Factores de riesgo relacionados con el bajo peso al nacer

La reducción del bajo peso al nacer es importante para obtener mejores resultados en la mortalidad infantil. Por eso nos planteamos el objetivo de: identificar los factores asociados con el riesgo de bajo peso al nacer, por su incremento en el municipio Río Cauto. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, que incluyó a 51 gestantes que tuvieron recién nacidos con bajo peso al nacer de enero a diciembre del año 2022. Se utilizaron las variables: edad gestacional en el momento del parto, áreas de salud, peso de los nacidos vivos y por grupos de edad materna, paridad y patologías detectadas durante el embarazo. Hubo 528 nacidos vivos y 51 tuvieron un peso inferior a 2500 gramos, con un índice de (9.66 %); el parto pretérmino predominó en el Policlínico "Camilo Cienfuegos" con 5 neonatos (5.00 %) y el crecimiento intrauterino retardado en el Policlínico "Ernesto Guevara" con 14 nacimientos (9.03 %); el mayor por ciento de bajo peso ocurrió de 20 a 34 años de edad, 35 (68.63 %), donde sobresalió el policlínico "Máximo Gómez" con 18 (75 %). En los nacimientos por grupo de edades, el índice de bajo peso fue mayor en pacientes menores de 20 años, 14 (12.84 %). En el bajo peso predominaron: las nulíparas en 25 nacimientos (49.02 %), la anemia y embarazo 27 (52.94 %) y el síndrome de flujo vaginal 20 (39.22).

Summary Reducing low birth weight is important for better outcomes in infant mortality. That is why we set ourselves the objective of: identifying the factors associated with the risk of low birth weight, due to its increase in Río Cauto. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 51 pregnant women who had low birth weight newborns from January to December 2022. The following variables were used: gestational age at the time of delivery, health areas, live birth weight and maternal age groups, parity and pathologies detected during pregnancy. There were 528 live births and 51 had a weight of less than 2500 grams, with a rate of (9.66%); preterm delivery predominated at the Camilo Cienfuegos Polyclinic with 5 neonates (5.00%) and intrauterine growth retardation at the Ernesto Guevara Polyclinic with 14 births (9.03%); The highest percentage of underweight occurred between 20 and 34 years of age, 35 (68.63%), where the Máximo Gómez 18 polyclinic (75%) stood out. In births by age group, the rate of low birth weight was higher in patients under 20 years of age, 14 (12.84%). Nulliparous women predominated in 25 births (49.02%), anemia and pregnancy in 27 (52.94%), and vaginal discharge syndrome in 20 (39.22).

A redução do baixo peso ao nascer é importante para melhores desfechos na mortalidade infantil. Por isso, nos propusemos a identificar os fatores associados ao risco de baixo peso ao nascer, devido ao seu aumento no Rio Cauto. Foi realizado um estudo transversal descritivo, que incluiu 51 gestantes que tiveram recém-nascidos de baixo peso ao nascer no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2022. As seguintes variáveis foram utilizadas: idade gestacional no momento do parto, áreas de saúde, peso ao vivo e faixas etárias maternas, paridade e patologias detectadas durante a gestação. Foram 528 nascidos vivos e 51 com peso inferior a 2500 gramas, com taxa de (9,66%); predomínio de parto pré-termo na Policlínica Camilo Cienfuegos com 5 neonatos (5,00%) e retardo de crescimento intrauterino na Policlínica Ernesto Guevara com 14 nascimentos (9,03%); O maior percentual de baixo peso ocorreu entre 20 e 34 anos de idade, 35 (68,63%), onde se destacou a policlínica Máximo Gómez 18 (75%). Nos nascimentos por faixa etária, a taxa de baixo peso ao nascer foi maior nas pacientes com menos de 20 anos, 14 (12,84%). Nulíparas predominaram em 25 partos (49,02%), anemia e gravidez em 27 (52,94%) e síndrome do corrimento vaginal em 20 (39,22).

Inborn Errors of Immunity With Fetal or Perinatal Clinical Manifestations.

In this article we revised the literature on Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) keeping our focus on those diseases presenting with intrauterine or perinatal clinical manifestations. We opted to describe our findings according to the IEI categories established by the International Union of Immunological Societies, predominantly addressing the immunological features of each condition or group of diseases. The main finding is that such precocious manifestations are largely concentrated in the group of primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs) and not in the group of classical immunodeficiencies. The IEI categories with higher number of immunological manifestations in utero or in perinatal period are: (i) diseases of immune dysregulation (HLH, IPEX and other Tregopathies, autosomal recessive ALPS with complete lack of FAS protein expression) and (ii) autoinflammatory diseases (NOMID/CINCA, DIRA and some interferonopathies, such as Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, AGS, and USP18 deficiency). Regarding the other IEI categories, some patients with Omenn syndrome (an atypical form of SCID), and a few X-linked CGD patients present with clinical manifestations at birth associated to immune dysregulation. The most frequent clinical features were hydrops fetalis, intrauterine growth retardation leading to fetal loss, stillbirths, and prematurity, as in HLH and IPEX. Additionally, pseudo-TORCH syndrome was observed in AGS and in USP18 deficiency. The main goal of our review was to contribute to increasing the medical awareness of IEI with intrauterine and perinatal onset, which has obvious implications for diagnosis, treatment, and genetic counseling.

Diagnóstico prenatal del retraso de crecimiento intrauterino, en pacientes asistidas en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este, año 2018

Resumen La restricción de crecimiento intrauterino es un problema de salud que aumenta su conocimiento en la población puede generar acciones en la salud pública, asimismo se asocia a mayor riesgo en adolescentes, a bajo nivel de instrucción, población marginal, bajo peso de la madre y de atención prenatal inadecuado, el objetivo de este trabajo fue la de analizar el diagnóstico prenatal del retraso de crecimiento intrauterino mediante la ecografía, en pacientes asistidas en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este, año 2018, se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo, la muestra de estudio estuvo constituida por 73 historia clínica de madres que presentaron restricción de crecimiento intrauterina diagnosticada por ecografía se consignaron en un formato de recolección de datos a través de la revisión de historias clínicas, se organizaron en una base de datos en Excel y se realizó un análisis descriptivo. El 41% de las madres presentaron edades entre 19 a 34 años, se observó mayor índice con el 64 con procedencia de zonas rurales respecto a las madres con procedencias de zonas urbanas, las mayorías de las madres presentaron un nivel secundario concluida, el 52% de las madres presentaron controles prenatales entre 0 a 5 controles, las madres con edad gestacional < 37 semanas tuvieron significativamente (p=0.000) mayor frecuencia recién nacido con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino, el 29% de las madres que tuvieron bajo peso presentaron recién nacidos con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino, 21 de las madres nulíparas presentaron recién nacidos con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino y el 44% de las madres con intervalo intergenésico menor de 2 años presentaron recién nacidos con retardo de crecimiento intrauterino, y el mayor índice de hijos con retardo de crecimientos intrauterina presentaron madres con una ganancia entre 6 a 9 Kg y se concluye que el retardo de crecimiento intrauterino tiene asociación con factores sociodemográficos y obstétricos, que algunos de ellos pueden ser intervenidos.

Abstract The restriction of intrauterine growth is a health problem that increases their knowledge in the population can generate actions in public health, it is also associated with increased risk in adolescents, at a low level of education, marginal population, low mother and child weight inadequate prenatal care, the objective of this work was to analyze the prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation by ultrasound, in patients assisted in the Regional Hospital of Ciudad del Este, year 2018, a retrospective descriptive observational study was performed, the sample The study consisted of 73 clinical records of mothers who presented intrauterine growth restriction diagnosed by ultrasound were recorded in a data collection format through the review of medical records, they were organized in a database in Excel and a descriptive analysis showing the following results 41% of the madr es presented ages between 19 and 34 years old, a higher index was observed with 64 originating from rural areas with respect to mothers from urban areas, most of the mothers presented a completed secondary level, 52% of the mothers presented controls Prenatal between 0 and 5 controls, mothers with gestational age <37 weeks had significantly (p = 0.000) higher frequency newborn with intrauterine growth retardation, 29% of mothers who were underweight presented newborns with intrauterine growth retardation , 21 of the nulliparous mothers presented newborns with intrauterine growth retardation and 44% of the mothers with intergenic interval less than 2 years presented newborns with intrauterine growth retardation, and the highest rate of children with intrauterine growth retardation presented mothers with a gain between 6 to 9 Kg and it is concluded that the intrauterine growth retardation tie Ne association with sociodemographic and obstetric factors, which some of them can be intervened.

Factores de riesgo asociado al bajo peso al nacer. Municipio Guisa. Enero- diciembre 2019 / Risk factors associated with the low birth weight. Guise municipality. January - December 2019 / Fatores de risco associados ao baixo peso ao nascer. Municipio Guisa. Enero- diciembre 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: la reducción del bajo peso al nacer constituye una prioridad en el país por ser determinante para disminuir la mortalidad infantil. Objetivo: determinar los principales factores de riesgo asociados al bajo peso al nacer Guisa, Granma. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, incluyó a 37 gestantes que aportaron los nacimientos con bajo peso en el periodo de estudio. Se analizaron las variables edad materna, evaluación nutricional al inicio del embarazo, edad gestacional al momento del parto, tipo de bajo peso, antecedentes personales y enfermedades asociadas al embarazo. Resultados: se produjeron 511 nacimientos, 37 mostraron un peso inferior a 2500 g. El mayor número de nacimientos ocurrió en edades fértiles de la vida, predominando la evaluación nutricional normopeso al inicio del embarazo. La edad gestacional entre 37-42 semanas fueron las que más aportaron bajo peso, no ocurrieron nacimientos en gestantes con menos de 32 semanas. Predominaron los crecimientos intrauterinos restringidos. Entre los antecedentes patológicos resalta, la hipertensión arterial, seguida por el asma bronquial, la anemia ligera. Conclusiones: el bajo peso al nacer es un problema de salud en el municipio Guisa y por consiguiente su influencia negativa sobre la calidad de vida de los infantes. Las edades extremas no resultaron factores de incidencia en el bajo peso al nacer al igual que el estado nutricional. Las principales causales son el crecimiento intrauterino restringido y el parto pretérmino. La identificación precoz de los factores de riesgo y la adopción de medidas efectivas permitirá disminuir la incidencia de estas causas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: reducing low birth weight is a priority in the country as it is decisive for reducing infant mortality. Objective: to determine the main risk factors associated with low birth weight Guisa, Granma. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, it included 37 pregnant women who provided births with low birth weight in the study period. The variables maternal age, nutritional evaluation at the beginning of pregnancy, gestational age at delivery, type of low weight, personal history and diseases associated with pregnancy were analyzed. Results: there were 511 births, 37 showed a weight less than 2500 g. The highest number of births occurred in fertile ages of life, predominating the normal weight nutritional assessment at the beginning of pregnancy. Gestational ages between 37-42 weeks were the ones that contributed the most to low weight, there were no births in pregnant women with less than 32 weeks. Restricted intrauterine growths predominated. Among the pathological antecedents, arterial hypertension stands out, followed by bronchial asthma, mild anemia. Conclusions: low birth weight is a health problem in the Guisa municipality and therefore its negative influence on the quality of life of infants. Extreme ages were not factors of incidence in low birth weight as well as nutritional status. The main causes are restricted intrauterine growth and preterm delivery. The early identification of risk factors and the adoption of effective measures will reduce the incidence of these causes.

RESUMO Introdução: a redução do baixo peso ao nascer é uma prioridade no país, pois é decisiva para a redução da mortalidade infantil. Objetivo: determinar os principais fatores de risco associados ao baixo peso ao nascer Guisa, Granma. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal descritivo, com 37 gestantes que realizaram partos com baixo peso ao nascer no período do estudo. Foram analisadas as variáveis ​​idade materna, avaliação nutricional no início da gestação, idade gestacional no parto, tipo de baixo peso, antecedentes pessoais e doenças associadas à gravidez. Resultados: ocorreram 511 nascimentos, 37 apresentavam peso inferior a 2.500 g. O maior número de nascimentos ocorreu em idades férteis de vida, predominando a avaliação nutricional de peso normal no início da gestação. As idades gestacionais entre 37-42 semanas foram as que mais contribuíram para o baixo peso, não ocorrendo partos em gestantes com menos de 32 semanas. Predominaram crescimentos intrauterinos restritos. Dentre os antecedentes patológicos, destaca-se a hipertensão arterial, seguida da asma brônquica, anemia leve. Conclusões: o baixo peso ao nascer é um problema de saúde no município de Guisa e, portanto, influencia negativamente na qualidade de vida dos lactentes. As idades extremas não foram fatores de incidência no baixo peso ao nascer, bem como no estado nutricional. As principais causas são o crescimento intrauterino restrito e o parto prematuro. A identificação precoce dos fatores de risco e a adoção de medidas eficazes irão reduzir a incidência dessas causas.

Aortic isthmus doppler velocimetry in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction: A literature review / Dopplervelocimetria do istmo aórtico em fetos com crescimento intrauterino restrito: Uma revisão da literatura

Abstract Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with poor perinatal prognosis and a higher risk of stillbirth, neonatal death, and cerebral palsy. Its detection and the evaluation of its severity by new Doppler velocimetric parameters, such as aortic isthmus (AoI), are of great relevance for obstetrical practice. The AoI is a vascular segment that represents a point of communication between the right and left fetal circulations. It is considered to be a functional arterial shunt that reflects the relationship between the systemic and cerebral impedances, and has recently been proposed as a tool to detect the status of hemodynamic balance and prognosis of IUGR in fetuses. In the present review, we noticed that in healthy fetuses, the AoI net flow is always antegrade, but in fetuses with IUGR the deterioration of placental function leads to progressive reduction in its flow until it becomes mostly retrograde; this point is associated with a drastic reduction in oxygen delivery to the brain. The more impaired the AoI flow is, the greater is the risk of impairment in the Doppler velocimetry of other vessels; and the alterations of the AoI Doppler seem to precede other indicators of severe hypoxemia. Although there seems to be an association between the presence of retrograde flow in the AoI and the risk of long-term neurologic disability, its role in the prediction of perinatal morbi-mortality remains unclear. The AoI Doppler seems to be a promising tool in the management of fetuses with IUGR, but more studies are needed to investigate its employment in clinical practice.

Resumo O crescimento intrauterino restrito (CIUR) está associado a um prognóstico perinatal adverso, com maior risco de óbito intrauterino e neonatal, bem como de paralisia cerebral. Assim, sua detecção e a determinação de sua gravidade por novos parâmetros Dopplervelocimétricos, como o istmo aórtico (IAo), são de fundamental importância na prática obstétrica. O IAo é um segmento vascular que representa um ponto de comunicação entre os sistemas circulatórios fetais esquerdo e direito. É considerado um shunt arterial funcional, capaz de refletir a relação entre as impedâncias dos circuitos cerebral e sistêmico, e foi proposto como uma ferramenta para detecção do status do equilíbrio hemodinâmico e do prognóstico de fetos com CIUR. Na presente revisão, observou-se que, em fetos saudáveis, o fluxo predominante no IAo é sempre anterógrado; mas em fetos com CIUR a deterioração do estágio de insuficiência placentária acarreta reduções progressivas no fluxo ístmico até este apresentar sentido predominantemente retrógrado e levar a uma drástica redução no aporte de oxigênio ao sistema nervoso central. Quanto mais alterado estiver o fluxo no IAo, maior a chance de haver alteração na Dopplervelocimetria de outros vasos; e as alterações no Doppler do IAo parecem preceder outros indicadores de hipoxemia severa. Embora o fluxo retrógrado no IAo pareça se correlacionar com maior risco de alteração no desenvolvimento neurológico a longo prazo, ainda não está claro o seu papel na predição de morbimortalidade perinatal. O Doppler do IAo parece ser um parâmetro promissor no manejo do CIUR; entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para avaliar seu emprego na prática clínica.

Genetic Disorders in Prenatal Onset Syndromic Short Stature Identified by Exome Sequencing.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a prospective genetic investigation using whole exome sequencing of a group of patients with syndromic short stature born small for gestational age of unknown cause. STUDY DESIGN: For whole exome sequencing analysis, we selected 44 children born small for gestational age with persistent short stature, and additional features, such as dysmorphic face, major malformation, developmental delay, and/or intellectual disability. Seven patients had negative candidate gene testing based on clinical suspicion and 37 patients had syndromic conditions of unknown etiology. RESULTS: Of the 44 patients, 15 (34%) had pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in genes already associated with growth disturbance: COL2A1 (n = 2), SRCAP (n = 2), AFF4, ACTG1, ANKRD11, BCL11B, BRCA1, CDKN1C, GINS1, INPP5K, KIF11, KMT2A, and POC1A (n = 1 each). Most of the genes found to be deleterious participate in fundamental cellular processes, such as cell replication and DNA repair. CONCLUSIONS: The rarity and heterogeneity of syndromic short stature make the clinical diagnosis difficult. Whole exome sequencing allows the diagnosis of previously undiagnosed patients with syndromic short stature.

Síndrome Rusell Silver. Presentación de caso / Russell-Silver syndrome. Presentation of a case

RESUMEN El síndrome Russell Silver es una enfermedad genética de baja frecuencia, caracterizada por retardo del crecimiento prenatal y postnatal, dismorfias faciales y digitales, así como asimetría corporal. Se presenta una paciente femenina de dos años de edad, remitida a consulta de Genética Clínica, por retardo en el desarrollo pondoestatural psicomotor, dismorfias faciales y asimetría corporal. Se realizño el diagnóstico clínico de esta afección. Es importante establecer un diagnóstico precoz para la estimulación temprana, seguimiento multidisciplinario y se brindó un adecuado asesoramiento genético a los familiares (AU).

ABSTRACT The Russell-Silver syndrome is a low-frequency genetic disease, characterized by a pre-natal growth retardation and postnatal digital and facial dysmorphia, and also body asymmetry. We present a female patient, aged 2 years, who was remitted to the consultation of Clinical Genetics because of a retardation in the psychomotor, height-weight development, facial dysmorphia and body asymmetry. The disease was clinically diagnosed. It is important to arrive to a precocious diagnosis for the early stimulation, multidisciplinary follow-up and adequate genetic advice to the relatives (AU).

Síndrome Rusell Silver. Presentación de caso / Russell-Silver syndrome. Presentation of a case

RESUMEN El síndrome Russell Silver es una enfermedad genética de baja frecuencia, caracterizada por retardo del crecimiento prenatal y postnatal, dismorfias faciales y digitales, así como asimetría corporal. Se presenta una paciente femenina de dos años de edad, remitida a consulta de Genética Clínica, por retardo en el desarrollo pondoestatural psicomotor, dismorfias faciales y asimetría corporal. Se realizño el diagnóstico clínico de esta afección. Es importante establecer un diagnóstico precoz para la estimulación temprana, seguimiento multidisciplinario y se brindó un adecuado asesoramiento genético a los familiares (AU).

ABSTRACT The Russell-Silver syndrome is a low-frequency genetic disease, characterized by a pre-natal growth retardation and postnatal digital and facial dysmorphia, and also body asymmetry. We present a female patient, aged 2 years, who was remitted to the consultation of Clinical Genetics because of a retardation in the psychomotor, height-weight development, facial dysmorphia and body asymmetry. The disease was clinically diagnosed. It is important to arrive to a precocious diagnosis for the early stimulation, multidisciplinary follow-up and adequate genetic advice to the relatives (AU).

Psychologic intimate partner violence and the risk of intrauterine growth restriction in Rio de Janeiro.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether psychologic intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is a risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS: The cross-sectional study enrolled randomly selected mothers of infants younger than 5 months attending basic health services in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from January to July 2007. Psychologic and physical IPV were evaluated by the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale; IUGR was defined as below the 10th percentile of the Alexander curve. Socioeconomic status, housing conditions, stressful events, life habits, social support, and medical information were obtained by interview or from medical records. Multivariate hierarchical logistic regression models, taking into account potential confounders, were used to evaluate the relationship between mounting acts of psychologic IPV and IUGR. RESULTS: There were 810 women included in the study. Psychologic IPV during pregnancy was reported by 665 women (82.1%) and 126 newborns (15.6%) showed growth restriction. In the final model, each 1-unit increase in psychologic IPV score during pregnancy led to a 15% higher risk of IUGR at birth (odds ratio 1.15; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Psychologic IPV during pregnancy seems to be a significant and independent risk factor for IUGR. This finding reinforces the importance of preventive and intervention procedures for IPV to reduce adverse perinatal outcomes.

Displasia mesenquimal de placenta: revisión sistemática / Placental mesenchymal dysplasia: systematic review

Resumen OBJETIVOS: Describir las características clínicas y las repercusiones perinatales de la displasia mesenquimal de placenta. MÉTODO: Revisión sistemática de la bibliografía disponible en las bases PubMed, EMBASE y Scopus en donde se buscaron los términos "displasia mesenquimal de placenta" y "pseudomola parcial". Criterios de inclusión: artículos de casos o series que contuvieran los apartados de diagnóstico histológico confirmado y reporte de al menos 75% de los datos clínicos establecidos. Como ejemplo se comunica un caso clínico de los autores. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 202 artículos, casi todos de casos clínicos o series de casos. Se descartaron los duplicados y los que no cumplieron los criterios de inclusión; finalmente la serie quedó formada por 88 publicaciones con 104 casos clínicos. CONCLUSIONES: La displasia mesenquimal de placenta es una anomalía poco conocida, infradiagnosticada y poco publicada. En la ecografía simula una mola parcial, casi siempre con un cariotipo fetal diploide y altas concentraciones de alfafetoproteína. Es frecuente su asociación con prematurez, rotura prematura de membranas, retraso del crecimiento intrauterino, malformaciones fetales, síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann y muerte perinatal.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical characteristics and perinatal outcomes of placental mesenchymal dysplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic review of the medical literature under the terms "placental mesenchymal dysplasia", "partial pseudomole". Inclusion criteria for the review were: confirmed histological diagnosis and presence of at least 75% of established clinical data. The systematic review was performed by searching for cases or series published in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus databases. We present 1 clinical case of our institution. RESULTS: A total of 202 articles were found, most of them corresponding to clinical cases or case series. Duplicates were discarded and those that did not meet inclusion criteria were excluded. Finally, the series consisted of 88 publications with 104 clinical cases. CONCLUSIONS: Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is a poorly understood, underdiagnosed, and poorly published clinical entity. Placental mesenchymal dysplasia echocardiography simulates a partial spring, but usually presents a diploid fetal karyotype and elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein. It is frequently associated with prematurity, premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine growth retardation, fetal malformations, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and perinatal death.

GH/IGF-1 Signaling and Current Knowledge of Epigenetics; a Review and Considerations on Possible Therapeutic Options.

Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the regulation of the Growth Hormone- Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (GH-IGF1) axis and in processes for controlling long bone growth, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Improvement of methodologies that allow for the assessment of epigenetic regulation have contributed enormously to the understanding of GH action, but many questions still remain to be clarified. The reversible nature of epigenetic factors and, particularly, their role as mediators between the genome and the environment, make them viable therapeutic target candidates. Rather than reviewing the molecular and epigenetic pathways regulated by GH action, in this review we have focused on the use of epigenetic modulators as potential drugs to improve the GH response. We first discuss recent progress in the understanding of intracellular molecular mechanisms controlling GH and IGF-I action. We then emphasize current advances in genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression, and which support a key role for epigenetic regulation in the cascade of intracellular events that trigger GH action when coupled to its receptor. Thirdly, we focus on fetal programming and epigenetic regulation at the IGF1 locus. We then discuss epigenetic alterations in intrauterine growth retardation, and the possibility for a potential epigenetic pharmaceutical approach in short stature associated with this fetal condition. Lastly, we review an example of epigenetic therapeutics in the context of growth-related epigenetic deregulation disorders. The advance of our understanding of epigenetic changes and the impact they are having on new forms of therapy creates exciting prospects for the future.

Neonatal anthropometry at 3400 m above sea level compared with INTERGROWTH 21st standards.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97th percentile of weight, length and head circumference (HC) of male and female neonates born at 3400 m above sea level and compare with published INTERGROWTH 21st standards. METHODS: Observational, transverse analytical study conducted in the National Hospital Adolfo Guevara Velazco of the ESSALUD hospital system in Cusco, Peru, at 3400 m altitude, during the period of January 2005 to December 2010. Using inclusion criteria, 7635 newborns were selected. The 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97th percentiles for the anthropometric measurements of birthweight, length and HC were determined for each sex and the results analyzed via polynomial regression for each percentile in order to compare the results with INTERGROWTH 21st standards. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was observed with the exception of female HC at the 97th percentile when compared with the INTERGROWTH 21st standards. CONCLUSIONS: Based on tables generated in the present study, neonatal anthropometric percentiles at term at 3400 m above sea level demonstrate no appreciable difference with INTERGROWTH 21st standards with the exception of female HC at the 97th percentile.

Diagnóstico prenatal de trombohematoma subcoriónico masivo (mola de Breus) / Prenatal diagnosis of massive subchorionic thrombohematoma (Breus mole)

El trombohematoma subcoriónico masivo o Mola de Breus, por ser éste el autor que lo describió por primera vez en abortos, es un hematoma subcorial de al menos 1 cm de grosor que ocupa al menos, el 50% de la superficie fetal. Suele asociar una alta morbimortalidad fetal y perinatal, en forma de abortos, retraso del crecimiento intrauterino, muerte intrauterina, desprendimiento de placenta normalmente inserta y recién nacidos de bajo peso, generalmente pretérminos. Esta entidad debe diferenciarse de otros procesos que pueden asentar bajo la placa corial, hacia la superficie fetal como: corioangioma, depósitos de fibrina y trombosis del espacio intervelloso. Se han intentado postular mecanismos que pudieran causar dicha circunstancia, sin que por el momento podamos definir factores de riesgo médicos que claramente predispongan a padecer esta entidad. El objetivo de describir estos dos casos clínicos diagnosticados en 2013 es resaltar que, gracias a la sospecha ecográfica de un trombohematoma subcoriónico masivo, podemos estudiar la pieza de placenta y membranas tras la finalización de la gestación, con lo que obtendríamos así la confirmación anátomo-patológica, de otra manera esta información podría perderse.

The massive subchorionictrombo hematoma or Breus's Mola, this was the author who first described it in miscarriages, is a subchorionic hematoma at least 1 cm in thickness which occupies at least 50% of the fetal surface. Usually associated with high fetal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, as miscarriages, intrau-terine growth retardation, stillbirth, placental abruption and low birth weight, preterm generally. This entity should be distinguished from other processes that can seat under the chorionic plate to the fetal surface as chorioangioma, fibrin deposition and thrombosis intervillous space. They have tried to apply mechanisms that could cause such a circumstance, but for now we don't define medical risk factors that predispose clearly suffer from this entity. In order to describe these two cases diagnosed in 2013 is to emphasize that thanks to the sonographic suspicion of a massive subchorionic trombohematoma, can study the piece of placenta and membranes after the end of pregnancy, so it would provide pathologic confirmation, otherwise this information could be lost.

Manejo obstétrico de la deficiencia hereditaria de antitrombina durante el embarazo y puerperio. Dos casos clínicos / Obstetric management of hereditary antithrombin deficiency in pregnancy and postpartum. Two case studies

La deficiencia de antitrombina III hereditaria es una rara enfermedad que afecta al 0.02-0.2 por cento de la población. Puede presentar mayor frecuencia de complicaciones y resultados adversos tanto en la madre como en el feto. Se presenta el manejo obstétrico de dos gestaciones consecutivas en una mujer con deficiencia de antitrombina III. Descripción: en ambos embarazos la madre realiza profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica con heparina de bajo peso molecular para evitar la aparición de esta patología tanto en el embarazo como en el puerperio y mejorar el flujo útero-placen-tario. Con respecto a las complicaciones obstétricas, sólo existe un enlentecimiento del crecimiento fetal que obliga a un control obstétrico estricto. En ambas gestaciones los estudios eco-Doppler están dentro de la normalidad lo que permite una conducta expectante, consiguiendo llegar a término. Discusión: la profilaxis con heparina de bajo peso molecular en las gestantes con esta trombofilia y las intervenciones preventivas de factores de riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica, junto con un control obstétrico adecuado, ha conseguido evitar la apari-ción de complicaciones derivadas de esta patología en el embarazo y en el puerperio. Por otra parte, el control del crecimiento fetal y el estudio Eco-Doppler han permitido asegurar el bienestar fetal no adelan-tando el parto, consiguiendo partos a término...

Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency is a rare disease that affects 0.02-0.2 percent of the population. It may be associated with a higher rate of complications and adverse outcomes in both mother and fetus. The present study describes the management of a woman with antithrombin III deficiency and two consecutive pregnancies. Description: in both pregnancies, the woman under went prophylaxis with low molecular weigh heparin, to prevent thromboembolic disease and improve the utero-placental flow during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The only obstetric compli-cation was fetal growth retardation requiring strict obstetric control. In these two cases the eco-Doppler studies offeto-placentalflow were normal, leading to the expectation of managing a term birth. Discussion: low molecular weigh heparin prophylaxis in pregnant women with thrombophilia and preventive interventions for risk factors for throm-boembolic disease, together with appropriate obstetric care managed to avoid the emergence of complications of this disease in pregnancy and puer-perium. Fetal growth control and a Doppler study also help to ensure the well-being of the fetus and avoid a preterm birth...

Índices y velocidades de la arteria uterina como indicadores de hipoperfusión uterina en gestantes con restrición del crecimiento intrauterino

Objetivo: Evaluar los índices y velocidades de la arteria uterina como indicadores de hipoperfusión uterina en gestantes con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. Diseño: Estudio analítico, de casos y controles. Institución: Hospital III Honorio Delgado de Arequipa, Perú. Participantes: Treinta gestantes con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) con peso del recién nacido menor al percentil 10; el grupo control estuvo conformado por 80 gestantes normales en el tercer trimestre. Metodología: Entre Julio del 2013 y abril del 2014 se realizó ecografía Doppler de las arterias uterinas en las gestantes que participaron del estudio, se calculó los índices y velocidades de las arterias uterinas, se comparó las medias y se hizo pruebas de validez diagnóstica de RCIU. Principales medidas de resultados: índices y velocidades de las arterias uterinas. Resultados: La media de la edad gestacional para los grupos de RCIU y control fueron 35,7 y 36,2 semanas, respectivamente. La media del peso de los RN con RCIU fue 1 932,60 g. La velocidad media (MnV) presentó sensibilidad 73%, especificidad 95%, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) 85%, valor predictivo negativo (VPN) 90%, odds ratio (OR) 52 Y razón de verosimilitud de 14,6. Los índices de pulsatilidad (IP) y de resistencia (IR) mostraron sensibilidad de 27%, especificidad 95%, VPP 67%, VPN 78%, OR 6,9 Y razón de verosimilitud 5,3. Conclusiones: Las velocidades y especialmente la velocidad media de la arteria uterina tuvieron mejor sensibilidad, VPP, VNP, OR y razón de verosimilitud que los índices, como indicadores de hipoperfusión uterina en gestantes con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino.

Objectives: To assess indexes and velocities of the uterine artery as indicators of uterine hypoperfusion in pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Hospital III Honorio Delgado, Arequipa, Peru. Participants: Thirty pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) confirmed birthweight below the 10th percentile; the control group included 80 normal pregnant women in the third trimester. Methods: Between [uly 2013 and April 2014 Doppler ultrasound of the uterine arteries was performed in pregnant women participating in the study and uterine arteries indexes and velocities were calculated; media were compared and RCIU diagnosis validity tests were performed. Main outcome measures: Calculation of indexes and velocities of the uterine arteries. Results: Mean gestational age for the IUGR and control groups were respectively 35.7 and 36.2 weeks. IUGR newborns average weight was 1 932.60 g. Mean velocity (MnV) had sensitivity of 73%, specificity 95%, positive predictive value (PPV) 85%, negative predictive value (NPV) 90%, odds ratio (OR) 52 and likelihood ratio (LR) 14.6. Pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) showed sensitivity 27%, specificity 95%, PPV 67%, NPV 78%, OR 6.9, and LR 5.3. Conclusions: The uterine arteryvelocities and especially mean velocity showed better sensitivity, PPV, NPV, odds ratio and likelihood ratio than indexes as indicators of uterine hypoperfusion in pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction.

Efeito da endometrose no potro / The influence of endometrosis on Foal Health

O presente artigo teve por objetivo revisar o papel da endometrose no ambiente uterino e seus efeitos sobre o potencial atlético dos potros gerado neste ambiente. Possibilidades de tratamento para a endometrose, como a terapia celular e a utilização da transferência de embriões são discutidos.

This paper aimed to review the role of endometrosis in the uterine environmentand its effects on the athletic potential of foals generated in this environment. Possibilities for treatment, such as cell therapy and the use of embryo transfer are discussed.

Efeito da endometrose no potro / The influence of endometrosis on Foal Health

O presente artigo teve por objetivo revisar o papel da endometrose no ambiente uterino e seus efeitos sobre o potencial atlético dos potros gerado neste ambiente. Possibilidades de tratamento para a endometrose, como a terapia celular e a utilização da transferência de embriões são discutidos.(AU)

This paper aimed to review the role of endometrosis in the uterine environmentand its effects on the athletic potential of foals generated in this environment. Possibilities for treatment, such as cell therapy and the use of embryo transfer are discussed.(AU)

Preeclampsia anterior como factor de riesgo en el embarazo actual / Previous Eclampsia as a Risk Factor in Current Pregnancy

Introducción: el antecedente de pre eclampsia anterior constituye un riesgo importante de recurrencia.Objetivo: identificar la repercusión de la preeclampsia anterior como factor de riesgo.Método: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en el Hospital Materno Provincial Mariana Grajales de Santa Clara en los años comprendidos entre 2011 y 2013, se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria simple de 238 gestantes. Se les aplicó una encuesta.Resultados: en la mayoría de los casos, las edades oscilan entre los 20 y 34 años. La pobre ingesta previa de calcio y durante la gestación; la obesidad; y los antecedentes patológicos familiares de primera línea resultaron los principales factores de riesgo. En 99 gestantes, se diagnosticó pre eclampsia.Conclusiones: el antecedente de pre eclampsia/eclampsia constituye un factor de riesgo en toda gestante que inicie un embarazo, por las complicaciones maternas y perinatales que pueden ocurrir(AU)