Increasing Movement Amplitude in Speeded Hitting Enhances Contact Velocity Without Affecting Directional Accuracy or Movement Variability.

Performance of sport-related ballistic motor skills, like ball hitting in golf and baseball, requires wide movements to produce highly fast and spatially accurate movements. In this study, we assessed the effect of movement amplitude on directional accuracy in a ballistic hitting task. Participants performed the task of moving a manual handle over a flat surface to hit with high speed a moveable disc, aiming to propel it towards a frontal target. Five movement amplitudes were compared, ranging from 11.5 cm to 27.5 cm in steps of 4 cm. Kinematic analysis evaluated motions of the handle, disc, and arm joints. Results showed that greater movement amplitudes led to longer acceleration phases, with delayed peak velocities at the handle, shoulder and elbow, leading to higher contact and peak linear velocities of the handle, and higher angular velocities at the shoulder and elbow. Manipulation of movement amplitude led to no evidence for effects on either disc directional accuracy or variability. Results also revealed no evidence for differences in variability of contact velocity, peak velocity and time of peak velocity across movement amplitudes in the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. Our results indicated that greater movement amplitudes in hitting a spatial target lead to increased contact velocity while not affecting directional accuracy or movement variability.

Motor Control in Parkinson's Disease During the Performance of Multi-Joint Reversal Movements.

We tested if the movement slowness of individuals with Parkinson's disease is related to their decreased ability to generate adequate net torques and linearly coordinate them between joints. This cross-sectional study included ten individuals with Parkinson's disease and ten healthy individuals. They performed planar movements with a reversal over three target distances. We calculated joint kinematics of the elbow and shoulder using spatial orientation. The muscle, interaction, and net torques were integrated into the acceleration/deceleration phases of the fingertip speed. We calculated the linear correlations of those torques between joints. Both groups modulated the elbow and shoulder net torques with target distances. They linearly coupled the production of torques. Both groups did not modulate the interaction torques. The movement slowness in Parkinson's disease was related to the difficulty in generating the appropriate muscle and net torques in the task. The interaction torques do not seem to play any role in movement control.

Mapping social movements momentum: unveiling networks in the movement for the right to abortion in Mexico.

In this case study, we propose a network analysis approach to map social movements through an intersectional feminist lens. We aim to gain a more in-depth understanding of movements' network structures to examine the roles and relationships of movement actors, the flow of resources between them, and potential areas of collaboration and conflict. By incorporating Social Network Analysis (SNA) techniques and visually mapping dynamics within social movements, this approach can assess the significance of small actors in creating change and stresses the need for their perspectives to be heard. Furthermore, our methodology adopts a feminist intersectional framework that recognizes the role of different identities in shaping the movement and its actors. To demonstrate the practical application of this approach, we examined the movement for the right to abortion in Mexico between September and December 2021. Our multi-step process included (1) designing a survey tool adapted to the context of the movement, (2) collecting and analyzing survey responses on movement actors' relationships and interactions, including their priorities, activities, needs, risks, and challenges, (3) visualizing the network using SNA techniques that account for the complexity and diversity of the movement, (4) interpreting the findings through insights collected in semi-structured interviews and validation meetings with key movement actors, and (5) implementing safety and security guidelines to safeguard the identity of individuals whose activities could put them at risk of suffering institutional, emotional, and physical violence. Our case study offers valuable insights that not only encourage the integration of feminist and intersectional perspectives into data collection processes but also provide a roadmap for accompanying social movements and supporting meaningful and contextually responsive activities.

Embedded Machine Learning System for Muscle Patterns Detection in a Patient with Shoulder Disarticulation.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) models in the classification of electromyographic (EMG) signals represents a significant advancement in the design of control systems for prostheses. This study explores the development of a portable system that classifies the electrical activity of three shoulder muscles in real time for actuator control, marking a milestone in the autonomy of prosthetic devices. Utilizing low-power microcontrollers, the system ensures continuous EMG signal recording, enhancing user mobility. Focusing on a case study-a 42-year-old man with left shoulder disarticulation-EMG activity was recorded over two days using a specifically designed electronic board. Data processing was performed using the Edge Impulse platform, renowned for its effectiveness in implementing AI on edge devices. The first day was dedicated to a training session with 150 repetitions spread across 30 trials and three different movements. Based on these data, the second day tested the AI model's ability to classify EMG signals in new movement executions in real time. The results demonstrate the potential of portable AI-based systems for prosthetic control, offering accurate and swift EMG signal classification that enhances prosthetic user functionality and experience. This study not only underscores the feasibility of real-time EMG signal classification but also paves the way for future research on practical applications and improvements in the quality of life for prosthetic users.

Development of Basic Motor Skills from 3 to 10 Years of Age: Comparison by Sex and Age Range in Chilean Children.

Basic motor skills are recognized as fundamental movements that allow children to interact with their environment and are identified as the basic structure on which more complex movements are built. OBJECTIVE: to identify the level of motor development of children from 3 to 10 years of age according to sex and age group. METHODOLOGY: We studied a sample with a total of 328 participants (girls = 170; boys = 158) at preschool (n = 154) and school levels (n = 174). The ages of the students ranged from 3 to 10 years, with a mean of 5.94 years (±2.53). TGMD2 was applied to identify motor development. RESULTS: boys and girls present low levels of physical activity, with most of them in the very poor, poor, and low-average categories (n = 182, 55.5%). Levels of motor development in locomotion, manipulation, and general development by age show significant differences (p = 0.000). However, levels of development by sex are not significant in manipulation, locomotion, and gross motor skills tests, respectively (p = 0.150, p = 0.208, and p = 0.210), and in relation to chronological age and motor development age show significant differences (p = 0.000).

Educação popular no SUS: desafios atuais no olhar do Observatório de Educação Popular em Saúde e Realidade Brasileira / Popular education in the SUS: current challenges from the perspective of the Observatory of Popular Health Education and the Brazilian Reality

Resumo Este trabalho se propõe a trazer reflexões e apontamentos para o fortalecimento de políticas públicas estruturantes no Brasil, com foco na Educação Popular em Saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a partir das perspectivas construídas no Observatório de Educação Popular em Saúde e Realidade Brasileira. O Observatório é um espaço profícuo para o compartilhamento de interpretações e experiências de profissionais de saúde e educadores populares sobre a realidade local e realidade brasileira, a partir da ótica da Educação Popular em Saúde. De forma dialógica e participativa, ao longo de seus 2 anos de atividade, o Observatório foi capaz de reunir interpretações sintéticas da Educação Popular em Saúde para as crises que atravessam a história recente do país. De maneira panorâmica, as falas compartilhadas apontam desafios para valorização da abordagem humana na promoção da saúde, com a inclusão e o respeito aos saberes e práticas sociais locais e comunitárias. Além disso, destaca-se a importância da participação social na construção de processos sociais participativos na saúde pública, visando à autonomia do cidadão e à ampliação da dinâmica democrática no Estado brasileiro e em seus equipamentos sociais.

Abstract This paper aims to bring reflections and notes for strengthening Brazilian structuring public policies, focusing on Popular Health Education in the Unified Health System (SUS) from the perspectives built in the Observatory of Popular Health Education and the Brazilian Reality. The Observatory is a valuable space for sharing health professionals' and popular educators' interpretations and experiences about local and Brazilian realities from the perspective of Popular Health Education. During its two years of activity, the Observatory has gathered summary interpretations of Popular Health Education for the crises that traverse the country's recent history in a dialogical and participatory way. In a panoramic view, the shared statements point to challenges for valuing the human approach to health promotion, including respecting local and community knowledge and social practices. Moreover, we underscore the importance of social participation in constructing participatory social processes in public health toward citizen autonomy and expanded democratic dynamics in the Brazilian State and its social equipment.

Movimientos visuales y desempeño deportivo del tenista: revisión de alcance / Visual Movements and Sports Performance of the Tennis Player: Scoping Review / Movimentos visuais e desempenho esportivo do tenista: Revisão do escopo

Resumen Propósito: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la bibliografía existente sobre las habilidades y movimientos visuales en jugadores de tenis. Metodología: Se indagó en las bases de datos Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed y Google Scholar que permn seleccionar 37 estudios empíricos realizados con un método cuantitativo. La elección de los estudios respondió a los criterios establecidos en torno a las palabras clave, temática del estudio y la metodología de investigación. Resultados: Los resultados se organizan en tres tópicos centrales: (a) Antecedentes de habilidades visuales en el siglo XX, (b) Siglo XXI: rol de los movimientos sacádicos y (c) Reflexiones sobre la gesta tenística y los movimientos sacádicos. Conclusiones: A lo largo de varias décadas de investigación y seguimiento al enfoque ''visión y deporte'' en el tenis de campo, específicamente en los movimientos visuales entre fijaciones y movimientos sacádicos, se pueden identificar niveles diferenciales de rendimiento tenístico con el potencial de ser indicadores de mejores desempeños deportivos. Dado que las herramientas utilizadas hasta ahora en esta disciplina para los procesos de selección o evaluación no son determinantes, debido a ser una disciplina deportiva multifactorial de orden perceptivo-motor y de habilidades abiertas, se sugiere que las habilidades visuales pueden ser indispensables para la adquisición de un alto nivel competitivo. Este aspecto plantea una línea de investigación interesante que merece una mayor exploración en el futuro.

Abstract: Purpose: The presente study aims to explore the existing bibliography on visual skills and visual movements in tennis players. Method: We searched the Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, which allowed us to select 37 empirical studies carried out with a quantitative method. The choice of the studies responded to the criteria established around the Keywords, the subject of the study and the research methodology. Results: The results are organized into three central topics: (a) Antecedents of visual skills in the 20th century, (b) 21st century: Role of saccadic movements, and (c) Reflections on the tennis feat and saccadic movements. Conclusions: Throughout several decades of research and monitoring of the ''vision and sport'' approach in field tennis, specifically in the visual movements between fixations and saccadic movements, differential levels of tennis performance can be identified with the potential to be indicators of better sports performance. Given that the tools used so far in this discipline for the selection and/or evaluation processes are not determinant, due to being a multifactorial sport discipline of perceptual-motor order and open skills, it is suggested that visual skills may be essential for the acquisition of a high competitive level. This aspect raises an interesting line of research that deserves further exploration in the future.

Resumo: Propósito: O presente estudo tem como objetivo explorar a literatura existente sobre habilidades e movimentos visuais em jogadores de tênis. Metodologia: Pesquisamos os bancos de dados Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed e Google Scholar, o que nos permitiu selecionar 37 estudos empíricos realizados com um método quantitativo. A escolha dos estudos atendeu aos critérios estabelecidos em torno das palavras-chave, do tema do estudo e da metodologia da pesquisa. Resultados: Os resultados estão organizados em três tópicos centrais: (a) Precedentes das habilidades visuais no século XX, (b) Século XXI: Papel dos movimentos sacádicos (c) Reflexões sobre a proeza do tênis e os movimentos sacádicos. Conclusões: Ao longo de várias décadas de pesquisa e monitoramento da abordagem ''visão e esporte'' no tênis de campo, especificamente nos movimentos visuais entre fixações e movimentos sacádicos, podem ser identificados níveis diferenciais de desempenho no tênis com potencial para serem indicadores de melhores desempenhos esportivos. Considerando que as ferramentas utilizadas até o momento nessa modalidade para os processos de seleção e/ou avaliação não são determinantes, devido ao fato de ser uma modalidade esportiva multifatorial de ordem perceptivomotora e de habilidades abertas, sugere-se que as habilidades visuais podem ser essenciais para a aquisição de um alto nível competitivo. Esse aspecto levanta uma linha de pesquisa interessante que merece ser mais explorada no futuro.

Home range of three turtle species in Central Yucatan. A comparative study.

Home range is a fundamental characteristic of an animal natural history. The study of home range provides information on the sites where organisms forage for food, find shelter, or locate mates. Home range size and shape can change throughout the lifespan of an organism, during the year, or across seasons, driven by resource availability and the basic needs for each organism. For freshwater and semi-aquatic turtles, home range is greatly affected by water availability, humidity, and temperature throughout the year, nevertheless demographic factors such age and sex are also important determinants of home range size. In this study we estimated home range and dispersal movements for Kinosternon creaseri, Terrapene yucatana, and Rhinoclemmys areolata in a semi-tropical dry forest in central Yucatán. For a two-year period, turtles were surveyed using hoop traps and visual encounters. Twenty-one individuals (5-8 per species) were equipped with radio transmitters to track them across the landscape. Distances between relocations and home range were compared across species seasons, sex, and interactions of these variables. Monthly average movements were positively correlated with rain in the three species studied. Home range of R. areolata was larger than those of K. creaseri and T. yucatana. Home range of the three studied species were larger during the wet season. Home range overlap index within same species individuals was higher during the rainy than dry season, but overall overlap is low between and within species.

Futuros y educación en los activismos juveniles socioambientales / Futures and education in socio-environmental youth activism / Futuros e educação em ativismos juvenis socioambientais

Resumen (analítico) Las juventudes protagonizan la acción de los movimientos sociales antihegemónicos. Particularmente, su activismo socioambiental impacta en la lucha global contra el modelo capitalista que pone en peligro al planeta. Este artículo explora el rol educativo de las organizaciones chilenas Viernes por el Futuro, Tremendas y Wila Pacha, en relación con sus visiones de futuro. Se realizó una etnografía digital con metodología cualitativa y enfoque interpretativo, a partir de un corpus de 591 entradas de sus discursos en Instagram. Los resultados muestran un futuro próximo con caducidad, con visiones sustentadas en conocimientos científicos, ancestrales y territoriales. También proyectan un futuro alternativo imaginado, desde el deseo y los valores de la comunidad que representa cada colectivo. Educar a la sociedad desde el accionar digital resulta clave para acercarse a ese futuro alternativo.

Abstract (analytical) Young people are protagonists of the actions carried out by antihegemonic social movements. Their socio-environmental activism has an impact on the global struggle against a capitalist model that endangers our planet. This article explores the educational role of the Chilean organizations Viernes por el Futuro (Fridays for Future), Tremendas and Wila Pacha in relation to their visions of the future. A digital ethnography was carried out using a qualitative methodology and an interpretive approach based on a corpus of 591 posts that contain the groups' discourses on Instagram. The results evidence the conceptualization of a near future that has an expiration date for humanity. The groups' visions of these futures are supported by scientific, ancestral and territorial knowledge. They also project an imagined alternative future that is based on the dreams and values of the communities that each group represents. For all three of the groups, educating society through digital actions is essential for working towards these alternative futures.

Resumo (analítico) Os jovens são protagonistas da ação dos movimentos sociais anti-hegemônicos. Particularmente, seu ativismo socioambiental tem impacto na luta global contra o modelo capitalista que põe em risco o planeta. Este artigo explora o papel educativo das organizações chilenas Viernes por el Futuro, Tremendas e Wila Pacha, em relação às suas visões de futuro. Foi realizada uma etnografia digital com metodologia qualitativa e abordagem interpretativa, a partir de um corpus de 591 postagens com seus discursos no Instagram. Os resultados mostram um futuro próximo com vencimento, com visões apoiadas em saberes científicos, ancestrais e territoriais. Eles também projetam um futuro alternativo imaginado, baseado no desejo e nos valores da comunidade que cada grupo representa. Educar a sociedade a partir de ações digitais é fundamental para abordar esse futuro alternativo.

Objective demonstration of eyelid spasm relief with smartphone and custom software in hemifacial spasm patients.

PURPOSE: To objectively demonstrate eyelid spasms relief in hemifacial spasm (HFS) patients using a smartphone and a custom-made software. METHODS: Nineteen patients with HFS had standardized videos recorded with a smartphone (iPhone 6S, Apple) camera before and 15 days after receiving onabotulinumtoxinA injections. Nineteen age-matched control subjects were also assessed. The Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) is an algorithm previously described to determine whether the eye is opened or closed. When the eye is closed, EAR tends to be closer to zero. Analogously, if the eye is wide open, values are greater. A custom-made software using the EAR concept was developed and pre- and post-treatment EARs were analyzed to assess HFS patients. RESULTS: Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections led to a significant increase in the average EAR of the affected side: + 10.4% (p = 0.0175) of HFS patients, compared to baseline. Mean EAR before BoNT applications were significantly lower (16.2%) on the affected side (0.25 ± 0.05) of HFS patients when compared to controls (0.30 ± 0.05, p = 0.004). After BoNT injections, no statistically significant difference was observed for the average EAR between the affected side of HFS patients (0.27 ± 0.04) and controls (p = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Use of a smartphone and custom-made software objectively demonstrated eyelid spasm relief in patients with HFS. Additional refinement of this system could permit more accurate assessments of treatment response rates for each patient, making it possible to be used in clinical practice.

Computational methodology to support functional vision assessment in premature infants: A viability study.

BACKGROUND: Premature newborns have a higher risk of abnormal visual development and visual impairment. OBJECTIVE: To develop a computational methodology to help assess functional vision in premature infants by tracking iris distances. METHODS: This experimental study was carried out with children up to two years old. A pattern of image capture with the visual stimulus was proposed to evaluate visual functions of vertical and horizontal visual tracking, visual field, vestibulo-ocular reflex, and fixation. The participants' visual responses were filmed to compose a dataset and develop a detection algorithm using the OpenCV library allied with FaceMesh for the detection and selection of the face, detection of specific facial points and tracking of the iris positions is done. A feasibility study was also conducted from the videos processed by the software. RESULTS: Forty-one children of different ages and diagnoses participated in the experimental study, forming a robust dataset. The software resulted in the tracking of iris positions during visual function evaluation stimuli. Furthermore, in the feasibility study, 8 children participated, divided into Pre-term and Term groups. There was no statistical difference in any visual variable analyzed in the comparison between groups. CONCLUSION: The computational methodology developed was able to track the distances traveled by the iris, and thus can be used to help assess visual function in children.

The Knowledge Translation of Early Cerebral Palsy (KiTE CP) Study: Implementing Screening Among a High-Risk Prospective Cohort of Australian Infants.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of the international guidelines for the early diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP) and engagement in the screening process in an Australian cohort of infants with neonatal risk factors for CP. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of infants with neonatal risk factors recruited at <6 months corrected age from 11 sites in the states of Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland, Australia. First, we implemented a multimodal knowledge translation strategy including barrier identification, technology integration, and special interest groups. Screening was implemented as follows: infants with clinical indications for neuroimaging underwent magnetic resonance imaging and/or cranial ultrasound. The Prechtl General Movements Assessment (GMA) was recorded clinically or using an app (Baby Moves). Infants with absent or abnormal fidgety movements on GMA videos were offered further assessment using the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE). Infants with atypical findings on 2/3 assessments met criteria for high risk of CP. RESULTS: Of the 597 infants (56% male) recruited, 95% (n = 565) received neuroimaging, 90% (n = 537) had scorable GMA videos (2% unscorable/8% no video), and 25% (n = 149) HINE. Overall, 19% of the cohort (n = 114/597) met criteria for high risk of CP, 57% (340/597) had at least 2 normal assessments (of neuroimaging, GMA or HINE), and 24% (n = 143/597) had insufficient assessments. CONCLUSIONS: Early CP screening was implemented across participating sites using a multimodal knowledge translation strategy. Although the COVID-19 pandemic affected recruitment rates, there was high engagement in the screening process. Reasons for engagement in early screening from parents and clinicians warrant further contextualization and investigation.

Peculiar aetiology for orbital apex syndrome: Wyburn-Mason syndrome as orbital apex lesion.

Background: Wyburn-Mason syndrome is a rare, non-hereditary congenital disease, belonging to the group of neurocutaneous syndromes with fewer than 100 cases reported since its first description in 1937. Case report: A young adult man was initially evaluated at the age of 2 years for proptosis and progressive visual impairment of the right eye, followed by impairment in ocular abduction, adduction and elevation as well as amaurosis. MRI revealed an expansive formation centred in the right orbit compromising conal spaces with distortion of eye muscles and optic nerve. The lesion extended through the superior orbital fissure into the right cavernous sinus and to the contralateral orbit. Despite embolisation, proptosis and oedema of the periorbital tissue continued to worsen. The combination of facial, ocular and intracranial vascular malformations and the exclusion of alternative aetiologies led to a diagnosis of cerebrofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome (CAMS) 1 (Wyburn-Mason syndrome). Discussion: Important differential diagnoses are other CAMS, such as Sturge-Weber syndrome, as well as other conditions such as retinal cavernous haemangioma and vasoproliferative tumours. The optimal treatment regimen for severe cases of this syndrome is still unclear. Wyburn-Mason syndrome should be considered in patients presenting multiple arteriovenous malformations with orbital apex lesions.

Legados de Junho de 2013: a proliferação dos coletivos para além do campo dos movimentos sociais / June 2013 legacies: the spread of collectives beyond the sphere of social movements / Legs de Juin 2013 : la multiplication des collectifs au-delà du champ des mouvements sociaux / Legados de junio de 2013: La proliferación de colectivos más allá del ámbito de los movimientos sociales

Resumo: Este artigo aborda a disseminação de organizações chamadas de coletivos para além do campo dos movimentos sociais, um dos legados de Junho de 2013. A pesquisa qualitativa foi feita por meio da sistematização de informações de 725 coletivos com páginas em rede social e de 21 entrevistas com coletivos em Teresina (PI). Como resultados, o trabalho apresenta quatro tipos de coletivos (coletivos de artes, universitários, associações de ajuda mútua e grupos empresariais) que defendem relações mais inclusivas e horizontais, mostrando, então, um outro tipo de impacto de Junho de 2013.

Abstract: This article addresses one of the legacies from June 2013: the spread of collectives beyond the sphere of social movements. A qualitative research was conducted by systematizing information from 725 collectives with social media profiles and 21 interviews with collectives in Teresina, Brazil. Results point out four types of collectives (arts, university students, mutual aid associations and business groups) that defend more inclusive and horizontal relationships, thus showing another type of impact from June 2013.

Résumé : Cet article aborde l'un des héritages de Juin 2013: la diffusion des collectives au-delà du champ des mouvements sociaux. Une recherche qualitative a été menée en systématisant les informations de 725 collectifs avec des profils de médias sociaux et de 21 entretiens avec des collectifs à Teresina, Brésil. Les résultats mettent en évidence quatre types de collectifs (artistiques, d'étudiants universitaires, associations d'entraide et groupes d'entreprises) qui défendent des relations plus inclusives et horizontales, montrant ainsi un autre type d'impact de Juin 2013.

Resumen: Este artículo aborda la expansión de organizaciones denominadas colectivos más allá del ámbito de los movimientos sociales, uno de los legados de Junio de 2013. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa mediante la sistematización de informaciones de 725 colectivos que tenían páginas en una red social y 21 entrevistas a colectivos de Teresina (Piauí, Brasil). Los resultados apuntan la existencia de cuatro tipos de colectivos (colectivos artísticos, universitarios, asociaciones de ayuda mutua y grupos empresariales) que defienden relaciones más inclusivas y horizontales, lo que muestra un otro tipo de impacto de Junio de 2013.

Evaluation of commotio retinae in orbital fractures / Avaliação com commotio retinae (Edema de Berlim) em fraturas orbitárias

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of injury and types of orbital fractures and their relation to concurrent commotio retinae. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the records of patients with orbital fractures whose diagnoses had been confirmed by computer tomography between July 2017 and September 2019. Patient demographics, the circumstances of injury, ophthalmic examination results, and radiological findings were tabulated. Statistical analysis of the data used two-tailed student's t-tests, chi-squared tests, and odds ratio calculations. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Of the 204 patients with orbital fractures included in this study, 154 (75.5%) were male. The mean age was 42.1 years. Orbital fractures involving one orbital wall (58.8%) were more common than those affecting multiple walls (41.2%). The majority of fractures affected the inferior wall (60.3%), with the medial walls being the next most frequently affected (19.6%). The most common cause of injury was assault (59.3%), and the second most common was falls (24%). Commotio retinae was observed in 20.1% of orbital fracture cases and was most associated with injuries caused by assault (OR=5.22, p<0.001) and least associated with those caused by falls (OR=0.06, p<0.001). Eye movement restrictions were more common in central than peripheral commotio (OR=3.79, p=0.015) and with medial wall fractures than fractures to other orbital walls (OR=7.16, p<0.001). The odds of commotio were not found to be higher in patients with multi-walled orbital fractures than in those with single-walled fractures (p=0.967). Conclusions: In the study population, assault was the most common cause of orbital fractures and resulted in commotio retinae than other causes. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the likelihood of commotio retinae in patients with orbital fractures resulting from assault, regardless of the extent of the patient's injuries.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo visou avaliar os mecanismos da lesão e os tipos de fraturas orbitárias e sua relação com commotio retinae simultânea. Métodos: Este estudo retrospectivo avaliou registros de pacientes com fraturas orbitárias cujos diagnósticos foram confirmados por tomografia computadorizada entre julho de 2017 e setembro de 2019. Foram registrados os dados demográficos, circunstâncias da lesão, os resultados do exame oftalmológico e achados radiológicos. A análise estatística dos dados usou os testes de t-Student bicaudal, qui-quadrado e cálculos de odds ratio. O significado estatístico foi fixada em p<0,05. Resultados: Dos 204 pacientes com fraturas orbitárias incluídos neste estudo, 154 (75,5%) eram sexo masculino (75,5%). A média de idade foi de 42,1 anos. As fraturas orbitárias envolvendo uma parede orbital (58,8%) foram mais comuns do que as que acometeram várias paredes (41,2%). A maioria das fraturas acometeu a parede inferior (60,3%), sendo as paredes mediais as próximas mais frequentemente afetadas (19,6%). A causda mais comum de lesão foi agressão (59,3%), e a segunda mais comum foi queda (24%). A commotio retinae foi observada em 20,1% dos casos de fratura orbital e foi mais associada a lesões causadas por agressão (OR=5,22, p<0,001) e menos associada com aquelas causadas por quedas (OR=0,06, p<0,001). As restrições de movimentos oculares eram mais comuns na comoção central do que na periférica (OR=3,79, p=0,015) e com fraturas da parede medial do que com fraturas de outras paredes orbitais (OR=7,16, p<0,001). As chances de comoção não foram maiores em pacientes com fraturas orbitais de paredes múltiplas do que naqueles com fraturas de parede simples (p=0,967). Conclusões: Na população do estudo, a agressão foi a causa mais comum de fraturas orbitais e resultou em commotio retinae mais grave do que qualquer outra causa. Os oftalmologistas devem estar cientes da probabilidade de commotio retinae em pacientes com fraturas orbitais resultantes de agressão, independentemente da extensão das lesões do paciente.

Saccadic movements during an exploratory visual search task in patients with glaucomatous visual field loss

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the saccadic movements of patients with visual field loss due to primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: Thirteen patients with good visual acuity (0.2 logMAR or better) (seven patients with primary open-angle glaucoma 65 ± 13 years) and six controls (51 ± 6 years) yielded a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including Humphrey Visual Field tests (SITA-Standard 24-2), and performed a monocular, exploratory digital visual search task that quantifies the duration for finding the number "4" on a random array of digits distributed on the screen. After individual adjustments of the angle and distance positioning, the screen was spatially matched with the 24-2 visual field, and divided into five areas for analysis. During the task, saccades were simultaneously recorded in the same eye with a video-based eye tracker. Results: The patients with primary open-angle glaucoma showed a significantly higher number of saccades/screen (median ± interquartile range, 59.00 ± 29.00 vs. 32.50 ± 19.75 saccades (p=0.027) and visual search time per screen (38.50 ± 60.14 vs. 23.75 ± 8.90 seconds (p=0.035) than the controls did. Although the univariate analysis indicated a significant correlation with visual field mean deviation (coefficient=26.19 (p=0.02), only the visual search time/screen was significantly associated with the number of saccades/screen in the multivariate regression model (coefficient=0.55 (p<0.001). Overall, no significant correlation was observed between the sectorial number of saccades and the sensitivity of the five visual field areas. Conclusions: The patients with primary open-angle glaucoma show impaired search performance and showed a higher number of saccades needed to find stimuli when performing the exploratory visual task.

On the genealogy of the global health justice movement.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear that the struggle for global health justice must be our highest priority. To understand the challenges that such a priority faces, we must recognise that this struggle has a long history, and to analyse current challenges within this historical perspective. This commentary explores the gradual construction of the global health justice movement during different historical periods (tropical/colonial medicine, international health, and global health) in the history of approaches to health worldwide. It examines the changing relationship between the political economy of capitalism, colonialism, and racism. It analyses attempts to confront injustice through both human rights and social justice movements in seeking to address stigma and discrimination as well as poverty and social exclusion. It highlights emerging battlegrounds such as access to medical treatments and healthcare services as well as the ways in which private interests continue to undercut such efforts. But it also points to windows of opportunity for defending principles such as solidarity and social inclusion, for building advocacy/analysis alliances and toolkits to inform social movements, and possibilities to reconstruct global health 'governance' mechanisms and institutions in accord with the most basic principles of health justice.

Chewing Analysis by Means of Electromagnetic Articulography: Current Developments and New Possibilities.

Chewing is a complex procedure that involves sensory feedback and motor impulses controlled by the trigeminal system in the brainstem. The analysis of mandibular movement is a first approximation to understanding these mechanisms. Several recording methods have been tested to achieve this. Video, ultrasound, the use of external markers and kinesiographs are examples of recording systems used in research. Electromagnetic articulography is an alternative method to those previously mentioned. It consists of the use of electromagnetic fields and receiver coils. The receiver coils are placed on the points of interest and the 3D coordinates of movement are saved in binary files. In the Oral Physiology Laboratory of the Dental Sciences Research Center (Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas-CICO), in the Faculty of Dentistry at the Universidad de La Frontera (Temuco, Chile) several research studies have been carried out using the AG501 3D EMA articulograph (Carstens Medizinelektronik, Lenglern, Germany). With this device, they developed a series of protocols to record mandibular movement and obtain new information, such as the 3D Posselt polygon, the area of each polygon, individualized masticatory cycles and speed and acceleration profiles. Other investigations have analyzed these parameters, but separately. The AG501 allows for holistic analysis of all these data without altering natural movement. A limitation of this technology is the interference generated by its metallic elements. The aim of the present work is to show the developed methods used to record mandibular movement in the CICO, using the AG501 and compare them with others used in several research studies.

Space-time patterns and drivers of migrant bird communities in coastal Piauí State, Brazil

Introduction: Migration is a natural phenomenon that includes annual movements of many bird species in response to seasonal cycles. With approximately one third of all living bird species, South America has an important avifauna, and many migrants land in Brazil at stopping points and wintering sites. Objective: To identify associations between migrant birds and coastal vegetation, and environmental influence of on migration. Methods: At 10 points along the coast of Piauí State, Brazil, we made visual censuses and mist net captures, between April 2009 and February 2016. Results: We identified 82 migrant bird species (13 orders; 28 families) that represented 41 intracontinental migrating species, 26 northern visiting species, 14 nomad species and one vagrant species. The richness peaks were at the beginning and end of both dry and rainy seasons, matching insolation and atmospheric pressure. There were spatial pattern differences among vegetation complexes. Chrysolampis mosquitus is an indicator of caatinga vegetation, Numenius phaeopus of wetland, Charadrius collaris of non-flooding fields, Rostrhamus sociabilis of forest-grassland transition, and Columbina picui of orchards. Despite differences in number and species composition within vegetation types, the temporal pattern in species richness was similar among flooded fields, non-flooded fields, and transition grassland categories. Conclusions: Migrant birds occupy specific environments during their permanence along the coast of Piauí State, with richness matching insolation and atmospheric pressure.

Introducción: La migración es un fenómeno natural que incluye los movimientos anuales de muchas especies de aves en respuesta a los ciclos estacionales. Con aproximadamente un tercio de todas las especies de aves conocidas, América del Sur tiene una avifauna importante y muchas aves migratorias tienen puntos de parada e invernada en Brasil. Objetivo: Identificar asociaciones entre las aves migratorias y la vegetación costera, y la influencia del medio ambiente en la migración. Métodos: En 10 puntos a lo largo de la costa del Estado de Piauí, Brasil, realizamos censos visuales y capturas con redes de niebla, entre abril 2009 y febrero 2016. Resultados: Identificamos 82 especies de aves migratorias (13 órdenes; 28 familias) que representaron 41 especies migratorias intracontinentales, 26 especies visitantes del norte, 14 especies nómadas y una especie vagante. Los picos de riqueza se dieron al principio y al final de las estaciones seca y lluviosa, coincidiendo con la insolación y la presión atmosférica. Hubo diferencias en el patrón espacial entre los complejos de vegetación. Chrysolampis mosquitus es un indicador de vegetación de caatinga, Numenius phaeopus de humedales, Charadrius collaris de campos que no se inundan, Rostrhamus sociabilis de transición bosque-pastizales y Columbina picui de huertos. A pesar de las diferencias en el número y composición de especies dentro de los tipos de vegetación, el patrón temporal en la riqueza de especies fue similar entre las categorías de campos inundados, campos no inundados y pastizales de transición. Conclusiones: Las aves migratorias ocupan ambientes específicos durante su permanencia a lo largo de la costa del estado de Piauí, con una riqueza acorde con la insolación y la presión atmosférica.