In-office Laryngeal Procedures: a Modern Perspective for Vocal Fold Interventions

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to discuss in-office laryngeal procedures as an alternative to surgical intervention under general anesthesia. In-office procedures have become more common due to technological advancements. As a result, these approaches are less invasive and more patient-friendly, with increased pain tolerance and reduced procedure time and cost. Methods: We conducted a thematic analysis of published reports regarding the best known and performed in-office laryngeal interventions. Three questions guided our analysis: What laryngological procedures can be performed in the office setting? What are the advantages of in-office laryngology procedures compared to operating room surgical procedures? Why aren't more in-office procedures performed in some Latin American countries? Discussion: Despite being performed more frequently, there is still controversy whether in-office procedures should be performed as often due to the risk of complications. Furthermore, procedures that are done in the office setting are more popular in some countries than in others, even though their benefit has been well demonstrated. This article describes various in-office procedures, including biopsy, vocal fold injections, and laser surgery. We also discuss what factors might contribute to having office-procedures being performed more frequently in some countries than others. Conclusion: Awake interventions offer numerous benefits, including shorter procedure time, reduced costs, and lower patient morbidity. These advantages have significantly transformed the treatment of laryngeal diseases in modern laryngology practice in a global manner.

Introducción: El propósito de este artículo es discutir los procedimientos laríngeos en el consultorio como una alternativa a la intervención quirúrgica bajo anestesia general. Los procedimientos en consultorio se han vuelto más comunes debido a los avances tecnológicos. Como resultado, estos enfoques son menos invasivos y más amigables para el paciente, con mayor tolerancia al dolor y reducción del tiempo y costo del procedimiento. Métodos: Realizamos un análisis temático de los informes publicados sobre las intervenciones laríngeas más conocidas y realizadas. Tres preguntas guiaron nuestro análisis: ¿Qué procedimientos laringológicos se pueden realizar en el consultorio y cuales sin los más frecuentes?, ¿cuáles son las ventajas de los procedimientos laringológicos fuera del quirófano frente a los que se realizan bajo anestesia general?, ¿por qué no se realizan más procedimientos laringológicos en el consultorio en la mayoría de los países en Latinoamérica? Discusión: A pesar de que se realizan con mayor frecuencia, aún existe controversia sobre si los procedimientos en consultorio deben realizarse con tanta frecuencia debido al riesgo de complicaciones. Además, los procedimientos que se realizan en el consultorio son más populares en algunos países que en otros, aunque sus beneficios han sido bien demostrados. Este artículo describe varios procedimientos en el consultorio, incluida la biopsia, las inyecciones de cuerdas vocales y la cirugía con láser. También se discutieron los factores que podrían contribuir a que los procedimientos en el consultorio se realicen con más frecuencia en algunos países que en otros. Conclusión: Las intervenciones con pacientes despiertos ofrecen numerosos beneficios, incluido un tiempo de procedimiento más corto, costos reducidos y una menor morbilidad para el paciente. Estas ventajas han transformado significativamente el tratamiento de las enfermedades laríngeas en la práctica de la laringología moderna a nivel mundial.

Transoral Excision of a Hypopharyngeal Liposarcoma.

Liposarcomas are the most common soft tissue sarcoma in adults, whereas liposarcomas of the head and neck, particularly the hypopharynx, are incredibly rare - with approximately 50 cases reported in the literature. We present a case of an otherwise healthy and asymptomatic 42-year-old male who presented dramatically after vomiting up a large soft tissue mass. The lesion was surgically removed via transoral approach with blue laser, and diagnosis of well-differentiated liposarcoma was made via MDM2 gene amplification by FISH. Oral extrusion is a rare feature of this disease. This is the first documented case of an orally extruded liposarcoma to present in an otherwise asymptomatic and healthy patient, demonstrating how this entity may be indolent until initial presentation. Laryngoscope, 2024.

Symptom-Free Intervals Following Laser Wedge Excision for Recurrent Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the duration of symptom-free intervals following laser wedge excision (LWE) for recurrent idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS). Secondary aim includes evaluating the influence of patient-related or disease factors. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Tertiary center. METHODS: Review of iSGS patients who underwent LWE between 2002 and 2021. LWE patients without prior airway surgery were labeled LWE primary (LWEP) and those with prior history of dilation were labeled LWE secondary (LWES). A conditional frailty repeated events model was used to analyze the median time to recurrence (MTR) for each nth recurrence. Secondary analysis included stratification by use of medical therapy and initial preoperative characteristics of scar (Myer-Cotton grade, distance between the glottis and superior-most aspect of scar, DGS; length of scar, DL). RESULTS: Two hundred and ten iSGS patients underwent LWE (131 LWEP, 79 LWES). The proportion of patients experiencing at least 1, 3, 6, and 12 recurrences, respectively, was 68.0% (n = 143), 40.7% (n = 85), 20.0% (n = 42), and 5.2% (n = 11). There was exponential time-shortening from the 1st to 12th recurrence (P < .0001). While MTR was 4.1 years after the first LWE, this fell to 2.8, 1.7, 1.0, and 0.7 years for the 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 12th recurrences. Furthermore, LWEP patients experienced longer MTR than LWES counterparts within the first 6 recurrences (P < .01). There was no significant relationship between intersurgical interval and medication adherence, DL, DGS, or grade for recurrences beyond the first (P = .207, P = .20, P = .43, P = .16). CONCLUSION: Symptom-free intervals in iSGS shorten with each subsequent recurrence and LWE. The difference in MTR between LWEP and LWES groups was significant within the first 6 recurrences with LWEP having longer MTR.

Efficacy and safety comparison between pulsed dye laser and intense pulsed light configured with different wavelength bands in treating erythematotelangiectatic rosacea.

Previous clinical studies have shown that pulsed dye laser (PDL) and intense pulsed light (IPL) are effective for treating erythematotelangiectatic rosacea(ETR). This article aims to compare the efficacy and safety of PDL and IPL at three different wavelength bands (broad-band, single-narrow-band, and dual-narrow-band) in treating ETR. Sixty subjects with ETR were randomly categorized into four groups and received one of the following laser treatments: PDL (595 nm), IPL with Delicate Pulse Light (DPL, 500-600 nm), IPL with M22 590 (590-1200 nm), or IPL with M22 vascular filter (530-650 nm and 900-1200 nm). Four treatment sessions were administered at 4-week intervals, with one follow-up session 4 weeks after the final treatment. The efficacy of the four lasers was evaluated by comparing the clinical symptom score, total effective rate, VISIA red area absolute score, and RosaQoL score before and after treatment. The safety was evaluated by comparing adverse reactions such as pain, purpura, erythematous edema, and blister. All 60 subjects completed the study. Within-group effects showed that the clinical symptom score, VISIA red area absolute score, and RosaQoL score of all four groups were significantly reduced compared to before treatment (p < 0.001). Between-group effects showed no statistically significant difference among the four laser groups. Safety analysis showed that all four lasers were safe, but the incidence of blister was higher in the M22 vascular group. Nonpurpurogenic PDL, DPL, M22 590, and M22 vascular were equally effective in treating ETR and were well-tolerated. ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT05360251.

Laser-induced 2D/0D graphene-nanoceria freestanding paper-based films for on-site hydrogen peroxide monitoring in no-touch disinfection treatments.

A one-shot CO2 laser-based strategy to generate conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated with nanoceria (nCe) is proposed. The 2D/0D rGO-nCe films, integrated as catalytic sensing layers in paper-based sensors, were employed for on-site monitoring of indoor fogging treatments against Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), a ubiquitous pathogenic bacterium. The rGO-nCe laser-assisted synthesis was optimized to preserve the rGO film morphological and electron-transfer features and simultaneously integrate catalytic nCe. The films were characterized by microscopical (SEM), spectroscopical (EDX, Raman, and FTIR), and electrochemical techniques. The most performing film was integrated into a nitrocellulose substrate, and the complete sensor was assembled via a combination of xurography and stencil printing. The rGO-nCe sensor's catalytic activity was proved toward the detection of H2O2, obtaining sensitive determination (LOD = 0.3 µM) and an extended linear range (0.5-1500 µM). Eventually, the rGO-nCe sensor was challenged for the real-time continuous monitoring of hydrogen peroxide aerosol during no-touch fogging treatment conducted following the EU's recommendation for biocidal product use. Treatment effectiveness was proved toward three Lm strains characterized by different origins, i.e., type strain ATCC 7644, clinical strain 338, and food strain 641/6II. The sensor allows for discrimination and quantification treatments at different environmental biocidal amounts and fogging times, and correlates with the microbiological inhibition, promoting the proposed sensor as a useful tool to modulate and monitor no-touch treatments.

Parapelvic Renal Cyst Treatment with Flexible Ureteroscopy: Single Centre Experience.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of an endoscopic parapelvic renal cyst (PRC) incision using flexible ureterorenoscopy (fURS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data concerning 16 patients in whom PRC incisions had been performed using fURS between January 2016 and January 2022. Two patients were excluded from the study owing to a lack of follow-up information. The cysts of all the patients were evaluated preoperatively by computed tomography. The patients' age, gender, cyst size, presenting symptoms, postoperative complications, and pre- and post-treatment visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were evaluated. Surgical success was defined as a reduction of more than half of the cyst size in the sixth postoperative month. RESULTS: A total of 14 patients were included in this study. The patients' mean age was 52.6 ± 8.8 years, and the mean cyst size was 69.1 ± 15.5 mm. Twelve (85.7%) patients presented with flank pain. Clavien-Dindo grade 1 complications were observed in two patients (14.3%), and grade 2 complications were observed in one (7.1%). The median VAS scores were significantly lower after treatment than before in patients who presented with flank pain (2 (1-2.8) vs 8 (7-8), respectively; p = 0.002). Surgical success rate was detected in 11 patients (78.6%) six months after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic incision of the PRC is a feasible treatment modality with high success rates and low complication rates. However, multicentre studies with larger populations and longer follow-ups are needed to evaluate the lasting effects.

Application Analysis of Low-Pressure Perfusion Combined with Occluder in Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Patients with Middle and Upper Ureteral Calculi.

BACKGROUND: Ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy has become one of the main methods of treating ureteral calculi. However, in the treatment of middle and upper ureteral calculi, ureteroscopy is difficult to operate owing to the high location of calculi. Thus, how to improve the treatment effect and reduce the stone migration has become the focus in clinical settings. On this basis, we evaluated the application effect of low-pressure perfusion combined with occluder in holmium laser lithotripsy for patients with middle and upper ureteral calculi. METHODS: This retrospective study selected 107 patients with middle and upper ureteral calculi who underwent low-pressure perfusion combined with ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy from January 2021 to December 2022. We excluded 7 patients who did not meet the criteria, and ultimately included 100 patients. According to whether the occluder was used during the surgery, 100 patients were divided into groups A (n = 52, occluder) and B (n = 48, without occluder). The stone-migration rate during surgery, stone-clearance rate at 3 months after surgery, perioperative indicators, postoperative complication rate, and postoperative quality of life between the two groups were compared. RESULTS: The stone-migration rate in group A was significantly lower than that in group B, with statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Both groups had no significant difference in stone-clearance rate at 3 months after surgery (p > 0.05). Group A had a significantly lower index of EuroQol (EQ) Five Dimensions Questionnaire and significantly higher score of EQ-Visual Analogue Scale than group B (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the simple application of low-pressure perfusion, the combined application of low-pressure perfusion and occluder in ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy can effectively reduce the stone migration and improve the postoperative quality of life.

Platinum-Iridium Alloy Nanoparticle Coatings Produced by Electrophoretic Deposition Reduce Impedance in 3D Neural Electrodes.

Platinum-based neural electrodes frequently alloyed with Ir or W are routinely used for the treatment of neurological conditions. However, their performance is hampered by impaired electrical contact between electrode and tissue that compromises long-term implant stability. Though there are multiple coating techniques available to address this issue, electrode, and base material often exhibit a compositional mismatch, which impairs mechanical stability and may lead to toxicological side effects. In this work we coated Pt wire electrodes with ligand-free electrostatically stabilized colloidal Pt90Ir10, Pt90W10, and Pt50W50 alloy nanoparticles (NPs) matching electrode compositions using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) with direct-current (DC) and pulsed-DC fields in aqueous medium. The generated alloy NPs exhibit a solid solution structure as evidenced by HR-TEM-EDX and XRD, though additional WOx phases were identified in the Pt50W50 samples. Consequently, coating efficiency was also impaired in the presence of high W mass fractions in the alloy NPs. Characterization of the NP coatings by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy yielded a significant reduction of the impedance in the Pt90Ir10 sample in comparison to the Pt control. The electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of the PtW alloy coatings, on the other hand, was significantly reduced.

Reduction of GaAs Buffer Thickness and Its Impact on Epitaxially Integrated III-V Quantum Dot Lasers on a Si Substrate.

Monolithic integration of III-V quantum dot (QD) lasers onto a Si substrate is a scalable and reliable approach for obtaining highly efficient light sources for Si photonics. Recently, a combination of optimized GaAs buffers and QD gain materials resulted in monolithically integrated butt-coupled lasers on Si. However, the use of thick GaAs buffers up to 3 µm not only hinders accurate vertical alignment to the Si optical waveguide but also imposes considerable growth costs and time constraints. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate InAs QD lasers epitaxially grown on a 700 nm thick GaAs/Si template, which is approximately four times thinner than the conventional III-V buffers on Si. The optimized 700 nm GaAs buffer yields a remarkably smooth surface and low threading dislocation density of 4 × 108 cm-2, which is sufficient for QD laser growth. The InAs QD lasers fabricated on these ultrathin templates still lase at room temperature with a threshold current density of 661 A/cm2 and a characteristic temperature of 50 K. We believe that these results are important for the monolithically integrated III-V QD lasers for Si photonics applications.

Expediting the reversal of inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia in children with photobiomodulation therapy.

In pediatric dentistry, complications arising from extended soft tissue anesthesia can negatively impact patient comfort and trust in dental care. This study evaluates the clinical efficacy of diode laser-based photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in expediting the resolution of anesthesia in children aged 6-9 receiving inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) injections. In this split-mouth double-blind randomized clinical trial, 36 pediatric subjects aged 6-9, requiring pulpotomy procedures on both sides of the mandible, received IANBs (single cartridge of 2% lidocaine/1:100,000 epinephrine). PBMT and sham laser were alternately applied to each side of the mandible, in two separate sessions, with the envelope method determining treatment allocation and intervention side on the first treatment day. During the laser session, laser (808 nm, 250 mW, 23s continuous, 0.5 cm², 11.5 J/cm², direct contact) irradiated two points at the injection site, five intra-oral and five extra-oral points along the infra-alveolar nerve's pathway. Soft tissue anesthesia reversal was quantified through tactile assessment. Soft tissue trauma was also assessed by the researcher and reported by parents 24 h post-dental visit. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics v25.0 via Paired T-test, two-way repeated measures ANOVA, and McNemar's test. The laser group exhibited a mean lip anesthesia duration of 122.78 ± 2.26 min, while the sham laser group experienced 134.44 ± 21.8 min, indicating an 11.66-minute reduction in anesthesia duration for the laser group. (P < 0.001) Soft tissue trauma occurred in two sham laser group patients and one laser group patient, with no significant difference. (P = 1) The findings indicate that employing laser with defined parameters can reduce the length of IANB-induced anesthesia.

Laser-Assisted Lingual Frenectomy: A Case Report.

A lingual frenectomy is a surgical procedure aimed at addressing "tongue-tie" or ankyloglossia, where a strip of tissue restricting tongue movement is removed. Typically, this strip extends from the bottom of the mouth to the underside of the tongue. The procedure, often performed using a diode laser, offers several advantages including simplicity and safety for patients. It can significantly improve speech articulation and eating for individuals with ankyloglossia. This case report highlights the successful treatment of a female patient experiencing speech difficulties with diode laser therapy for tongue-tie.

Compact and cost-effective laser-powered speckle contrast optical spectroscopy fiber-free device for measuring cerebral blood flow.

Significance: In the realm of cerebrovascular monitoring, primary metrics typically include blood pressure, which influences cerebral blood flow (CBF) and is contingent upon vessel radius. Measuring CBF noninvasively poses a persistent challenge, primarily attributed to the difficulty of accessing and obtaining signal from the brain. Aim: Our study aims to introduce a compact speckle contrast optical spectroscopy device for noninvasive CBF measurements at long source-to-detector distances, offering cost-effectiveness, and scalability while tracking blood flow (BF) with remarkable sensitivity and temporal resolution. Approach: The wearable sensor module consists solely of a laser diode and a board camera. It can be easily placed on a subject's head to measure BF at a sampling rate of 80 Hz. Results: Compared to the single-fiber-based version, the proposed device achieved a signal gain of about 70 times, showed superior stability, reproducibility, and signal-to-noise ratio for measuring BF at long source-to-detector distances. The device can be distributed in multiple configurations around the head. Conclusions: Given its cost-effectiveness, scalability, and simplicity, this laser-centric tool offers significant potential in advancing noninvasive cerebral monitoring technologies.

Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Management of Late Complications After Facial Filling.

The aim of the present study is to report a clinical case of a patient diagnosed with a late adverse reaction to the injection of filler material - persistent and intermittent delayed swelling (PIDS) - in which photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with low-power laser was used for edema reduction. This is an observational, descriptive, and retrospective work of a case report. The female patient, aged 73 years old, had undergone dermal filler six years before and complained of increased volume in the face region (glabellar region, labiomental sulcus, and nasolabial folds) and was submitted to ultrasound and anatomopathological analysis. PBMT using a low-power laser (660 nm and 808 nm, simultaneous irradiation, in contact, 2 J/point, 100 mW) proved to be effective for the non-invasive approach of late adverse reaction to dermal filler, such as PIDS, a common complication related to the use of dermal fillers.

Do Stone Characteristics and Laser Fiber Size Affect Ho: YAG Laser Time and Energy During Ureteroscopy?

Objective: To assess the correlation of attenuation value measured as HU in Non-contrast computed tomography, stone size, location, fibre size and stone composition with Holmium: yttrium-aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) laser parameters including, cumulative laser energy and final laser time. Materials and Methods:  We prospectively analyzed 118 patients undergoing flexible/semirigid ureteroscopy and Holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy from October 2022 to October 2023 at Mogadishu Urological Centre. Our study parameters encompass preoperative stone characteristics determined in NCCT (stone size, attenuation value, and stone location), fibre size, cumulative laser energy and time, overall operative time, and postoperative stone composition analysis. Results: There were 118 patients eligible for our prospective study. In the logistic regression model for retrograde intrarenal surgery with a fibre size of 272 µm, cumulative laser energy showed a significant difference among stone size, location, fibre size, and calcium oxalate stones (P > 0.05). However, no significant difference was noticed in the attenuation value (P = 0.078) (R2 = 0.053). Our analysis showed a positive significance among all the parameters (P < 0.05) for laser time. In logistic regression for a rigid ureteroscope with a fibre size of 365 µm, cumulative laser energy showed a significant difference between the location stone and fibre size (P < 0.05) (R2 = 0.09). However, no significant difference was seen among stone size, attenuation value, and calcium oxalate stones (P > 0.05). For laser time, our analysis showed a positive significance among all parameters except the calcium oxalate stones, which showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Our study showed that stone location, hardness, and fibre size are the most critical factors influencing the outcome of Ho: YAG laser parameters. The study revealed that CaOMH stones require more time to disintegrate into smaller ones, while PH-dependent stones such as carbonate apatite may require less time to fragment.

Seeing Beyond the Expected: An Uncommon Case of Plateau Iris Syndrome in the Outpatient Setting.

Patients presenting with elevated intraocular pressures (IOPs) refractory to laser peripheral iridotomy should be suspected to have plateau iris syndrome (PIS). We present an uncommonly seen case of a 59-year-old female who presented with blurred vision, left-sided head pain, and IOPs Oculus Uterque (OU). Despite medical and laser peripheral iridotomy, left eye pain and elevated IOPs persisted, which led to a suspected diagnosis of PIS. The patient was subsequently treated by a glaucoma specialist who performed argon laser iridoplasty. Following this procedure alongside appropriate pharmacologic maintenance treatment, the patient's symptoms and elevated IOPs were resolved. With proper management, irreversible blindness can be prevented in PIS.

Evaluating the Impact of Various Treatment Modalities on the Chewing Efficiency of Anterior Disc Displacements of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Cases: A Comparative Study.

Aim: Internal disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is identified by an anomaly between the condylar-disc assembly, which, in many cases, may lead to discomfort and malfunction of the chewing function. The study's objective was to assess the effects of four distinct treatment approaches on temporomandibular disorder cases with anterior disc displacements focusing on their chewing efficiency. Materials and Methods: One hundred participants suffering from reducible TMJ disc displacement were selected for enrollment in the study. Subjects were divided equally into four groups: group I patients were treated with behavioral therapy; group II patients were treated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT); group III patients were treated with anterior repositioning splints; and group IV patients were treated with flat plane splints. Chewing efficiency was assessed utilizing the fractional sieving method and a synthetic food substitute was created using silicon impression material. The statistical analysis encompassed comparisons of chewing efficiency between groups and between baseline and posttreatment within each group, employing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t tests, respectively. Results: Using the paired t test, a significant difference in chewing efficiency values as expressed by the median particle size was observed between the baseline and 6-month values in all groups (P < 0.05), except for group I where no significant change was noted over the 6 months (P > 0.05). The one-way ANOVA test revealed a statistically significant difference among groups following therapies (P ˂ 0.05). The post hoc Tukey test was employed for pairwise comparisons and revealed statistically significant variances in the main values of chewing efficiency among all groups at a 95% confidence level (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: The study's results suggest that occlusal splints and LLLT are more effective in improving chewing efficiency than behavioral interventions.

2% Crisaborole Ointment for the Treatment of Chronic Cheilitis Caused by Lip Tattoos.

The increasing popularity of tattoo art, including facial cosmetic tattoos, has led to a growing societal acceptance of tattoos. However, complications such as lip inflammation following cosmetic lip tattoos remain a concern. This article presents the case of a 47-year-old Asian woman who experienced recurrent lip swelling, purulent discharge, and scarring after receiving lip tattoos. Despite previous treatment with corticosteroid injections yielding unsatisfactory results, the patient showed significant improvement with topical application of 2% Crisaborole, a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor. Crisaborole modulates intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, thereby reducing tissue inflammation and swelling associated with chronic cheilitis. Additionally, pulse laser therapy was effective in addressing residual tattoo pigment and scar tissue. This case highlights the therapeutic challenges of managing chronic inflammatory diseases of the lips secondary to cosmetic tattoos and introduces Crisaborole as a promising treatment option, offering insights for managing similar conditions in the future.

Laser Fragmentation of Green Tea-synthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Their Blood Toxicity: Effect of Laser Wavelength on Particle Diameters.

Background: The efficacy of fractionation is significantly impacted by the colloidal particles' spontaneous absorption of laser beam radiation. The classification of silver nanoparticles during fragmentation processing is regulated through the collection of a combination of laser pulses with wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm. Aims and Objectives: This study presents an investigation of the efficacy of a plant extract in conjunction with the incorporation of supplementary silver nanoparticles, as well as the generation of smaller-sized silver nanoparticles using laser fragmentation.and then measure thier toxity on the blood. Results: Ag nanoparticles were synthesized using pulsed laser fragmentation on green tea AgNPs. The synthesis process involved the utilization of a Q-switch Nd:YAG laser with wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm, with energy ranging from 200 to 1000 mJ. Initially, a silver nano colloid was synthesized through the process of fragmented of the Ag target using the second harmonic generation of 532 nm at various energy levels. The optimal energy within the selected wavelengths was determined in order to facilitate the ultimate comparison. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine surface morphology and average particle size, while a spectrophotometer was used to analyses UV light's spectrum characteristics. The measurements focused on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon. The absorption spectra of silver nanoparticles exhibit distinct and prominent peaks at wavelengths of 405 nm and 415 nm. The mean diameter of the silver nanoparticles was found to be 16 nm and 20 nm, corresponding to wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm, respectively. Conclusion: As a consequence, there is a decrease in the range of particle sizes and a decrease in the mean size to lower magnitudes, resulting in a very stable colloid. This particular methodology has demonstrated considerable efficacy in the production of colloidal suspensions with the intended particle dimensions. Moreover, by the analysis of nanoparticles in human blood, no discernible alterations in the blood constituents were seen, indicating their non-toxic nature.

Optimizing charge transport in hybrid GaN-PEDOT:PSS/PMMADevice for advanced application.

Organic-inorganic hybrid light-emitting devices have garnered significant attention in the last few years due to their potential. These devices integrate the superior electron mobility of inorganic semiconductors with the remarkable optoelectronic characteristics of organic semiconductors. The inquiry focused on analyzing the optical and electrical properties of a light-emitting heterojunction that combines p-type GaN with organic materials (PEDOT, PSS, and PMMA). This heterojunction is an organic-inorganic hybrid. The procedure entailed utilizing a spin-coating technique to apply a layer of either poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or a mixture of PMMA and poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. Subsequently, different Nd:YAG laser pulses (200, 250, and 300 pulses) were used to administer a GaN inorganic layer onto the prepared organic layer using a pulsed laser deposition approach. Subsequently, the thermal evaporation technique was employed to deposit an aluminum electrode on the top of the organic and inorganic layers, while laser pulses were fine-tuned for optimal performance. The Hall effect investigation verifies the p-type conductivity of the GaN material. The electroluminescence studies confirmed the production of blue light by the GaN-based devices throughout a range of voltage situations, spanning from 45 to 72 V.

Comparative Effectiveness of Different Er:YAG Laser-Activated Irrigation Systems on Removing Calcium Hydroxide from Simulated Internal Root Resorption Cavities at Different Root Levels.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of Er:YAG laser-activated irrigation (LAI) with a short pulse duration for removing calcium hydroxide (CH) from simulated internal root resorption (IRR) cavities at three root levels. Background: Pulse duration is an important parameter during LAI, which ensures the efficiency of irradiation and the corresponding activation process. Short pulses in the range of a few microseconds enable rapid expansion and successive implosion of irrigants, resulting in distinct fluid movement. There have been few reports on CH removal efficacy from IRR cavities of different LAI systems, including those using short pulse duration. Methods: IRR cavities (1.6 mm diameter) were created at the apical, middle, and coronal root levels in 60 mandibular premolars and filled with a radiopaque CH paste. Samples were assigned to the following irrigation groups (n = 12, each): (1) LAI(P)-F, a prototype laser device that operates with short pulse duration (Morita Manufacturing) with a flat tip; (2) LAI(EA)-F, the ErwinAdverl laser device (Morita Manufacturing) with a flat tip; (3) LAI(EA)-T, the ErwinAdverl laser device with a tapered tip; (4) PIPS-T, the Lightwalker laser device (Fotona) with a tapered tip; and (5) SI, the syringe irrigation group. The laser tips were fixed at the canal entrance. The remaining CH volume and surface area were assessed in IRR cavities using micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed utilizing one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. Results: The LAI(P)-F and PIPS-T groups exhibited the highest CH removal rates at three different levels (p < 0.05). The LAI(EA)-F group had a significantly better efficacy of CH removal compared with the LAI(EA)-T group at the middle level (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The LAI(P)-F and PIPS-T groups demonstrated superior efficiency in removing CH from simulated IRR cavities.