in the production or action of insulin, or both. In recent times, emphasis has been placed on the influence of the periodontal condition on the glycemic control of diabetic patients. This review concluded that there is a bidirectional association of diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease, as well as the existence of limitations of studies to explain this relationship in terms of causality.

Does the SDMQ-9 Predict Changes in HbA1c Levels? An Ecuadorian Cohort.

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus affects 422 million people around the world, positioning it as a major health problem. According to the WHO(World Health Organization), 90% corresponds to type 2. The shared-decision making (SDM) is a method used to facilitate patient control, medication, maintenance, and assessment of health status according to their priorities and preferences. With the application of SDM in patients with diabetes, it is expected there will be an increase in treatment adherence and a reduction in HbA1c levels. The aim of this study is to determine the predictors of the change in HbA1c. Material and Methods: A sample of 76 participants attending as endocrinology outpatients was obtained. Data collected within the sample included: sex, age, educational level, body mass index, and the level of SDM using the SDMQ-9. In addition, HbA1c levels were measured twice: at baseline and three months after the first measurement. Results: The linear regression indicates that the level of SDM is a significant predictor of the change in HbA1c, specifically in men. However, the direction of the relationship was a somewhat opposite trend than we expected. Higher levels of SDM imply an increase in HbA1c rather than a reduction. Conclusions: Contrary to the literature, our results shows that elevated levels of perceived SDM may be associated with worse diabetic control. However, more investigation is needed as these results are not generalizable, due to the specific population used and the sample size. Furthermore, to better understand the effect of SDM on the change in HbA1c in patients with poorly controlled diabetes.

Influence of small-group experiential learning of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine on the oral health knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors of elderly patients with diabetes

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at the oral health problems of elderly patients with diabetes. A training course of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine was constructed, helping patients improve their oral health quality of life. METHODS: A randomized controlled prospective experimental study was conducted. A total of 190 elderly patients were divided randomly into an observation group and a control group with 95 cases in each. The control group received regular health education, while the observation group was based on the control group to implement the integrated experiential learning of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in small groups. The oral health knowledge, attitude, behavior, and blood glucose control status along with the oral health quality of life of the two groups were compared before the intervention and at 3-month postintervention. RESULTS: Three months after the intervention, the fasting blood glucose control and the 2-h postprandial blood glucose/glycosylated hemoglobin levels in the observation group were significantly better than in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The oral health quality of life in the observation group was significantly better than in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The small-group experiential learning model of integrated Chinese and Western medicine can promote the transformation of knowledge-beliefs-behaviors in elderly patients with diabetes, which is conducive to controlling blood sugar levels and improving the quality of oral health.

Creatine Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is the most common form of diabetes. The initial treatment of type 2 DM consists of the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits together with several classes of hypoglycemic agents. However, these medications are not always able to reduce the blood glucose levels in all patients. Therefore, creatine supplementation has emerged as a new putative candidate for type 2 DM treatment. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects (benefits and harms) of creatine supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes through a systematic review. The studies were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL databases, without date or language restrictions. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias table. The certainty of the evidence was classified using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included (87 participants). Overall, the methodological quality was classified as unclear to a high risk of bias. Each trial compared creatine supplementation with a different control group (placebo, metformin, and glibenclamide). Creatine supplementation seems to be effective in decreasing glycemic levels and glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations compared to placebo. No difference was observed compared to metformin or glibenclamide with creatine, and all treatments were able to reduce blood glucose levels. No major adverse effects were observed. Based on the low certainty of evidence, creatine supplementation was shown to be a hypoglycemic intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes, without major adverse events reported. However, well- designed RCTs with larger sample sizes and long-term outcomes are needed to support this evidence.

Hemoglobina glucosilada en el diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional en mujeres mexicanas durante el tercer trimestre / Glycosylated hemoglobin in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes in Mexican women during the third trimester

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar los valores de hemoglobina glucosilada en el tercer trimestre de embarazo como predictores alternativos de la diabetes gestacional en pacientes del Noreste de México. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles a partir de 121 expedientes de pacientes embarazadas, divididos en dos grupos, pacientes con diabetes gestacional (casos) y gestantes con valores glucémicos normales (controles). Se analizaron los factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes gestacional y se obtuvo un punto de corte para la hemoglobina glucosilada. Se encontró que la obesidad materna, la edad y el antecedente del padecimiento fueron asociados significativamente con la diabetes gestacional. Valores de hemoglobina glucosilada ≥5% incrementaron el riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus gestacional 4 veces y, aunado a un factor de riesgo, la probabilidad se incrementó 7 veces. Se concluye que los valores de hemoglobina glucosilada en el tercer trimestre de embarazo podrían emplearse como prueba diagnóstica de la diabetes gestacional en pacientes del Noreste de México. Sin embargo, aunque las diferencias encontradas fueron estadísticamente significativas, los resultados se deben interpretar con cautela y requieren su confirmación con estudios que incluyan una muestra mayor.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analise glycosylated hemoglobin values in the third trimester of pregnancy as an alternative predictor of gestational diabetes in North East Mexican cohort patients. This is a retrospective case-control study based on 121 records of pregnant patients, divided into two groups, patients with gestational diabetes (cases) and pregnant women with normal glycemic values (control). The risk factors associated with gestational diabetes were analised and a cut-off point for glycosylated hemogestaglobin was obtained. It was found that maternal obesity, age and a history of the condition were significantly associated with gestational diabetes. Values of glycosylated hemoglobin ≥5% increased the risk of suffering from gestational diabetes 4 times, and coupled with a risk factor, the risk increased 7 times. It is concluded that glycosylated hemoglobin values in the third trimester of pregnancy could be used as a diagnostic test for gestational diabetes in patients from the North East of Mexico. Although the differences found were statistically significant, our results must be interpreted with caution and require confirmation by studies with a larger sample.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os valores da hemoglobina glicada no terceiro trimestre de gestação como preditores alternativos do diabetes gestacional em pacientes na região nordeste do México. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de casos e controles utilizando 121 prontuários de gestantes divididas em dois grupos; pacientes com diabetes gestacional (casos) e gestantes com valores de glicemia normais (controles). Foram analisados os fatores de risco associados a diabetes gestacional obtendo-se um ponto de corte para a hemoglobina glicada. Descobriu-se que a obesidade materna, idade e antecedentes da doença foram associados significativamente ao diabetes gestacional. Valores da hemoglobina glicada ≥ 5% aumentaram o risco de padecer diabetes mellitus gestacional 4 vezes, e juntamente a um fator de risco, a probabilidade aumentou 7 vezes. Conclui-se que os valores da hemoglobina glicada no terceiro trimestre de gestação poderiam ser usados como teste diagnóstico do diabetes gestacional em pacientes da região nordeste do México. Embora as diferenças encontradas tenham sido estatisticamente significativas, os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela e requerem confirmação através de estudos que incluam uma amostra maior.

Factores de riesgo asociados a Pérdida de Sensibilidad Protectora en pacientes con Diabetes en la Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Pie Diabético / Risk factors associated with Loss of Protective Sensitivity in Diabetes patients in the Multidisciplinary Unit of Diabetic Foot

Introducción: Identificar factores de riesgo para pérdida de la sensibilidad protectora es fundamental para prevenir el Pie Diabético. Objetivos: Analizar los factores de riesgo asociados a la pérdida de la sensibilidad protectora en pacientes con diabetes mellitus y sus complicaciones. Materiales y métodos: diseño observacional, de casos y controles. Se incluyó pacientes de ambos sexos, con diabetes mellitus; ≥ 18 años, a quienes se realizó el Test de monofilamento en la Unidad Multidisciplinaria Hospital de Clínicas, de enero 2014 a julio 2019. Factores de riesgo considerados: edad, años de diabetes mellitus, Hba1c, HTA, dislipidemia; se tuvo en cuenta las complicaciones: retinopatía, enfermedad arterial periférica = ITB <0,9 derecho e izquierdo, enfermedad renal= ClCr <60 ml/min/m2 (MDRD), amputaciones (mayores y menores). Resultados: De 100 pacientes; 33% con pérdida de la sensibilidad protectora; edad 59±9,7 años; 55% masculino. Factores de riesgo: edad: 57,7±1,0 años sin pérdida de la sensibilidad protectora y 61,2±9 años con pérdida de la sensibilidad protectora, p=0.08; años de diabetes mellitus 9,4±8,4 vs 11,5± 8,7 p=0,20; HbA1C 8,8± 2,7% vs 9,1±2% p=0,50; HTA 63,5% vs 75,6% p=0,20; dislipidemias 75,9% vs 57,69%, p=0,09; complicaciones con pérdida de la sensibilidad protectora: retinopatía 88% vs 57,5% OR=1,67, p=0,02. ClCr 84±40,3 ml/min vs 90,9±30,4, p=0,40. Enfermedad arterial periférica derecha 27,78% vs 11,1% OR=0,1, p=0,10; enfermedad arterial periférica izquierda 20% vs 7 15,5% OR=1 p=0,60; amputación 17,5% vs 7,9% OR=2,01, p=0,06. Conclusión: con pérdida de la sensibilidad protectora: la edad, años de diabetes mellitus fueron mayores. HTA fue más frecuente y Hba1c más elevada; nefropatía, enfermedad arterial periférica y amputación con mayor frecuencia, todas no significativas. La retinopatía fue más frecuente en forma significativa.

Introduction: Identifying risk factors for loss of protective sensitivity is essential to prevent Diabetic Foot. Objectives: To analyze the risk factors associated with the loss of protective sensitivity in patients with diabetes mellitus and its complications. Materials and methods: observational, case-control design. Patients of both sexes were included, with diabetes mellitus; ≥ 18 years, who underwent the Monofilament Test in the Multidisciplinary Unit Hospital de Clínicas, from January 2014 to July 2019. Risk factors considered: age, years of diabetes mellitus, Hba1c, HT, dyslipidemia; Complications were taken into account: retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease = ABI <0.9 right and left, kidney disease = CrCl <60 ml / min / m2 (MDRD), amputations (major and minor). Results: Of 100 patients; 33% with loss of protective sensitivity; age 59 ± 9.7 years; 55% male. Risk factors: age: 57.7 ± 1.0 years without loss of protective sensitivity and 61.2 ± 9 years with loss of protective sensitivity, p = 0.08; years of diabetes mellitus 9.4 ± 8.4 vs 11.5 ± 8.7 p = 0.20; HbA1C 8.8 ± 2.7% vs 9.1 ± 2% p = 0.50; HTN 63.5% vs 75.6% p = 0.20; dyslipidemias 75.9% vs 57.69%, p = 0.09; complications with loss of protective sensitivity: retinopathy 88% vs 57.5% OR = 1.67, p = 0.02. CrCl 84 ± 40.3 ml / min vs 90.9 ± 30.4, p = 0.40. Right peripheral arterial disease 27.78% vs 11.1% OR = 0.1, p = 0.10; left peripheral arterial disease 20% vs 7 15.5% OR = 1 p = 0.60; 17.5% amputation vs 7.9% OR = 2.01, p = 0.06. Conclusion: with loss of protective sensitivity: age, years of diabetes mellitus were older. HBP was more frequent and Hba1c higher; nephropathy, peripheral arterial disease and amputation with greater frequency, all not significant. Retinopathy was significantly more frequent.

Caracterización epidemiológica y clínica de pacientes con retinopatía diabética / Clinical and epidemiological characterization of diabetic retinopathy patients

Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes con retinopatía diabética desde el punto de vista epidemiológico y clínico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el Centro Oftalmológico de Santiago de Cuba, desde octubre del año 2017 hasta octubre de 2019, en una población de 42 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes con tiempo de diabetes mellitus mayor de 10 años, y edades de 55 años o más (60,0 por ciento); el mayor porcentaje correspondió al color de piel negra (66,7 por ciento ); la agudeza visual mayor de 0,6 se presentó en el 49,4 por ciento de los casos; la retinopatía diabética proliferativa fue la más presentada con 55,9 por ciento. Hubo predominio, además, de los valores de hemoglobina glicosilada por encima del 7 por ciento y de la normoalbuminuria con 46,7 y 66,7 por ciento, respectivamente, en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: Los valores elevados de hemoglobina glicosilada y la normoalbuminuria se asocian, desde el punto de vista clínico, a la retinopatía diabética proliferativa(AU)

Objective: Characterize diabetic retinopathy patients from a clinical and epidemiological point of view. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted of 42 type 2 diabetic patients at Santiago de Cuba Ophthalmology Center from October 2017 to October 2019. Results: A predominance was found of patients who had had diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years and were aged 55 years or over (60.0 percent); black skin color prevailed with 66.7 percent; visual acuity above 0.6 was present in 49.4 percent of the cases, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy was the most common type (55.9 percent). In both groups glycosylated hemoglobin values above 7 percent prevailed, whereas normal albuminuria was predominant with 46.7 percent and 66.7 percent, respectively. Conclusions: High glycosylated hemoglobin and normal albuminuria values are clinically associated to proliferative diabetic retinopathy(AU)

Perfil clínico de pacientes atendidos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en un programa de reversión / Clinical Profile Trial Of Patients Cared With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 In A Reversion Program

La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica que aparece cuando el páncreas no produce insulina suficiente o cuando el organismo no utiliza eficazmente la insulina que produce. La insulina es una hormona que regula el azúcar en la sangre. El efecto de la diabetes no controlada es la hiperglucemia (aumento del azúcar en la sangre), que con el tiempo daña gravemente muchos órganos y sistemas, especialmente los nervios y los vasos sanguíneos.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that appears when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body does not use the insulin it produces effectively. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. The effect of uncontrolled diabetes is hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar), which over time severely damages many organs and systems, especially nerves and blood vessels.