Íleo meconial y falsos negativos del resultado de tripsina inmunorreactiva en una niña portadora de fibrosis quística / Meconium Ileus and false negative immunoreactive trypsine results in a cystic fibrosis carrier infant / Íleo meconial e resultados falso-negativos de tripsina imunorreativa em uma menina com fibrose cística

Introducción: la fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad genética, multisistémica, caracterizada por la disfunción de las glándulas de secreción exocrina secundaria a la mutación de una proteína transmembrana que actúa como canal de cloro. La inclusión de su búsqueda en el Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa Neonatal (SNPN) determinó un gran impacto sobre la morbimortalidad de esta enfermedad, permitiendo un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz. El íleo meconial (IM) es la manifestación más precoz de la enfermedad, ocurriendo en un 10% a 18% de los pacientes. Objetivo: describir una forma de presentación precoz de FQ con resultado de pesquisa neonatal normal. Caso clínico: 18 meses. Sexo femenino; 33 semanas de edad gestacional. Retraso en la expulsión del meconio. Al tercer día de vida íleo meconial con oclusión intestinal, vólvulo de intestino medio y necrosis intestinal. Se realiza resección quirúrgica. Tripsina inmunorreactiva (TIR) normal a los 7 y 23 días de vida. No se solicita proteína asociada a la pancreatitis (PAP). Desnutrición crónica, bronquiolitis grave a los 3 meses, neumonías virales a los 7 y 11 meses. Ingreso con diagnóstico de neumonía aguda comunitaria con insuficiencia respiratoria. Test del sudor alterado en dos oportunidades. Elastasa pancreática insuficiente. Se aísla Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa en exudado nasal y de secreciones respiratorias. Estudio genético: mutación Delta F508. Con diagnóstico de FQ se inició abordaje multidisciplinario, tratamiento y derivación al centro especializado. Conclusiones: la existencia de IM puede dar falsos negativos en el valor de la TIR, siendo necesaria la dosificación de la PAP. El pronóstico de estos pacientes va a depender de un diagnóstico precoz y el manejo terapéutico oportuno en centros especializados.

Introduction: cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic, multisystemic disease, characterized by dysfunction of the exocrine secretion glands secondary to the mutation of a transmembrane protein that acts as a chloride channel. Including its research by the National Neonatal Screening System (SNPN) caused a great impact on the morbidity and mortality of this disease, enabling early diagnosis and treatment. Meconium ileus (MI) is the earliest manifestation of the disease, occurring in 10% to 18% of patients. Objective: to describe a form of early presentation of CF with normal neonatal screening results. Clinical case: 18 months. Female, 33 weeks gestational age. Delay in the expulsion of meconium. On the third day of life, meconium ileus with intestinal obstruction, midgut volvulus and intestinal necrosis. Surgical resection is performed. Trypsin immunoreactive (TIR) normal at 7 and 23 days of age. Pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) is not requested. Chronic malnutrition, severe bronchiolitis at 3 months, viral pneumonia at 7 and 11 months. Admission with a diagnosis of acute community pneumonia with respiratory failure. Sweat test altered on two occasions. Insufficient pancreatic elastase. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated in nasal exudate and respiratory secretions. Genetic study: Delta F508 mutation. With the CF diagnosis, a multidisciplinary approach, treatment and referral to a specialized center began. Conclusions: the existence of MI can provide false negatives in the IRR value, making PAP dosage necessary. The prognosis of these patients will depend on early diagnosis and timely therapeutic management at specialized centers.

Introdução: a fibrose cística (FC) é uma doença genética, multissistêmica, caracterizada pela disfunção das glândulas secretoras exócrinas secundária à mutação de uma proteína transmembrana que age como canal de cloreto. A inclusão da sua pesquisa no Sistema Nacional de Triagem Neonatal (SNPN) determinou grande impacto na morbimortalidade desta doença, permitindo diagnóstico e tratamento precoces. O íleo meconial (IM) é a manifestação mais precoce da doença, ocorrendo em 10 a 18% dos pacientes. Objetivo: descrever uma forma de apresentação precoce da FC com resultados normais de triagem neonatal. Caso clínico: 18 meses. Sexo feminino. 33 semanas de idade gestacional. Atraso na expulsão do mecônio. No terceiro dia de vida, íleo meconial com obstrução intestinal, vólvulo de intestino médio e necrose intestinal. A ressecção cirúrgica é realizada. Imunorreativo à tripsina (TIR) normal aos 7 e 23 dias de vida. A proteína associada à pancreatite (PAP) não é solicitada. Desnutrição crônica, bronquiolite grave aos 3 meses, pneumonia viral aos 7 e11 meses. Internação com diagnóstico de pneumonia comunitária aguda com insuficiência respiratória. Teste do suor alterado em duas ocasiões. Elastase pancreática insuficiente. Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram isolados em exsudato nasal e secreções respiratórias. Estudo genético: mutação Delta F508. Com o diagnóstico de FC iniciou-se abordagem multidisciplinar, tratamento e encaminhamento para centro especializado. Conclusões: a existência de IM pode dar falsos negativos no valor da TIR, tornando necessária a dosagem de PAP. O prognóstico destes pacientes dependerá do diagnóstico precoce e do manejo terapêutico oportuno em centros especializados.

Assessment of Vitality, Blood Profile, and Degree of Meconium Staining on the Skin in Newborn Dogs According to Its Birth Weight.

Neonatal mortality in dogs reaches up to 40%. Due to the high rates, promptly detecting the causes and preventing newborns from dying are extremely important. Vitality evaluation, blood parameters, and the degree of meconium staining on the skin are valuable resources in canine perinatology. In this study, 435 puppies from 85 bitches close to parturition were recruited and divided into four quartiles according to the puppy's birth weight: Q1 (127-200 g) n = 110 puppies, Q2 (201-269 g) n = 108 puppies, Q3 (270-388 g) n = 108 puppies, and Q4 (389-464 g) n = 109 puppies. This experimental article aimed to report the effect of birth weight on the blood profile variables, the vitality of newborn puppies, and the meconium staining degree, integrating these three aspects. It was concluded that the weight of newborns was correlated with the degree of meconium staining, presenting more cases of severe meconium staining in the puppies of the highest birth weight group. The weight of the newborns was correlated with a higher number of stillbirths and alterations in the blood variables, showing the most severe cases of metabolic acidosis, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia in the puppies of the Q4 quartile. On the contrary, no statistically significant correlations were found between the weight of newborns and vitality. Nevertheless, the analysis of the results showed that the most vigorous puppies were found at Q1; however, at minute 60 after birth (AB), all the puppies in the four quartiles standardized their vitality scores.

Annotated Catalog of Vespid Hosts (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of Tachinidae (Diptera), with Description of a New Species of Ophirion Townsend from Brazil.

Although tachinids parasitize a wide variety of insects, vespid wasps are not commonly recorded as hosts. Three lineages of Tachinidae are parasitoids of larvae of eusocial Vespidae, namely the Old World tribe Anacamptomyiini and some Neotropical species of the Blondeliini genera Ophirion Townsend and Lixophaga Townsend. The taxonomy of anacamptomyiine species has been improved and clarified in the last decades, but Neotropical species of Ophirion and Lixophaga are still difficult to identify, preventing further studies in the group. I present here an annotated catalog of vespid hosts of Tachinidae, with an overview of host use and oviposition strategies of their parasitoid species. Moreover, I describe a new host record for O. lenkoi sp. nov. Gudin and L. punctata (Townsend), reared from a nest of Polybia (Myrapetra) scutellaris (White) in Nova Europa, São Paulo, Brazil. Ophirion lenkoi sp. nov. is described and L. punctata is redescribed, with two new junior synonyms proposed: L. fitzgeraldi (Curran), syn. nov., and L. dubiosa (Thompson), syn. nov. I also include illustrations of type material and discuss the most relevant diagnostic characters for species of both genera. Lastly, I argue that the biology of Lixophaga species may be a suitable model to understand how tachinids were able to explore eusocial vespid hosts.

Duplicidad intestinal y diagnóstico diferencial prenatal de lesiones quísticas intraabdominales / Intestinal duplication and prenatal differential diagnosis of intra-abdominal cysts

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las duplicaciones del aparato digestivo son una variante poco frecuente de malformación congénita. Si bien la mejora de los equipos de ecografía ha aumentado la tasa diagnóstica, solo el 30% se diagnostican antes del nacimiento. El diagnóstico diferencial de lesiones quísticas intraabdominales es amplio e incluye, por ejemplo, a los quistes de ovario, colédoco, mesenterio o pseudoquistes de meconio. El tratamiento es quirúrgico mediante la resección y restauración de la continuidad intestinal. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 32 años, con un embarazo previo y en el segundo trimestre del actual, con sospecha de un quiste de duplicación intestinal. El estudio genético no evidenció anomalía alguna. La lesión, de morfología quística tubular, fue aumentando progresivamente de tamaño conforme avanzaban las semanas de embarazo. En la semana 39 se indicó, por diabetes gestacional insulinodependiente, la inducción del parto. Nació un varón, asintomático, mediante parto eutócico, sin complicaciones. La ecografía abdominal, resonancia magnética nuclear y estudio del tránsito intestinal del periodo neonatal temprano confirmó el diagnóstico prenatal de sospecha. Mediante una laparoscopia exploradora, a las dos semanas de vida se practicó la resección del defecto que se reportó como: duplicación intestinal ileal, sin comunicación con la luz intestinal. El curso posoperatorio fue favorable. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico prenatal de quistes de duplicación en el aparato digestivo está en aumento debido a la mejoría en las técnicas de diagnóstico prenatal. La valoración multidisciplinaria es decisiva para procurar una adecuada vigilancia médica del embarazo y del recién nacido.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Duplications of the digestive tract are a rare variant of congenital malformation that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract. Although improved ultrasound equipment has increased the diagnostic rate, only 30% are diagnosed before birth. The differential diagnosis of intra-abdominal cystic lesions is broad and includes, for example, cysts of the ovary, common bile duct, mesentery or meconium pseudocysts. Treatment is surgical by resection and restoration of intestinal continuity. CLINICAL CASE: 32-year-old patient, with a previous pregnancy and in the second trimester of the current pregnancy, with suspicion of an intestinal duplication cyst. The genetic study did not reveal any abnormality. The lesion, of tubular cystic morphology, progressively increased in size as the weeks of pregnancy progressed. Induction of labour was indicated in week 39 due to insulin-dependent gestational diabetes. An asymptomatic male was born by euthecological delivery, without complications. Abdominal ultrasound, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and intestinal transit study of the early neonatal period confirmed the suspected prenatal diagnosis. By means of exploratory laparoscopy, at two weeks of life, resection of the defect was performed, which was reported as: ileal intestinal duplication, without communication with the intestinal lumen. The postoperative course was favourable. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal diagnosis of duplication cysts in the digestive tract is increasing due to improved prenatal diagnostic techniques. Multidisciplinary assessment is crucial to ensure adequate medical surveillance of the pregnancy and the newborn.

Derivação intestinal à bishop-koop - um novo uso para uma velha técnica / Bishop-koop ostomy revisited: a "test-drive" intestinal diversion for children with suspected bowel dysmotility

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Bishop-Koop ileostomy has been widely used in pediatric patients with the intention of including as much bowel as possible in the intestinal transit early in the management of children with meconium ileus and intestinal atresia. In recent years, we have been using it as an alternative to test the distal bowel function before closure of a previously constructed ostomy in selected children with questionable distal bowel motility. AIMS: The aim of this study was to present our experience with this alternative use of the Bishop-Koop ostomy. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional retrospective review of hospital records, combined with a comprehensive literature review. RESULTS: Seven children were included: five had suspected aganglionosis, one had gastroschisis complicated with ileal atresia, and one had a colonic stricture secondary to necrotizing enterocolitis. In this short series of patients, motility of the distal bowel was correctly assessed in six patients and partially correctly assessed in one patient. One patient did not pass stools per anus after the Bishop-Koop, and he was later confirmed to have Hirschsprung disease. Four patients resumed normal evacuation pattern after closure of the Bishop-Koop. One patient had a Bishop-Koop colostomy because of recurrent enterocolitis after a transanal pull-through. Although he evacuated normally while having the colostomy, the diarrhea recurred after the ostomy was closed. An additional patient, with a severe behavioral problem, did not evacuate per anus after her colostomy was transformed in a Bishop-Koop-type ostomy, despite the apparent presence of normal ganglia in the bowel wall. CONCLUSIONS: Data from the present series allow us to affirm that Bishop-Koop-type ostomy is a safe and efficient procedure that can be used to assess distal bowel function before a definitive transit reconstruction, in children with uncertain motility issues.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A ileostomia Bishop-Koop foi amplamente utilizada em pacientes pediátricos com a intenção de incluir o máximo de intestino possível no trânsito intestinal no manejo inicial de recém-nascidos com íleo meconial e atresia intestinal. Nos últimos anos, temos usado-a como alternativa para testar a função intestinal distal antes do fechamento de uma ostomia, em algumas crianças com motilidade intestinal distal questionável. OBJETIVOS: Apresentar nossa experiência com este uso alternativo da ostomia Bishop-Koop. MÉTODOS: Revisão retrospectiva dos registros hospitalares, combinada com uma revisão abrangente da literatura. RESULTADOS: Sete crianças foram incluídas: cinco tinham suspeita de aganglionose, uma tinha gastrosquise complicada com atresia ileal e uma tinha estenose de colon secundária à NEC. Nesta pequena série de pacientes, a motilidade do intestino distal foi corretamente avaliada em 6 pacientes e parcialmente avaliada em um. Um paciente não evacuou por ânus após o Bishop-Koop e mais tarde foi confirmado que ele tinha doença de Hirschsprung. Seis pacientes retomaram o padrão normal de evacuação após o fechamento do Bishop-Koop. Um paciente que fez uma colostomia Bishop-Koop por causa de enterocolite recorrente após um abaixamento transanal, recidivou a enterocolite após o fechamento definitivo. CONCLUSÕES: A ostomia tipo Bishop-Koop é um procedimento seguro e eficaz que pode ser utilizado para avaliar a função intestinal distal antes de uma reconstrução definitiva do trânsito em crianças com problemas de motilidade intestinal.

Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review.

PURPOSE: The use of alternative matrices in toxicological analyses has been on the rise in clinical and forensic settings. Specimens alternative to blood and urine are useful in providing additional information regarding drug exposure and analytical benefits. The goal of this paper is to present a critical review on the most recent literature regarding the application of six common alternative matrices, i.e., oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor in forensic toxicology. METHODS: The recent literature have been searched and reviewed for the characteristics, advantages and limitations of oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor and its applications in the analysis of traditional drugs of abuse and novel psychoactive substances (NPS). RESULTS: This paper outlines the properties of six biological matrices that have been used in forensic analyses, as alternatives to whole blood and urine specimens. Each of this matrix has benefits in regards to sampling, extraction, detection window, typical drug levels and other aspects. However, theses matrices have also limitations such as limited incorporation of drugs (according to physical-chemical properties), impossibility to correlate the concentrations for effects, low levels of xenobiotics and ultimately the need for more sensitive analysis. For more traditional drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine and amphetamines), there are already data available on the detection in alternative matrices. However, data on the determination of emerging drugs such as the NPS in alternative biological matrices are more limited. CONCLUSIONS: Alternative biological fluids are important specimens in forensic toxicology. These matrices have been increasingly reported over the years, and this dynamic will probably continue in the future, especially considering their inherent advantages and the possibility to be used when blood or urine are unavailable. However, one should be aware that these matrices have limitations and particular properties, and the findings obtained from the analysis of these specimens may vary according to the type of matrix. As a potential perspective in forensic toxicology, the topic of alternative matrices will be continuously explored, especially emphasizing NPS.

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome in Animal Models: Inflammatory Process, Apoptosis, and Surfactant Inactivation.

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome is a condition that causes respiratory distress in newborns due to occlusion and airway inflammation, and surfactant inactivation by meconium. This condition has been described in animal species such as canids, sheep, cattle, horses, pigs, and marine mammals. In its pathogenesis, the pulmonary epithelium activates a limited inflammatory response initiated by cytokines causing leukocyte chemotaxis, inhibition of phagocytosis, and pathogen destruction. Likewise, cytokines release participates in the apoptosis processes of pneumocytes due to the interaction of angiotensin with cytokines and the caspase pathway. Due to these reactions, the prevalent signs are lung injury, hypoxia, acidosis, and pneumonia with susceptibility to infection. Given the importance of the pathophysiological mechanism of meconium aspiration syndrome, this review aims to discuss the relevance of the syndrome in veterinary medicine. The inflammatory processes caused by meconium aspiration in animal models will be analyzed, and the cellular apoptosis and biochemical processes of pulmonary surfactant inactivation will be discussed.

Neonatal Antibiotic Treatment Can Affect Stool Pattern and Oral Tolerance in Preterm Infants.

Preterm neonates are at high risk of infectious and inflammatory diseases which require antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics influence neonatal gut microbiome development, and intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with delayed gastrointestinal transit. Neonates who take less time to pass meconium have a better tolerance to enteral feeding. We analyzed the effect of neonatal antibiotic treatment on the stool pattern and oral tolerance in 106 preterm infants < 33 weeks gestational age. Neonates were classified in 3 groups according to neonatal antibiotic (ABT) treatment days: no antibiotics, 3−7 d ABT, and ≥8 d ABT. Preterm infants from the ≥8 d ABT group took longer to pass meconium and to start green and yellow stools, took longer to reach 100 and 150 mL/kg/day, and reached reduced volumes in enteral feeds at day of life 14 and 28 than infants from no ABT and 3−7 d ABT groups. Multiple linear regression models showed that neonatal antibiotic treatment, birth weight, invasive mechanical ventilation, surfactant, enteral feeding start day, neonatal parenteral nutrition, and neonatal fasting days are associated with the stool pattern and oral tolerance in preterm infants.

The Efficacy of CPAP in Neonates with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: In neonates with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may be more beneficial compared to endotracheal intubation (ETI). We evaluated the efficacy of CPAP in neonates with MAS. METHODS: Four engines were used to search randomized clinical trials (RCTs). We used relative risk (RR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) to assess the effect on dichotomous and continuous outcomes, respectively. In addition, we used the Paule-Mandel (PM) random effects model due to the anticipated lack of events. RESULTS: Three RCTs were included (n = 432). No significant difference was found in mortality (RR = 0.82; 95%CI = 0.54-1.25; I2 = 71%; p = 0.36), need for ventilation (RR = 0.49; 95%CI = 0.15-1.56; I2 = 71%; p = 0.57), and incidence of pneumothorax (RR = 1.24; 95%CI = 0.30-5.12; I2 = 0%; p = 0.77) in the CPAP group compared to the ETI group. Regarding secondary outcomes, compared to the ETI group, no significant differences were found in APGAR at one minute (MD = -1.01; 95%CI -2.97 to 0.94; I2 = 98%; p = 0.31), APGAR at 5 min (MD = -1.00; 95%CI = -2.96 to 0.95; I2 = 99%; p = 0.32), days of hospitalization (MD = -0.52; 95%CI = -1.46 to 0.42; I2 = 94%; p = 0.28), and cord pH (MD = 0.003; 95%CI = -0.01 to 0.02; I2 = 0%; p = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with MAS, there is no significant effect of CPAP use compared to ETI on primary, specifically on mortality, need for ventilation, the incidence of pneumothorax, and secondary outcomes.

Characterization of amniotic fluid sludge in preterm and term gestations.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of amniotic fluid sludge obtained from patients in term and preterm gestations. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients with dense aggregates of particulate matter detected in amniotic fluid, observed with transvaginal sonography. All patients were in labor and had an impending delivery, either preterm or at term. Echogenic material contained within amniotic fluid was retrieved transvaginally by needle amniotomy under direct visualization. The amniotic fluid analysis consisted of a Gram stain, cultures for aerobic/anaerobic bacteria and genital mycoplasmas, and a white blood cell count. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients ranging from 18 to 41 weeks of gestation were included in the study. We observed the following: (1) the appearance of amniotic fluid was consistent with pus-like material, vernix, or meconium by naked eye examination; (2) samples collected before 33 weeks of gestation (n = 13) had a pus-like appearance; however, after this gestational age, most of the samples [83% (10/12)] appeared to be consistent with vernix; (3) amniotic fluid cultures were positive for microorganisms in 13 patients, of which 10 were preterm gestations before 33 weeks; (4) the most frequent microorganisms retrieved by culture were genital mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum [46% (6/13)]), followed by Mycoplasma hominis [31% (4/13)] and Candida albicans [15% (2/13)]; and (5) patients with sonographic particulate matter in preterm gestations frequently presented acute histologic chorioamnionitis and funisitis, but these conditions were rare in patients at term. CONCLUSION: The nature of amniotic fluid particulate material varies as a function of gestational age. The material obtained in preterm gestations is frequently related to an inflammatory process, while that obtained at term is often consistent with vernix and appears to represent a maturational process.

Pathophysiology of Perinatal Asphyxia in Humans and Animal Models.

Perinatal asphyxia is caused by lack of oxygen delivery (hypoxia) to end organs due to an hypoxemic or ischemic insult occurring in temporal proximity to labor (peripartum) or delivery (intrapartum). Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is the clinical manifestation of hypoxic injury to the brain and is usually graded as mild, moderate, or severe. The search for useful biomarkers to precisely predict the severity of lesions in perinatal asphyxia and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a field of increasing interest. As pathophysiology is not fully comprehended, the gold standard for treatment remains an active area of research. Hypothermia has proven to be an effective neuroprotective strategy and has been implemented in clinical routine. Current studies are exploring various add-on therapies, including erythropoietin, xenon, topiramate, melatonin, and stem cells. This review aims to perform an updated integration of the pathophysiological processes after perinatal asphyxia in humans and animal models to allow us to answer some questions and provide an interim update on progress in this field.

Meconium microbiota predicts clinical early-onset neonatal sepsis in preterm neonates.

BACKGROUND: Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality related to premature birth, and its diagnosis remains difficult. Our goal was to evaluate the intestinal microbiota of the first meconium of preterm newborns and ascertain whether it is associated with clinical EONS. METHODS: In a controlled, prospective cohort study, samples of the first meconium of premature infants with a gestational age (GA) ≤32 weeks was obtained at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and DNA was isolated from the samples. 16S rDNA based microbiota composition of preterm infants with a clinical diagnosis of EONS was compared to that of a control group. RESULTS: 40 (48%) premature infants with clinical diagnosis of EONS and 44 (52%) without EONS were included in the analysis. The most abundant phylum detected in both groups, Proteobacteria, was more prevalent in the sepsis group (p = .034). 14% of variance among bacterial communities (p = .001) correlated with EONS. The genera most strongly associated with EONS were Paenibacillus, Caulobacter, Dialister, Akkermansia, Phenylobacterium, Propionibacterium, Ruminococcus, Bradyrhizobium, and Alloprevotella. A single genus, Flavobacterium, was most strongly associated with the control group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the first-meconium microbiota is different in preterm neonates with and without clinical EONS.

Síndrome de aspiración meconial: revisión de la fisiopatología y estrategias de manejo / Meconium aspiration syndrome: review of the pathophysiology and management strategies

El síndrome de aspiración meconial, es una condición clínica caracterizada por insuficiencia respiratoria que ocurre en neonatos nacidos a través de líquido amniótico teñido de meconio, y que puede presentarse como una enfermedad grave con riesgo vital. Su incidencia ha disminuido gracias a mejores prácticas obstétricas y atención perinatal y se ha observado una mejoría en la sobrevida, gracias a mejores prácticas en la UCI neonatal. Sin embargo, el abordaje más adecuado sigue siendo un tema de debate, dado que hasta el momento se basa sólo en medidas de soporte, sin que existan medidas que actúen sobre los mecanismos de daño. Por otro lado, la morbilidad a largo plazo entre los sobrevivientes sigue siendo una preocupación importante. Esta revisión ofrece una visión general actualizada de la epidemiología, la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico, el manejo terapéutico, la prevención y el pronóstico de los pacientes que presentan este cuadro.

Meconium aspiration syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by respiratory failure that occurs in neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid and can present as a serious life-threatening disease. Its incidence has decreased thanks to better obstetric practices and perinatal care, and an improvement in survival has been observed, thanks to better practices in the neonatal ICU. However, the most appropriate approach is still a matter of debate, given that so far it is based only on support measures, without any measures that act on the damage mechanisms. On the other hand, long-term morbidity among survivors remains a major concern. This review offers an updated overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, therapeutic management, prevention, and prognosis of patients with this condition.

Biological and Psychosocial Factors, Risk Behaviors, and Perinatal Asphyxia in a University Hospital: Matched Case-Control Study, Cali, Colombia (2012-2014).

Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in newborns. It generates high costs, both social and economic, and presents modifiable risk factors. Objective: To determine the biological and psychosocial factors and risk behaviors associated with the development of perinatal asphyxia (Sarnat II-III) in newborns from low socioeconomic status in a tier III university hospital in the city of Cali, Colombia. Materials and Methods: With a case and control design, 216 patients were studied (54 cases/162 controls) (1 case/3 matched controls). The cases were defined as newborns with modified or severe perinatal asphyxia (Sarnat II-III) between 2012 and 2014, with gestational age ≥ 36 weeks, with neurological signs not attributable to other causes, multiorgan compromise, advanced reanimation, and presence of a sentinel event. For the analysis, conditional logistic regression models were developed to evaluate association (OR), considering that the cases and controls had been paired by the birth and gestational age variables. Results: The final model showed that, from the group of biological variables, meconium amniotic fluid was identified as a risk factor (OR 15.28, 95%CI 2.78-83.94). Induction of labor lowered the risk of perinatal asphyxia by 97% (OR 0.03, 95%CI 0.01-0.21), and monitoring of fetal heart rate was associated with lower odds by 99% (OR 0.01, 95%CI 0.00-0.31) of developing perinatal asphyxia in the newborn. Regarding social variables, the lack of social support was identified as a risk factor for the development of perinatal asphyxia (OR 6.44, 95%CI 1.16-35.66); in contrast, secondary education lowered the odds of developing perinatal asphyxia by 85% when compared with pregnant women who only had primary school education (OR 0.15, 95%CI 0.03-0.77). Conclusion: Assessment of biological and psychosocial factors and social support is important in pregnant women to determine the risk of developing perinatal asphyxia in a low-income population.

Diagnóstico prenatal de peritonitis meconial fetal: Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura Prenatal

Se comunica el diagnóstico ultrasonográfico prenatal de un caso de peritonitis meconial en un feto de 33 semanas, quien nació de parto pretérmino y se confirmó el diagnóstico con ultrasonografía, radiografía y cirugía. El neonato fue sometido a laparotomía exploratoria, en la cual se desbridó un pseudoquiste meconial, resecándose el área intestinal perforada, y se realizó anastomosis términoterminal. La evolución inicial fue tórpida, pero finalmente fue dado de alta con buen funcionamiento intestinal.

We report the prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of a case of meconium peritonitis in a 33-week fetus, who was born preterm and the diagnosis was confirmed with ultrasound, radiography and postnatal surgery. The neonate underwent exploratory laparotomy, in which a meconium pseudocyst was debrided, the perforated intestinal area was resected and end-to-end anastomosis was performed. The initial evolution was torpid, but he was finally discharged with good intestinal function.

Desenlaces perinatales, en un centro de tercer nivel de México de pacientes con colestasis intrahepática del embarazo / Perinatal outcomes of patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in a third level center in Mexico

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir la atención, tratamiento, desenlaces perinatales y complicaciones asociadas con la colestasis intrahepática del embarazo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de serie de casos, retrospectivo y observacional de pacientes embarazadas, con diagnóstico de colestasis intrahepática atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología entre los meses de enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2020. Se evaluaron las características obstétricas, los datos demográficos, clínicos, bioquímicos y de tratamiento, la finalización del embarazo y los desenlaces perinatales. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 67 casos de colestasis intrahepática que arrojaron una incidencia de 0.57%. La edad promedio de las pacientes fue 29.0 ± 6.8 años, 30 de 67 eran primigestas, 12 tuvieron el antecedente de colestasis intrahepática en el embarazo previo y 7 de óbito. El inicio de la enfermedad fue en el tercer trimestre en 41 de 67 pacientes. En los estudios de bioquímica 32 de 67 tuvieron valores de ácidos biliares entre 10 y 39 μM/L; 12 de las 67: 40-99 μM/L y 23 más de 100 (μM/L). Se administró tratamiento con ácido ursodesoxicólico a 63 de 67 y ante la falta de respuesta se agregó rifampicina. El promedio de semanas de gestación fue 35.6 ± 2.0 semanas con peso promedio de 2397 ± 572 g. Se encontró líquido amniótico con meconio en 10 neonatos y restricción del crecimiento en 20 de 67; se registraron 2 óbitos. CONCLUSIONES: Este es el primer estudio efectuado en México que describe la incidencia de la enfermedad y se utiliza la determinación de los ácidos biliares para establecer el diagnóstico. Los desenlaces perinatales coinciden con lo reportado en la bibliografía.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the care, treatment, perinatal outcomes and complications associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective and observational case series study of pregnant patients with a diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis seen at the National Institute of Perinatology between January 2016 and December 2020. Obstetric characteristics, demographic, clinical, biochemical and treatment data, pregnancy termination and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Sixty-seven cases of intrahepatic cholestasis were analyzed, yielding an incidence of 0.57%. The mean age of the patients was 29.0 ± 6.8 years, 30 of 67 were primigravidases, 12 had a history of intrahepatic cholestasis in the previous pregnancy and 7 had an abortion. The onset of the disease was in the third trimester in 41 of 67 patients. In biochemistry studies 32 of 67 had bile acid values between 10 and 39 μM/L; 12 of 67: 40-99 μM/L and 23 more than 100 (μM/L). Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid was administered to 63 of 67 and rifampicin to 4 patients. The mean number of weeks of gestation was 35.6 ± 2.0 weeks with a mean weight of 2397 ± 572 g. Amniotic fluid with meconium was found in 10 neonates and growth restriction in 20 of 67; there were 2 recorded abortions. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study carried out in Mexico in which the incidence of the disease is described, and the determination of bile acids is used to establish the diagnosis. Perinatal outcomes coincide with those reported in the literature.

Líquido meconial su asociación con las alteraciones del test de Apgar, hospital Ben Nacer Bachir / Association of meconium fluid with alterations of the APGAR test in the Bennacer Bachir hospital

RESUMEN Introducción: el líquido amniótico meconial constituye un indicador más de la evolución fetal intraparto y un indicador tradicional de asfixia perinatal. Sin embargo, este indicador muestra importantes limitaciones operativas; no se correlaciona bien entre sí, tiene un alto porcentaje de falsos positivos y, en consecuencia, es pobre predictor de morbilidad neurológica precoz o tardía del mal llamado sufrimiento fetal agudo, actualmente estado fetal no tranquilizador. Objetivo: evaluar la asociación del líquido amniótico meconial con las alteraciones del puntaje del Apgar, en el Hospital Ben Nacer Bachir. El Oued. Argelia. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva longitudinal prospectiva de 628 nacimientos, 39 gestantes que presentaron líquido meconial escogidas de forma aleatoria simple a las cuales se le aplico el test de Apgar. Resultados: el mayor número de pacientes atendidas, fue entre 25 y 29 años. El 76,92 % nulípara, 6,2 % de los nacimientos presentaron líquido meconial, el 48,72 % fue meconio moderado e intenso el 41 %, el 89,74 % presento Apgar normal, sexo predominante fue femenino y el 64,1 % terminó en cesárea. Conclusiones: a pesar del grado de intensificación del líquido meconial, no hubo relación con el Apgar bajo en el mayor porciento de gestantes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: mixture of meconium and amniotic fluid is another indicator of intra-partum fetal development and a traditional indicator of perinatal asphyxia. However, this indicator shows important operational limitations; it does not correlate well with each other, having a high percentage of false positives and, consequently, is a poor predictor of early or late neurological morbidity of the known Acute Fetal Distress (AFD). Objective: to assess the association of meconium and amniotic fluid with Apgar score alterations at the Bennacer Bachir Hospital, El Oued, Algeria. Methods: a prospective, descriptive, longitudinal study of 628 births was conducted, 39 pregnant women who presented meconium fluid were chosen in a simple randomized sample, applying the Apgar test. Results: the greatest number of patients attended was between 25 and 29 years old. Seventy-six percent were nulliparous, 6,2 % of births presented meconium fluid, 48,72 % presented moderate and intense meconium 41 %, normal Apgar score (89,74 %), female sex predominated, and 64,1 % underwent cesarean section. Conclusions: despite the degree of intensification of meconium fluid, there was no relationship with low Apgar score in the highest percentage of pregnant women.

Oclusión intestinal por enfermedad meconial asociada a hipotiroidismo y prematurez: reporte de un caso / Intestinal occlusion for meconial disease associated with hypothyroidism and prematurity: a case report

RESUMEN La Enfermedad Meconial (EM) es una forma de oclusión intestinal en la etapa neonatal, en la cual el contenido meconial se vuelve más espeso; provocando una oclusión intraluminal. Representa, hasta en un 20% de los casos la primera manifestación de la Fibrosis Quística (FQ). Puede ser también síntoma de otras patologías como el hipotiroidismo. El diagnóstico se basa en los antecedentes familiares, los hallazgos de la ecografía prenatal y en síntomas típicos de oclusión intestinal al nacimiento. El objetivo del tratamiento consiste en aliviar la oclusión intestinal mediante medidas de soporte, que en su mayoría revuelven el cuadro clínico. La intervención quirúrgica presenta in-dicaciones puntuales como lo son la falla en el manejo médico o el íleo meconial complicado. Se presenta el caso de un prematuro de 29 semanas, con diagnóstico de enfermedad meconial por hipotiroidismo, en el que se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico con buena evolución.Palabras claves: Íleo meconial, oclusión intestinal, hipotiroidismo

ABSTRACT Meconial Disease (MS) is a form of intestinal occlusion in the neonatal stage, in which the meconial content becomes thicker causing intraluminal occlusion. It represents, in up to 20% of cases, the first manifestation of Cystic Fibrosis (CF). It can also be a symptom of other pathologies such as hypothyroidism. The diagnosis is based on family history, findings of prenatal ultrasound and typical symptoms of intestinal occlusion at birth. The goal of treatment is to relieve intestinal occlusion through supportive measures, which mostly upset the clinical symptoms. The surgical intervention presents specific indications such as the failure in medical management or complicated me-conial ileus. The case of a 29-week premature patient is presented, with a diagnosis of meconial disease due to hypothyroidism, in which surgical treatment was performed with good evolution.Keywords: Meconium ileus, intestinal pseudoclusion, hypothyroidism

A comparative study between santulli ileostomy and loop ileostomy in neonates with meconium ileus / Estudo comparativo entre ileostomia de santulli e ileostomia em alça em neonatos com íleo meconial

ABSTRACT Background: Meconium ileus is a common cause of intestinal obstruction in neonates that different surgical methods have been described for its management such as Santulli and loop ileostomy. Aim: To evaluate and compare clinical efficacy of Santulli and loop ileostomy in neonates with meconium ileus. Methods: In this retrospective study, 58 patients with meconium ileus were evaluated. After analyses of hospital records, 53 patients with completed hospital records were included. Demographic information, surgery parameters and postoperative complications were extracted from the hospital records or calling parents. Results: Skin excoriation (21.4% vs. 84%, p<0.001), ostomy prolapsed (0 vs. 28%, p=0.003), and surgical site infection (7.1% vs. 28%, p=0.044) was significantly lower in Santulli ileostomy group. Furthermore, ileostomy output in first week (70.53±15.11 ml vs. 144.6±19.99 ml, p<0.001) and in 4th week (2.14±4.98 ml vs. 18.4±17.95 ml, p<0.001) was significantly lower in Santulli ileostomy group as compared to loop ileostomy group. Finally, hospital stay in Santulli ileostomy group was 12±2.34 and in loop ileostomy 14.24±1.47 days (p<0.001). Conclusion: Santulli ileostomy is better than loop ileostomy due to significant less frequency of surgical site infection, skin excoriation, prolapse of ostomy, ileostomy volume output and hospitalization time.

RESUMO Racional: O íleo meconial é causa comum de obstrução intestinal em neonatos e diferentes métodos cirúrgicos foram descritos para seu manejo, como Santulli e ileostomia em alça. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar a eficácia clínica de Santulli e ileostomia em alça em neonatos com íleo meconial. Métodos: Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram avaliados 58 pacientes. Após análise, 53 pacientes com prontuários hospitalares completos foram incluídos. Informações demográficas, parâmetros cirúrgicos e complicações pós-operatórias foram extraídos dos prontuários ou dos pais por telefone. Resultados: Escoriações cutâneas (21,4% vs. 84%, p<0,001), estomia prolongada (0 vs. 28%, p=0,003) e infecção do sítio cirúrgico (7,1% vs. 28%, p=0,044) foram significativamente menores no grupo ileostomia Santulli. Além disso, a produção de ileostomia na primeira semana (70,53±15,11 ml vs. 144,6±19,99 ml, p <0,001) e na quarta semana (2,14±4,98 ml vs. 18,4±17,95 ml, p<0,001) foi significativamente menor no grupo de ileostomia Santulli em comparação com o de ileostomia em alça. Finalmente, o tempo de internação no grupo de ileostomia de Santulli foi de 12±2,34 e na ileostomia de alça de 14,24±1,47 dias (p<0,001). Conclusão: A ileostomia de Santulli é melhor que a em alça, devido à menor frequência significativa de infecção do local cirúrgico, escoriação cutânea, prolapso da ostomia, volume da ileostomia e tempo de internação.

A comparative study between Santulli ileostomy and loop ileostomy in neonates with meconium ileus / Estudo comparativo entre ileostomia de Santulli e ileostomia em alça em neonatos com íleo meconial

ABSTRACT Background: Meconium ileus is a common cause of intestinal obstruction in neonates that different surgical methods have been described for its management such as Santulli and loop ileostomy. Aim: To evaluate and compare clinical efficacy of Santulli and loop ileostomy in neonates with meconium ileus. Methods: In this retrospective study, 58 patients with meconium ileus were evaluated. After analyses of hospital records, 53 patients with completed hospital records were included. Demographic information, surgery parameters and postoperative complications were extracted from the hospital records or calling parents. Results: Skin excoriation (21.4% vs. 84%, p<0.001), ostomy prolapsed (0 vs. 28%, p=0.003), and surgical site infection (7.1% vs. 28%, p=0.044) was significantly lower in Santulli ileostomy group. Furthermore, ileostomy output in first week (70.53±15.11 ml vs. 144.6±19.99 ml, p<0.001) and in 4th week (2.14±4.98 ml vs. 18.4±17.95 ml, p<0.001) was significantly lower in Santulli ileostomy group as compared to loop ileostomy group. Finally, hospital stay in Santulli ileostomy group was 12±2.34 and in loop ileostomy 14.24±1.47 days (p<0.001). Conclusion: Santulli ileostomy is better than loop ileostomy due to significant less frequency of surgical site infection, skin excoriation, prolapse of ostomy, ileostomy volume output and hospitalization time.

RESUMO Racional: O íleo meconial é causa comum de obstrução intestinal em neonatos e diferentes métodos cirúrgicos foram descritos para seu manejo, como Santulli e ileostomia em alça. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar a eficácia clínica de Santulli e ileostomia em alça em neonatos com íleo meconial. Métodos: Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram avaliados 58 pacientes. Após análise, 53 pacientes com prontuários hospitalares completos foram incluídos. Informações demográficas, parâmetros cirúrgicos e complicações pós-operatórias foram extraídos dos prontuários ou dos pais por telefone. Resultados: Escoriações cutâneas (21,4% vs. 84%, p<0,001), estomia prolongada (0 vs. 28%, p=0,003) e infecção do sítio cirúrgico (7,1% vs. 28%, p=0,044) foram significativamente menores no grupo ileostomia Santulli. Além disso, a produção de ileostomia na primeira semana (70,53±15,11 ml vs. 144,6±19,99 ml, p <0,001) e na quarta semana (2,14±4,98 ml vs. 18,4±17,95 ml, p<0,001) foi significativamente menor no grupo de ileostomia Santulli em comparação com o de ileostomia em alça. Finalmente, o tempo de internação no grupo de ileostomia de Santulli foi de 12±2,34 e na ileostomia de alça de 14,24±1,47 dias (p<0,001). Conclusão: A ileostomia de Santulli é melhor que a em alça, devido à menor frequência significativa de infecção do local cirúrgico, escoriação cutânea, prolapso da ostomia, volume da ileostomia e tempo de internação.